Krems (Traun)
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The Krems is an approximately 60 kilometer long tributary of the Traun in Upper Austria . This river is not to be confused with the Lower Austrian Danube tributary Krems .
course
The so-called Krems origin ( ⊙ ) is in the Krems at the foot of the Kremsmauer at around 580 m above sea level. A. in the municipality of Micheldorf in Upper Austria , the longest spring stream rises at around 1100 m above sea level. A. below the Törl. The Krems then flows through the Kremstal in the Traunviertel northwards through the Upper Austrian Alpine foothills and flows into the Traun south of Linz , near the Ebelsberg district .
The slope of the Krems is 2 to 4% up to Kirchdorf, in the further course it is significantly lower and is relatively constant at 5.3 ‰.
The Krems has only a few smaller tributaries, the most important being the 18.5 km long Sulzbach, which flows into the right at Rohr in the Kremstal and drains a catchment area of around 75 km².
Larger communities in the Kremstal are Micheldorf , Kirchdorf an der Krems , Schlierbach , Wartberg an der Krems , Kremsmünster , Rohr im Kremstal , Kematen an der Krems and Neuhofen an der Krems . Ansfelden is already included in the central region of Upper Austria .
geology
The origin of the Krems lies in the main dolomite of the Northern Limestone Alps . At Kirchdorf, the Krems crosses a short section of chalk and flysch before the ground is formed by the molasse zone with its typical streak deposits. At Nettingsdorf the river reaches the alluvial floor of the Traun and Danube.
Catchment area and water supply
The Krems drains a catchment area of 377.9 km². The highest point in the catchment area is the Kremsmauer at 1604 m above sea level. A.
The mean discharge at the Kremsdorf gauge, 8 km above the mouth, is 5.9 m³ / s. The discharge of 16.3 l / s · km² is significantly lower than that of the neighboring rivers Alm (34.2 l / s · km²) and Steyr (40.5 l / s · km²). However, it decreases significantly in the course of the river and is 27.4 l / s · km² at the Kirchdorf an der Krems gauge (58.2 km above the mouth, catchment area: 40.5 km) and at the Kremsmünster (town) gauge (35.35 km; 147.2 km²) still 20.7 l / s · km². The Krems has a balanced winter pluvial runoff regime . The mean discharge in the month of March with the most water, at 8.17 m³ / s, is almost twice as high as in the month with the least water, October, with 4.38 m³ / s.
Centennial flood in 2002
The flood of the century in 2002 also caused great damage in the Krems area. On August 12, 2002, the highest flow rate to date was measured at the Kremsdorf gauge at 274 m³ / s.
The Krems overflowed its banks between Neuhofen and Nöstlbach , which meant that large parts of Nöstlbach were flooded. Some industrial plants downstream (including the newly built Gruber & Kaja plant and the Nettingsdorfer paper mill ) were also flooded. The flooding of the paper mill resulted in wood chips and tree trunks being distributed throughout the entire municipality of Ansfelden.
In the Redersiedlung area, a dam broke as a result, which flooded parts of this settlement up to 1.5 meters.
As a result of the damage, extensive flood protection measures were taken. Between Neuhofen and the confluence with the Traun, some areas were again widened and renatured. Furthermore, two old bridges were removed and replaced by higher bridges in order to remove bottlenecks. A retention basin is also being planned in the Wartberg area with a space requirement of around 100 hectares, which should hold back up to 2.6 million m³ of water.
Economic use
The hydropower of the Krems is used by numerous mills, sawmills and earlier also scythe mills . The fishing and water rights in the Kremstal were already documented in the year 903. From the 14th century, the first blacksmiths' workshops were built in the Micheldorf / Kirchdorf area, which were the most important economic factor for the area until the 19th century. In the middle and lower reaches of the Krems, the hydropower was also used to operate grain mills and sawmills. The first paper mill in Upper Austria was founded in Kremsmünster in the 16th century . Many of these systems were adapted with turbines and are now used to generate electricity. The Nettingsdorf paper mill is located in Ansfelden on the right bank of the Kremsbank and uses Kremswasser for the production process.
ecology
Long stretches of the Krems have been straightened, regulated and provided with bank barriers and artificial transverse structures. Numerous weirs and diversions lead to the interruption of the river continuum and make the river no longer passable for fish and other organisms. Only between Inzersdorf and Wartberg is there a longer, natural section. Here the Krems meanders through a wide valley, which is partially designated as a nature reserve Kremsauen . Along the river there are steep banks, underwashes, pools , sand and gravel banks . The side streams are also mostly unregulated here. There are also short, unregulated sections around Kremsmünster.
fauna and Flora
The upper reaches of the Krems are part of the trout region , mainly brown trout , but also rainbow trout , grayling , Aitel Koppe , loach and pill . In the lower Krems one can also find occasional Näsling , barbel , hazel , gudgeon , arbor and bitterling, which is rare in Upper Austria . Before the large-scale regulation, the huchen was also native.
The signal crab , which was introduced from North America, has spread from the Traun over almost the entire course of the Krems. The stone crab was detected in individual small feeder streams in the lower reaches .
The beaver occurs in the lower reaches . These are populations that were settled in the Lobau in Vienna and on the lower Inn and spread across the Danube. The wetlands in the nature reserve Kremsauen are an important habitat for meadow and ground-nesting birds such as the curlew , meadow pipit , reed bunting and grasshopper warbler and butterflies, including in Upper Austria very rare types of clamps , Real bag carriers and wing borers . The harvest mouse is also native here.
To those found in the wetlands of Kremsauen plant species including orchids , Bogbean , gold buttercup , tangle-rush , marsh gentian , globe flower , soft-haired Pippau , Peucedanum palustre , fox sedge , Carex Disticha , Knick foxtail and one Pelzige bulrush .
Water quality
The catchment area of the Krems is relatively densely populated with 124 inhabitants / km², the permanent settlement area is 72%. A significant proportion of the catchment area is used for agriculture, 23% of the catchment area is arable land, 41% grassland and 25% forest. At 64 LU / km², livestock farming per area is roughly in line with the national average, while the pig population is the Upper Austrian peak at 320 pigs / km². Like other rivers in the Traun-Enns-Riedelland, the Krems is therefore filled with nitrate , nitrite , ammonium , phosphorus , Contaminated with insect and weed killers. Initially, it has water quality classes I-II, then over most of the course quality class II, on short sections also III. The quality of the water could be improved significantly through the construction of municipal sewage treatment plants. In the past, the Krems was heavily polluted in particular by the wastewater from the Nettingsdorf paper mill, which is now fed to the Asten sewage treatment plant , and was below grade IV.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government, Environment and Water Management Directorate, Surface Water Management Department (ed.): Defense register of the Krems and its tributaries. Water protection report 32/2004. Linz 2004, 148 pages ( PDF (164.4 MB) on ZOBODAT ).
- ↑ a b Digital Upper Austrian Room Information System (DORIS)
- ↑ a b c d Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (Ed.): Hydrographisches Jahrbuch von Österreich 2011. 119th Volume. Vienna 2013, p. OG 185-186, PDF (12.9 MB) on bmlrt.gv.at (yearbook 2011)
- ↑ a b c Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government (Ed.): Krems: Investigations on Water Quality, Status 1991-1993 . Water protection report 5/1994, Linz 1994 ( PDF; 92.7 MB )
- ↑ Helmut Mader, Theo Steidl, Reinhard Wimmer: Discharge regime of Austrian rivers. Contributions to a nationwide river typology. Federal Environment Agency, Monographs Volume 82, Vienna 1996, p. 102 ( PDF; 14.7 MB )
- ^ Flood in Ansfelden in August 2002.
- ↑ Information about the flood protection work in Nöstlbach
- ↑ Flood protection of the municipality of Ansfelden (PDF; 194 kB)
- ↑ Flood protection information from the Neuhofen community (PDF; 75 kB)
- ↑ a b c d e f g Office of Upper Austria. Provincial government, nature conservation department (ed.): Nature and landscape - models for Upper Austria. Volume 38: Traun-Enns-Riedelland spatial unit . Linz 2007 (PDF; 6.8 MB) ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Upper Austrian State Fisheries Association: Krems-Kirchdorf
- ^ Upper Austrian State Fisheries Association: Krems-Kremsmünster
