Kraichbach
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Kraichbach Kraich |
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 Seehausschleuse - historical Kraichbach lock between Hockenheim and Ketsch (2004) |
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| Data | ||
| Water code | DE : 23792 | |
| location |
Neckar and Tauber-Gäuplatten
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| River system | Rhine | |
| Drain over | Rhine → North Sea | |
| source | South of Sternenfels 49 ° 2 ′ 33 ″ N , 8 ° 50 ′ 48 ″ E |
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| Source height | 299 m above sea level NHN | |
| muzzle | At Ketsch in the Altrhein Coordinates: 49 ° 21 '48 " N , 8 ° 30' 54" E 49 ° 21 '48 " N , 8 ° 30' 54" E |
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| Mouth height | approx. 93 m above sea level NHN | |
| Height difference | approx. 206 m | |
| Bottom slope | approx. 3.7 ‰ | |
| length | 55.7 km to Altrhein 60.0 km including the Altrhein |
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| Catchment area | 385 km² | |
| Discharge at the Ubstadt gauge (US) A Eo : 161 km² Location: 33.4 km above the mouth |
NNQ (08/29/1976) MNQ 1976/2009 MQ 1976/2009 Mq 1976/2009 MHQ 1976/2009 HHQ (03/21/2002) |
342 l / s 596 l / s 1.1 m³ / s 6.8 l / (s km²) 7.88 m³ / s 26.9 m³ / s |
| Left tributaries | See → tributaries | |
| Right tributaries |
Kohlbach , Katzbach , Kehrgraben , Hardtbach See also → tributaries |
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 The “Kraichquelle” in Sternenfels at the elementary school has a shorter right spring branch. View to the northwest, in the background the Augenberg |
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The Kraichbach (above Flehingen the Kraich , also the Kraichbach ) is a 55 kilometer long river in north-western Baden-Württemberg , which arises on the western edge of the Stromberg , runs northwest through the Kraichgau and the Upper Rhine Plain and then in the main course at Ketsch in the Rhine -Neckar-Kreis flows into the Rhine from the right .
Kraichbach is interpreted as a "winding brook"; Kraich is derived from Germanic words that designate bends, bays, curves or twists.
course
The Kraichbach rises on the main source load south of the main town of the municipality of Sternenfels in the Enzkreis in the western heights of the Stromberg . A source stone is a little further north at the elementary school of Sternenfels in Kraichweg in the hollow of a shorter right source stream, which soon runs into the drinking forest lake retention basin . The Kraichbach flows through the Kraichsee after a further few hundred meters .
He then passes through the main town and district of Flehingen in the municipality of Oberderdingen in the Kraichgau district of Karlsruhe, and the districts of Gochsheim , Münzesheim , Oberöwisheim and Unteröwisheim of the city of Kraichtal . The old town of Gochsheim is located in a spur within a meander of the Kraichbach. From Gochsheim the Kraichtalbahn follows the river.
In the district of Ubstadt of the municipality of Ubstadt-Weiher , the Kraichbach enters the Upper Rhine Plain, in which it partly runs between dams, is accompanied by side ditches for a long time, also has branches, and in more or less distance still passes Weiher, Stettfeld in the Karlsruhe district (both community Ubstadt-Weiher), Bad Langenbrücken, Bad Mingolsheim (both community Bad Schönborn ) and Kronau . Then he changes to the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis , runs through the district of St. Leon in the municipality of St. Leon-Rot , passes Reilingen and then crosses Hockenheim .
To the west of Ketsch the Kraichbach finally flows into the Old Rhine from the right and opposite the island there .
Special features of the Upper Rhine Plain
In the Upper Rhine Plain, the Kraichbach initially uses a long-reaching depression on its eastern edge, which is often referred to as the Kinzig-Murg-Rinne . At the height of Mingolsheim the channel splits into two arms. One arm continues north to Leimen and then bends to the west. From Wiesloch it is traversed by the neighboring water of the Kraichbach, the Leimbach .
The Kraichbach runs in the second arm towards the northwest and Hockenheim. This arm has pronounced, large meander-shaped depressions that cut up to three meters deep into the Hardt Plains . These meanders are one of the main arguments for the assumption that there was a larger river on the edge of the Rhine plain, which Gottfried Tulla referred to as the East Rhine in 1822 and the Kinzig-Murg River by Hans Thürach in 1912 . Recent investigations have identified three generations of meanders. Accordingly, the formation of the great meanders in Alleröd was already complete. In the Middle to Late Holocene, the river broke through all the meander necks , so that a largely elongated course of water was created. In high-resolution digital terrain models (DGM) it can be seen that the arm through which the Kraichbach flows is the younger, as it cuts into the structures of the arm facing north. In the hardt levels on both sides of the lowland between Mingolsheim and Hockenheim, further, older, arched channels can be identified in the DGM.
Today the Kraichbach runs in the Kinzig-Murg-Rinne bordered by dams in an elevated position; the water level is partly above the ground level. The high elevation, which is also common in other rivers in the region, is likely to be the result of the "stream cleaning" that was already documented in the late Middle Ages . The high sediment load from the Kraichgau, often loess , was dug out of the channel and deposited on the bank, so that today's high altitude was created in a centuries-long, hardly planned process.
Since the Kraichbach no longer contributed to the drainage of the Kinzig-Murg Gully due to its high altitude, parallel drainage ditches were created. East of the Kraichbach these were the Bruhraingraben and the Adäckergraben , which were later connected under the name Landgraben and connected to the Kehrgraben (sometimes also called Kahlbach ) that ran further north . In order to drain the area south of Mingolsheim, it was necessary to build a water crossing under the Kleiner Bach, which flows into the Kraichbach at a high altitude near Mingolsheim . The Kronauer Landgraben ran west of the Kraichbach , of which only a few dry-lying sections are left today. It crossed under the Kraichbach between Kronau and Rot , then crossed the Kehrgraben, ran under the name Kirrgraben on the edge of the meander near Rot and served both the water supply and the sewage disposal of this place. Alongside these main trenches there were numerous smaller trenches.
In the district of Ubstadt-Weiher, the Kriegbach branches off towards the west near Stettfeld , which crosses the forest area of the Lußhardt to the northwest and flows into the Rhine at Altlußheim . The Kriegbach primarily serves to relieve the Kraichbach from flooding ; the amount of water diverted can be controlled by two weirs. There are no known written sources from which the time and occasion of this brook division emerge.
A report by the Grand Ducal Cultural Inspectorate from 1887 compares the Kraichbach with a Mühlkanal enclosed by dams . The stream bed is muddy and too narrow. Even small floods lead to floods, in which the water remains in the meadows and fields for a long time. Between 1889 and 1891 the dams on the Kraichbach were repaired and the creek bed dug. Nonetheless, floods continued into the 1930s.
The Kehr- und Landgrabengenossenschaft was responsible for the cultivation of the Kraichbach lowlands near St. Leon and Rot since the late 19th century . The current structure of the water in the area between the north Kraichbachniederung Hockenheim and Walldorf is strongly influenced by improvement works , which in the time of Nazi by the Reichsarbeitsdienst were performed (RAD). In the process, several thousands of people doing labor were completely relocated and numerous ditches were redrawn. In the arm of the Kinzig-Murg-Rinne located between Mingolsheim and Wiesloch, the direction of flow of ditches was reversed, so that the catchment area of the Kraichbach increased at the expense of the Leimbach.
The work carried out by the RAD was based on plans that were drawn up from 1882 onwards, but could not be carried out due to a lack of financial and technical means. Due to the fact that the labor service providers paid hardly more than the unemployment benefit, the measures of the Kehr- und Landgrabengenossenschaft cost 321,000 RM instead of the 866,000 RM expected with conventional awarding.
At Hockenheim, the Kraichbach enters the Northern Upper Rhine Lowlands , the floodplain of the Rhine , which is locally mostly referred to as a low bank . The current course of the Kraichbach forms the northern border of an area known as the Hockenheimer Rheinbogen , which extends to Altlußheim . Around 1840 the Kraichbach flowed into the Rhine further south, roughly at today 's Herrenteich airfield . The course of the water at that time corresponds to today's Alte Kraichbach , but then used the northern continuation of the old Rhine meander through which the Kotlachgraben still flows today . Today's Kraichbach estuary was the mouth of the Hardtbach in 1840 , a relief channel of the Leimbach, which is now a tributary of the Kraichbach. The intermediate piece between the junction of the Alte Kraichbach and the mouth of the Hardtbach traded under the name Seebach in 1840 .
The Seebach was a branch of the Kraichbach and originally served to feed the Karl-Ludwig-See , which was created under the Palatine Elector Karl Ludwig (1617–1680) as a fish pond on a meadow. At that time, when the Rhine flood was withdrawn, it was possible to catch fish that remained in depressions in the terrain in quantities that were hardly consumable. In the absence of other fresh-keeping methods , the Karl-Ludwig-See should provide a remedy here. The lake, which was at times rich in yield, was drained again in 1730.
As in the Kinzig-Murg-Rinne and, to a lesser extent, in the Kraichgau, the Kraichbach in the Hockenheimer Rheinbogen was used to water meadows . From 1840 the so-called back irrigation was used, in which two interlocking rake-shaped ditch systems were created for irrigation and drainage. The result was the technically and organisationally most sophisticated irrigation system in the region, in which the latest findings of the science known as "meadow architecture" were applied. In the 20th century, the water meadows were drained and often turned into fields. Many trenches were dry in the 1990s, the stretch of the mouth of the Kraichbach was channeled.
Tributaries and lakes
Hierarchical list of tributaries and 
lakes from source to mouth. Water length, lake area and height according to the corresponding layers on the LUBW online map. Other sources for the information are noted.
Source of the Kraichbach in the drinking forest south of Sternenfels at about 299 m above sea level. NHN .
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Dines next to the Kraichwald at less than 270 m above sea level. NHN the drinking forest lake , 0.34 ha. - (Shorter source branch), from the right in the Trinkwaldsee, approx. 0.5 km. From the source stone to about 295 m above sea level. NHN at the elementary school in Sternenfels on Kraichweg.
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Feeds at 244.2 m above sea level. NHN the Kraichsee , 0.856 ha.
- Hundsaich , from the right east of Oberderdingen below the oil mill at 181.5 m above sea level. NHN , 1.451 km.
- Froschgraben , from the left in Oberderdingen between Hauptstrasse and Bachstrasse at about 176 m above sea level. NHN , 2.811 km. Arises from ditches accompanying the field path south and south-west of the village, where it is partly rotten.
- Mill canal of the lower mill, after the village, 0.83 km.
- Zigeunergraben , from the left opposite the Hockenberg at about 166 m above sea level. NHN , 2.283 km. Rises in the eastern high forest from the gypsy fountain at a small forest pond at about 195 m above sea level. NHN , then mostly accompanying the field.
- Flows through at about 165 m above sea level. NHN above the federal road 293 the not permanently dammed Kraichbach retention basin with a normal flood retention area of 64,800 m³.
- Kohlbach , from the right and east in Oberderdingen- Flehingen at the moated castle at almost 160 m above sea level. NHN , 11.593 km and 46.899 km². Is over 2 km longer than the Kraichbach overflow at the tributary.
- Bolenzer Graben , from the left just before the end of Flehingen at about 158 m above sea level. NHN , 1.478 km.
- (Inflow from the Götzengrund ), from the right in front of the Flehinger sewage treatment plant at about 156 m above sea level. NHN , 2.284 km.
- Bauerbach , from the left at the sewage treatment plant at about 155 m above sea level. NHN , 4.197 km.
- (Bach from the Diebsgraben ), from the right at the Brettener Hagenmühle to about 153 m above sea level. NHN , 1.554 km.
- Mühlkanal in Kraichtal - Gochsheim , 0.456 km.
- Eschbach , from the right little to Gochsheim at about 143 m above sea level. NHN , 8.587 km.
- Weiherbach , from the right before the border of Kraichtal- Münzesheim at about 140 m above sea level. NHN , 4.291 km.
- Oberacker Dorfbach , from the left at the substation at the entrance to Münzesheim at about 137 m above sea level. NHN , 1.686 km.
- Haubruchgraben , from the left before the center of Münzesheim at about 135 m above sea level. NHN , 2.462 km.
- Fürtbruch , from the left before the end of Münzesheim to about 133 m above sea level. NHN , 1.83 km.
- Ohlsbach , from the left opposite the Wendelswald at about 132 m above sea level. NHN , 1.683 km.
- Klumpbrunnbach , from the left near the sulfur spring in the nature reserve at about 130 m above sea level. NHN , 1.406 km.
- Neuenbürger Bächle , from the right in the nature reserve at about 128 m above sea level. NHN , 3.985 km.
- Oberöwisheimer Dorfbach , on the upper course Kleiner Kraichbach , from the right at the Oberöwisheim stop of the Kraichtalbahn at about 127 m above sea level. NHN , 6.834 km.
- Rußgraben , from the left in the Ubstadter Bruchwiesen of the community Ubstadt-Weiher at about 118 m above sea level. NHN , 1.52 km.
- Passed at about 113 m above sea level. NHN directly above the mouth of the Berzbach is the not permanently dammed Silzenwiesen retention basin with a normal flood retention area of 990,000 m³. The retention basin emptied through subfield digging and Duttlacher digging for war Bach .
- Berz or Berzbach , from the right at the Ubstadt-Ort train station, 1.7 km.
Here, after about half of its course , the Kraichbach -lauf enters the Upper Rhine Plain and initially moves north on its right edge.
- Hollergraben , from the right on the northern edge of Ubstadt, 0.529 km.
- Grenzgraben , to or from the left to the war Bach -Zulauf Gießgraben km by pond between Ubstadt and Stettfeld, 1.253.
- Katzbach , from the right through Stettfeld at Stettfelder Sand to 108 m above sea level. NHN , 17.038 km.
- → Departure of the Kriegbach , to the left and northwest immediately afterwards at the Herdweg bridge at below 108 m above sea level. NHN , 18.288 km. At Altlußheim it flows into the Rhine from the right .
- Small stream , from the right and east by the Schönborner Bad coming district Mingolsheim and Kehrbach , crossing in front of the Kronauer km sewage treatment plant, 10.659.
- Passed at about 105 m above sea level. NHN shortly after the confluence of the Kleiner Bach the not permanently dammed Bad Schönborn / Kronau polder with a normal flood retention area of 116,800 m³. The polder empties over the Kehrgraben .
Then the Kraichbach breaks away from the right edge of the Rhine plain and then moves approximately northwest towards the mouth.
- Kehrgraben , in the upper reaches of Landgraben , from the right at St. Leoner See north of St. Leon , 13.011 km. Already runs parallel to the right a little before the Kriegsbach exit and collects some tributaries.
- (Deduction of the Kieswerksee and St. Leoner See), from the left at the castle mill of Reilingen at less than 102 m above sea level. NHN , 1.321 km.
- → Exit of the Old Kraichbach , to the left into the Hockenheimer Bachwiesen beyond the B 36 , 3.555 km. Junction Hockenheim combines the west of the A61 from right to the left slightly longer casting ditch , which then as Kotlachgraben 2.447 km later at the Speyer bridge the A61 at Hockenheim seal grove of the right in the Rhine flows.
- Hardtbach , from the right at Ketsch-Seehaus, 12.979 km. A relief channel of the Leimbach through the Schwetzinger Hardt , which branches off from this east of Walldorf to the left.
Mouth of the Kraichbach west of Ketsch into the right arm of the old Rhine there, which flows 4.35 km further down into the Rhine .
Worth seeing
The Kraichradweg , which accompanies the Kraichbach from its source to its mouth, has existed since May 2017 .
Sights along the course of the river include the picturesque old town of Gochsheim with the Graf-Eberstein Castle , Kislau Castle in Bad Schönborn (today's correctional facility), the former Wersau Castle and the city of Hockenheim with the tobacco museum and the famous Hockenheimring .
Today's Reilingen quarry pond is located in one of the meanders ; gravel was extracted here, and finds of Homo erectus reilingensis were discovered. The find is kept in the State Museum for Natural History in Stuttgart , and an impression of the skull is in the Reilinger Heimatmuseum.
Fauna, protected areas
The Kraichbach forms a habitat for kingfishers , among other things . On its way to the Rhine it passes through several nature reserves :
- Kraichbachaue and Weiherbachaue (NSG number 2154) between the districts of Gochsheim and Münzesheim of the city of Kraichtal .
- Kraichbach lowland (NSG number 2073) in the Oberöwisheim district of the city of Kraichtal.
- Bruch near Stettfeld (NSG number 2072), between the districts of Weiher and Stettfeld in the municipality of Ubstadt-Weiher .
- Several areas of the Hockenheimer Rheinbogen nature reserve (NSG number 2128) touch the Kraichbach.
Individual evidence
LUBW
Official online waterway map with a suitable section and the layers used here: Map of the course and catchment area of the Kraichbach
General introduction without default settings and layers: State Institute for the Environment Baden-Württemberg (LUBW) ( notes )
- ↑ a b c Height according to the contour line image on the background layer topographic map .
- ↑ length after the layer water body name .
- ↑ a b Length according to the waterway network layer ( AWGN ) .
- ↑ Catchment area after the layer aggregated areas 05 .
- ↑ Name after the layer water body name .
- ↑ Cross profiles generated from the digital terrain model of the LUBW's online map server.
- ↑ Lake area after the layer standing waters .
- ↑ a b Height according to the blue lettering on the background layer of the topographic map .
- ↑ Protected areas according to the relevant layers, nature partly according to the biotope layer .
Other evidence
- ↑ Josef Schmithüsen : Geographical land survey: The natural space units on sheet 161 Karlsruhe. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1952. → Online map (PDF; 5.1 MB)
- ^ German Hydrological Yearbook Rhine Region, Part I 2009 State Institute for Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg, p. 100, accessed on January 22, 2016 (PDF, German, 1.85 MB).
- ↑ The Bach cleaning order of 1775 for the right-bank part of the Bishopric of Speyer [with comments]. In: Dieter Hassler (Ed.): Wässerwiesen: History, technology and ecology of the irrigated meadows, streams and ditches in Kraichgau, Hardt and Bruhrain. Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 1995, ISBN 3-929366-20-7 , pp. 396-402, here p. 399.
- ^ Albrecht Greule : German water names book. Etymology of the water body names and the associated area, settlement and field names. De Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-019039-7 , p. 281.
- ↑ Michael Hassler: The "Ostrhein". The lower Kraichbach from Kislau to Hockenheim. In: Hassler, Wässerwiesen , pp. 336–339, here p. 337.
- ↑ Ingmar Holzhauer: Landscape history and human influence in the area around the Schwetzinger Hardt since the Würm High Glacial . Dissertation, Heidelberg 2013, pp. 170–172 Digital copy on the Heidelberg University Library website, PDF file, 13.4 MB.
- ↑ Elena Beckenbach: Geological interpretation of the high-resolution digital terrain model of Baden-Württemberg. Dissertation, University of Stuttgart 2016, pp. 148–157 ( download) .
- ↑ Dieter Hassler: A thousand years of effort and no end. The history of brook construction in Kraichgau, Hardt and Bruhrain. In: Hassler, Wässerwiesen , pp. 40–61, here p. 42.
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↑ Michael Hassler: The "Kraichbachaue": The edge depression between Bruchsal and Kislau. In: Hassler, Wässerwiesen , pp. 320–324, here p. 320;
Michael Hassler: The "East Rhine". The lower Kraichbach from Kislau to Hockenheim. In: Hassler, Wässerwiesen , pp. 336–339, here p. 337. - ↑ Dieter Hassler: A thousand years of effort and no end. The history of brook construction in Kraichgau, Hardt and Bruhrain. In: Hassler, Wässerwiesen , pp. 40–61, here p. 56.
- ^ Dieter Hassler: Meadow watering on the lower Kraichbach. In: Hassler, Wässerwiesen , pp 339-345, here p 345th
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↑ Dieter Hassler: A thousand years of effort and no end. The history of brook construction in Kraichgau, Hardt and Bruhrain. In: Hassler, Wässerwiesen , pp. 40–61, here p. 58;
Michael Hassler: The "East Rhine". The lower Kraichbach from Kislau to Hockenheim. In: Hassler, Wässerwiesen , pp. 336–339, here p. 336. - ^ Map in Hassler, Wässerwiesen , p. 356.
- ^ Dieter Hassler: Meadow irrigation at the Insultheimer Hof and in the Hockenheimer Rheinbogen. In: Hassler, Wässerwiesen , pp 346-355, here p 347, 349th
- ^ Dieter Hassler: Meadow irrigation at the Insultheimer Hof and in the Hockenheimer Rheinbogen. In: Hassler, Wässerwiesen , pp 346-355, here pp 349-355.
- ↑ Michael Hassler: The Hockenheimer Rheinbogen today. Development potential for nature? In: Hassler, Wässerwiesen , p. 355.
- ↑ Profile HRB Kraichbach at LUBW (accessed on June 25, 2019).
- ↑ Profile HRB Silzenwiesen at the LUBW (accessed on June 25, 2019).
- ↑ Profile of the Bad Schönborn / Kronau Polder at LUBW (accessed June 25, 2019).
- ↑ Homo erectus reilingensis - The Reilinger primeval man. on the website of the municipality of Reilingen (accessed on June 27, 2019).
Web links
- Der Kraichbach A film by Eckarth Palutke and Peter Lemke; YouTube video
- Map of the course and catchment area of the Kraichbach on: State Institute for the Environment Baden-Württemberg (LUBW) ( information )