Grocery retail

Presentation of goods in a supermarket

The collective term food retail ( LEH ) referred to commercial enterprises in retail with a range that mainly of food is ( institutional point of view ), as well as synonyms and the actual trading activity, food to consumer to drive ( functional view ).

Demarcation

From an institutional point of view, the most important types of business in stationary food retail are the sales formats supermarket , consumer market and discounter . Not for the food retail sector in the narrow sense, however, supply sites include as convenience stores, bakeries , butchers , direct sales , consignor or Abholgroßmärkte .

The actual, functional trading activity of selling food to end consumers through various sales channels includes the sale of all so-called Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). Therefore, some goods related to food, the so-called near-food products, are also considered in connection with the food retail trade. In addition to all food and luxury goods, drugstore goods such as detergents, cleaning agents, hygiene articles or personal care products as well as occasionally non-food articles (e.g. coffee filter bags) are also among the relevant ranges and sales.

As a consequence, drugstores are often included in the sales and goods statistics of the retail trade.

Food retail in Germany

history

Development up to the end of the Second World War

Grocery menu, Mark Brandenburg, 1941

At the end of the 19th century, fundamental changes took place in the German retail landscape , the effects of which also had a major impact on the food retail trade, which initially appeared in the form of pre- food stores : In the cities, new types of business such as large department stores, the The branch principle emerged and the cooperative system developed. Newly founded consumer cooperatives , whose business operations mainly concentrated on food and beverages , became strong competition from the unorganized, independent retail trade. For its part, the food industry began to use advertising to establish branded articles that had a direct impact on consumer purchasing behavior .

The stormy retail development of the previous decades came to an abrupt end as a result of the two world wars: the supply of the population was inadequate, but was possible by means of goods rationing through food stamps and vouchers. Only after the complete economic collapse did life-threatening gaps in the supply of basic foods occur .

From the currency reform to the end of the 1990s

After the currency reform of 1948 and the subsequent abolition of forced regulation adopted so-called mom-and-pop shops and grocery -Shops the local supply of the West German population with food and consumer goods. In the GDR , the state consumer cooperative operated the consumer markets of the same name .

Self-service shop, 1949

As a result of the overall economic development, the product ranges grew in depth and breadth. New product areas were added and with the spread of the self-service idea, which had already been adopted from America in 1938, a performance feature was created, especially in the food retail sector, which led to a structural change in the industry.

In the 1960s the first signs of satiety became noticeable. Sales in the food retail sector only rose at a below-average rate, competition slowed the previous increase in retail stores, while total sales continued to rise. Increasing price competition promoted cooperation in all areas: many retailers were now organized in purchasing cooperatives such as Edeka or Rewe .

The price discipline demanded by the industry led to more and more disputes about the " price maintenance of the second hand ". Manufacturers tried to prevent price fixing from disintegrating by means of delivery boycotts, whereupon the first branded items in the food retail sector were replaced by own brands . The second hand price maintenance was finally prohibited by law in 1974 and consumers benefited from the onset of price competition throughout the retail sector.

It is true that retail sales increased by 2.9% annually in real terms in the 1980s due to a systematic expansion of the food retailer's assortments to include non-food and the creation of pure non-food types of business such as specialist stores and discounters, after the unity boom in 1993, food retailing was recorded however, a real decline in sales which reached its preliminary peak in 1998.

21st century

The concentration of the entire branch continues and is on average approaching that of the other European countries; The top 8 retail groups that determine the market achieved a market share of 98.1% in 2005. The rationalization is under increasing competitive pressure further advanced, both by size and growth, as well as through reorganization and the use of technology in the field of transport , storage and disposition .

Product presentation of the food discounter Lidl , 2006

The discount form of distribution is on the rise and, with its reduced range, is pressing the classic full-range retailers. In particular, the quality and service-oriented grocery stores in good city locations are ascribed good development prospects. Small and medium-sized grocery stores with no profile are among the losers in the competition for forms of distribution. Organic ranges are increasingly developing as a distinguishing feature. The tough fight for price leadership in the food retail sector led to several large waves of price cuts in 2009, which were continued in 2010.

According to surveys by the EHI , there were 8137 supermarkets in Germany in 2009; H. Grocery stores with a full range of between 400 and 1500 m² sales area, with an industry turnover of € 29.5 billion. For comparison: The 15,219 sales outlets of the discounters generated sales of € 55.2 billion in the same year. For a wide variety of reasons, internet food retailing remains comparatively insignificant in Germany .

With a market share of 50%, traditional food retailing is also increasingly developing into the most important source of sales for “organic food”, the total market for which is estimated at € 4.6 billion in 2010. The approximately 2000 health food stores hold a market share of 22%. Buying motives for organic food among consumers are the interest in regional products , increased health awareness and individuality in nutrition .

Structure and performance data

For comparison, the list shows the average performance indicators of the types of establishment (2009).

Company type	Personnel performance (per employee per year in €)	Area productivity (per m² sales area per year in €)	Gross profit (in% of gross sales)	Operating costs (in% of gross sales)	Business result (in% of gross sales)
Food retail / supermarket	160,000 to 180,000	3,800	20.5	23.5	−3.0
Food retail discounter	400,000	5,000	15.0 to 16.0	13.2	1.8 to 2.8
Natural food retail	137,000	4,500	31.1	29.9	1.2

The following table shows structural and performance data for the food retail sector for 2006 by retail type.

Retail type	number	Share (%)	Turnover per year (billion €)	Share (%)	Sales per year per store (in T €)
large market 1)	3,150	6th	33	26th	10,603
Supermarket 2)	8,170	15th	29	23	3,537
Discount stores	14,806	27	54	42	3,637
other business 3)	28,900	53	12	10	426
total	55.026	100	128	100	2,334

¹⁾ Food departments in department stores, hypermarkets and hypermarkets
²⁾ Up to 1,499 m² sales area
³⁾ Up to 399 m² sales area

Rankings

Top 10 grocers in Germany

The tables show the largest food wholesalers and retailers in Germany, measured by their gross food sales (including sales tax ). The food sales of the ten leading companies in Germany each add up to around € 140 billion. For the role of drugstores in the rankings, see the delimitation above. Many trading groups consist of different sub-companies. In the wholesale area, the Edeka Group includes the seven regional companies that are responsible for supplying independent merchants and chain stores of various types of business (supermarket, hypermarket, hypermarket) as well as the EDEKA C&C wholesale activities of the regional companies. In the Cash & Carry pick-up business as well as with a regional and national delivery service, mainly commercial customers from the catering, hotel and bulk consumer sectors, but also smaller retail concepts, such as the shops running under the label concept "SPAR Express", provided. In the retail sector, the group’s sales include the operations of independent merchants in the EDEKA network as well as the branches managed by the group. The sales also include the discount retail trade Netto Brand Discount with its own wholesale structures, as well as sales from the bakery business.

Furthermore, "pure" retail structures such as the two Aldi companies can also be found in this table, as well as pure wholesale companies such as Lekkerland.

2008

The order within the ranking remains unchanged compared to 2007.

rank	Companies	Food sales 2008 (€ million)	Change compared to 2007 (in%)	Total sales 2008 (€ million)	Change compared to 2007 (in%)	Food share of total sales (in%)
1.	Edeka group 1)	33,934	+4.3	37,606	+2.58	90.24
2.	Rewe Group 1)	24,678	+7.0	29,580	+4.84	83.43
3.	Black group	21,495	+5.8	26,500	+5.79	81.11
4th	Aldi North / Aldi South 2)	19,824	+0.9	24,500	+0.93	80.91
5.	Metro Group	13,636	−6.6	31,575	−0.96	43.19 3)
6th	Tengelmann Group	8,533	−2.7	13,991	−2.64	60.99
7th	Lekkerland	7,799	+1.3	7,878	+0.54	99.00
8th.	Dm-market	2,550	+2.6	3,361	+11.40	75.87 3)

¹⁾ Incl. External sales of the affiliated, independent retailers. ²⁾ The Aldi regions do not form a group in the legal sense. ³⁾ Inconsistency in the secondary sources. Here the result from the calculation of the matching numbers. Primary source not available.

2010

New in the top ten are the companies Rossmann and Bartels-Langness (Famila et al.).

rank	Companies	Food sales 2010 (€ million)	Change compared to 2009 (in%)	Food share of total sales (in%)
1.	Edeka group 1)	40,880	+3.2	90.2
2.	Rewe Group 1)	26,992	+2.9	71.8
3.	Black group	23,030	+3.7	81.1
4th	Aldi North / Aldi South 2)	20,090	+4.1	82.0
5.	Metro Group	11,669	−2.2	38.6
6th	Lekkerland	7,821	0	99.0
8th.	Dm-market	3,667	+8.7	90.0
9.	Rossmann	2,596	+10.5	75.5
10.	Bartels-Langness	2,343	+11.9	77.5

¹⁾ Incl. External sales of the affiliated, independent retailers. ²⁾ The Aldi regions do not form a group in the legal sense.

2011

Source: TradeDimensions, as of March 2012

rank	Companies	Food sales 2011 (€ million)	Change compared to 2010 (in%)	Food share of total sales (in%)
1.	Edeka group 1)	42,708	+4.5	90.5
2.	Rewe Group 1)	25,100	−7.0	70.7
3.	Black group	23,236	+0.9	81.1
4th	Aldi North / Aldi South 2)	20,254	+0.8	82.0
5.	Metro Group	11,417	−1.0	38.0
6th	Lekkerland	7,601	−2.8	95.0
7th	Dm-market	4.037	+10.1	90.0
9.	Rossmann	2,901	+11.7	75.5
10.	Transgourmet Holding	2,590	+7.0	86.4

¹⁾ Incl. External sales of the affiliated, independent retailers. ²⁾ The Aldi regions do not form a group in the legal sense.

2015

Source: dfv media group, as of 2016

rank	Companies	Grocery sales 2015 (€ million)	Change compared to 2014 (in%)	Food share of total sales (in%)
1.	Edeka group 1)	53,282	2.8	90.6
2.	Rewe Group (excluding tourism) 1)	39,606	3.3	72.1
3.	Black group	34,540	1.4	81.2
4th	Aldi North / Aldi South 2)	27,797	1.5	82.0
5.	Metro Group 3)	26,130	−0.5	39.3
6th	Lekkerland	9,075	3.2	99.0
7th	Tengelmann Group 4)	7,700	2.5	24.3
8th.	Dm-market	7,029	9.8	90.0
9.	Rossmann	5,750	6.3	90.0
10.	globe	4,821	1.9	67.0

¹⁾ Incl. External sales of the affiliated, independent retailers. ²⁾ The Aldi regions do not form a group in the legal sense. ³⁾ excluding Kaufhof sales. ⁴⁾ External sales of all sales areas (Obi including franchisees)

Top 6 discount grocery stores in Germany

2008

In the 2008 financial year, Aldi continued to lead the top 6 among the food discounters in Germany. The discounter Plus, which has been majority owned by Netto since January 1, 2009, ranks fourth in the 2008 ranking, in which it was last evaluated independently.

The total volume of the companies mentioned amounts in 2008 to € 61.607 billion gross sales. The total sales of the companies are given. Deviations from other information from the same source are partly based on different data (estimates) in the secondary source.

rank	Companies	Sales 2008 (€ million)	Sales 2007 (€ million)	Number of branches in 2008	Number of branches in 2007
1.	Aldi 1)	24,500	23,398	4,267	4,235
2.	Lidl ( Schwarz Group )	14,725	14,280	3,036	2,902
3.	Penny ( Rewe Group )	6,798	6.337	2,080	2.008
4th	Plus ( Tengelmann Group ) 2)	6,734	6,997	2,700	2,766
5.	Netto , Diska, NP u. a. ( Edeka group )	5,850	4.025	1,422	1,279
6th	Norma	3,000	2,925	1,355	1,316

¹⁾ The Aldi regions north and south do not form a group in the legal sense. ²⁾ Since January 1, 2009 majority with Netto, Edeka Group.

LEH as an employer

The food retail trade had around 660,000 employees in 2005, around 180,000 of whom are employed in mini-jobs or marginal employment.

Vocational training in one of the state-recognized professions in food retailing takes place in the dual vocational training system . The most important apprenticeships in the food retail sector include:

• Retail salesman
• Saleswoman
• Specialist salesperson in the food trade (previously specialist salesperson in the food trade )

Institutions and associations

The food retail companies are organized in the Federal Association of the German Grocery Trade , which in turn is a trade association of the German Retail Association (HDE) . The HDE is the central organization of the German retail trade for around 410,000 independent companies with a total of 2.7 million employees and annual sales of over € 395 billion.

The EHI Retail Institute e. V. is a research and educational institute for retail and its partners based in Cologne. Until May 2006 it was called EuroHandelsinstitut e. V.

criticism

As a result, the highly concentrated structure leads to intense competition among retailers, a very low price level for food in Germany and corresponding pressure on the margins of the food industry. Many critics see this as one of the reasons for increasing mass production and food scandals.

The public also repeatedly discusses food waste ( spoilage rate ) in retail. According to the documentary Taste the Waste published in 2011, around half of all food in Germany, around 20 million tons annually, is destroyed across all stages of production. According to a study by the EHI , far fewer goods were destroyed in the food retail trade due to damage, spoilage or expired best-before dates : Only 1.1% of food (0.3 million tons per year) with an average value of 4 € / kg was lost for consumption . The Cofresco study provides further figures on the subject of food waste, according to which the majority of around 6.6 million tonnes are destroyed by end consumers.

Food retail in Austria

history

Until after the Second World War, the consumer cooperatives (from 1856), Julius Meinl (1862) and the Adeg cooperatives (1929) held a large share of the market. Spar and Billa started their work in the 1950s, in 1968 Aldi acquired the Hofer chain and in 1972 Tengelmann joined Löwa (the later target point or Plus).

The biggest turning point was the fall of Konsum Austria in 1995 , around 600 branches and a market share of around 18% were divided among the competitors. From 1996 the Rewe Group joined the Billa Group, which wanted to incorporate all of Julius Meinl from 1998 to 2000 , but had to leave part of Spar due to EU requirements. In 2008 Tengelmann sold its Zielpunkt stores. Also in 2008 Edeka ended its stake in Adeg Austria, while Rewe increased its stake in several steps. Eventually Adeg was completely taken over by the Rewe Group. Both the increases and the subsequent full takeover were dealt with by the EU competition authority.

As in Germany, there was also in Austria the so-called Greißlersterben were 1,970 active nor about 20,000 grocery stores, the number had reduced to 6,654 outlets by 1990 to 9989 and by 2,001th Since 2008 the number has decreased further and is now less than 6,000.

The retail chain Zielpunkt, last owned by the Pfeiffer Group, filed for bankruptcy in November 2015. Over 2,000 trade employees are affected by the bankruptcy.

Structural data

In 2010, 5,726 shops in Austria generated food retail sales of € 17.2 billion, the more detailed breakdown of the structural and performance data can be seen in the following table:

Retail type	size	number	proportion of	Sales per year in billions of euros	proportion of	Sales per year per store in € million
Hypermarkets	> 2,500 m²	79	1 %	1.649	10%	20.87
Hypermarkets	1,000 - 2,499 m²	289	5%	2.519	15%	8.72
Supermarkets	400 - 0999 m²	2,612	46%	7.256	42%	2.78
Big LH	250 - 0399 m²	657	11%	1.013	6%	1.54
Small LH	up to 0249 m²	1,461	26%	0.777	5%	0.53
Hard discounters		628	11%	4.020	23%	6.40
Austria as a whole		5,726	= 100%	17.235	= 100%	3.00

The supermarkets and all discounter branches, together 3,240 locations, represent more than half of the stores and generate almost 1/3 of sales.

Rankings

Ranking 2009

In 2009, just under 17.0 billion euros were turned over in the food retail sector, compared to the 16.6 billion euros in 2008, this is an increase of 2%. At the same time, the trend towards a reduction in grocery stores has continued, the number of which is the same decreased from 5,949 to 5,833. The market shares in terms of total sales and the number of locations can be found in this table:

rank	Companies	Turnover million €	proportion of	shops	proportion of	annotation
1	Rewe Austria	5,258.7	31.0%	1,429	24.5%	LH area, excluding Adeg, excluding Bipa
2	Spar Austria	4,825.1	28.4%	1,427	24.5%	including approx. 700 savings merchants
3	Hofer	3,355.0	19.8%	430	7.4%	estimated
4th	Striking	884.8	5.2%	952	16.3%	Nah & Frisch, of which Pfeiffer sales alone: ​​629.0 or 3.7%
5	Target point	659.8	3.9%	311	5.3%	not present in western Austria
6th	Lidl	650.0	3.8%	189	3.2%	estimated
7th	Adeg	622.4	3.7%	478	8.2%	Ownership of the shares in 2009: 75% Rewe, 25% Adeg merchants
8th	remaining LH	721.2	4.2%	617	10.6%	incl. MPreis sales> 500.0
-	Austria	16,977.0	= 100%	5,833	= 100%

The concentration in Austrian trade is one of the highest in Europe, the top 3 companies together have 79.2% of the market share, the top 5 almost 90% of the shares.

Ranking 2010

From 2009 to 2010, the Austrian food retail sector grew by 1.5% and thus reached € 17.2 billion; the number of outlets fell to 5,726. After the complete integration of Adeg, Rewe continues to lead with a market share of 34.6% (Billa, Merkur, Penny, Adeg), Spar follows with 29.2% (Spar, Eurospar, Interspar, Maximarkt), the hard discounters (Hofer, Lidl) unite 23.3% of the shares, all other market participants together reach 12.9%.

Ranking 2014

In 2014, the Austrian food retail sector achieved sales of around 18.8 billion euros. Austria has one of the highest concentrations in European trade comparison. The top 3 (Rewe, Spar, Hofer) were able to further expand their position and together now have a market share of around 83 percent. The following table provides an overview:

rank	Companies	Turnover million €	Sales share	shops	Shops share	annotation
1	Rewe Austria	6,598.0	35.1%	1,860	31.3%	Food retail sector, approx. 1,000 Billa , 430 Adeg merchants , 130 Merkur market , 300 Penny market ,
2	Spar Austria	5,658.0	30.1%	1,539	25.8%	around 1,470 Spar-Markt and Eurospar (including Spar merchants), 62 Interspar , 7 Maximarkt
3	Hofer KG	3,553.0	18.9%	450	7.6%	The discount store Hofer belongs to Aldi- Süd
4th	Striking	1,391.0	7.4%	1,302	21.9%	Including food retail from Pfeiffer (455 Nah & Frisch), Unimarkt (128 branches), Julius Kiennast (140 merchants, including 65 Nah & Frisch), Kastner Group (19 branches and 260 merchants), Handelshaus Wedl (68 Nah & Frisch), Zielpunkt (232 branches). Market share 7.4% including 3.4% Pfeiffer / Unimarkt, 2.9% Zielpunkt and 1.1% remaining Markant partners.
5	Lidl Austria	778.0	4.1%	203	3.4%
6th	remaining LH	827.0	4.4%	597	10.0%	incl. MPreis (turnover> 770.00 with 238 MPreis branches in western Austria) and incl. 20 Norma discounters.
-	Austria	18,805.0	= 100%	5,951	= 100%

In the following year (November 2015) the retail chain Zielpunkt slid into bankruptcy, which means that the market concentration in the Austrian food trade will continue to increase.

Ranking 2018

In 2018, food retailing generated sales of € 21.738 billion. The Rewe Austria (Billa, Merkur, Penny, ADEG), with a turnover of € 7.16 billion and a market share of 32.9% of the market leaders in Austria. Spar Austria (Spar, Eurospar, Interspar, Maximarkt) follows in second place with € 6.9 billion or a market share of 31.7%. Diskonter Hofer KG (sales € 4.2 billion or 19.3%) and Lidl (1.5 billion or 7.8%) are in third and fourth place. The top 4 therefore combine € 19.76 billion or 91.7% market share in the Austrian food retail sector.

The other 1.94 billion euros in sales or 8.3% market share for the whole of Austria are attributable to the other market participants. The MPreis retail chain (including T&G) achieved sales of € 797 million or 3.7% market share, followed by Unimarkt with € 284.3 million or 1.3% market share. Sutterlüty has sales of € 117.0 million or 0.5% market share. Norma stands at € 46.4 million or 0.2% market share. The Nah & Frisch brand shows sales of € 297.3 million or 1.4% market share, divided between the four retailers Nah & Frisch Pfeiffer € 107.8 million, Nah & Frisch company group Kastner € 102.7 million, Nah & Frisch Julius Kiennast € 74.8 million and Nah & Frisch Handelshaus Wedl € 12.0 million. The remaining 1.2% market share in Austria is ultimately shared by denns, Etsan, SE & PAS, Aycan and other dealers.

Institutions

Due to the compulsory membership , the companies of the food retail trade are organized in the Austrian Chamber of Commerce , branch trade , specialist group food trade .

A voluntary association is, for example, the trade association - association of Austrian medium-sized and large retail companies , it was founded in 1921 and sees itself as a professional and employers association, which also awards labels and seals of quality.

Food retail in Europe

Top 10 grocers in Europe

According to the "Lebensmittelzeitung" (quoted from Manager Magazin), five companies from Germany are among the ten largest grocery retailers in Europe. In 2018, the US online company Amazon overtook Sainsbury's and Intermarché, reaching number 10 in Europe.

2019

rank	Companies	country	Turnover 2018 (billion €)	Sales 2017 (billion €)
1.	Schwarz Group (mother of Lidl and Kaufland) 1)	Germany	112	106
2.	Carrefour	France	64	65
3.	Aldi North and South	Germany	64	k. A.
4th	Tesco	United Kingdom	61	k. A.
5.	Edeka	Germany	59	56
6th	Rewe Group (Penny and Rewe)	Germany	57	55
7th	Auchan (formerly Roubaix)	France	42	43
8th.	E. Leclerc	France	39	k. A.
9.	Metro (still including Real)	Germany	35	36
10.	Amazon	USA, here: European business	33	28

See also

• Food value chain
• List of grocery retailers
• Sales controlling with POS data (food retail)

literature

• Georg Schwedt : From the corner shop to the supermarket - A cultural history of shopping . Wiley-VCH-Verlag, Weinheim 2006, ISBN 3-527-50218-1 .
• Bruno Tietz : The future in retail . Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt 1994, ISBN 3-87150-474-2 .
• Angela Uttke: Supermarkets and discount grocery stores - ways of urban development qualification . Rohn Verlag, Dortmund 2009, ISBN 978-3-939486-33-6 .
• Peter Voithofer, Ernst Gittenberger (Ed.): The Austrian trade: data-fact-analyzes. Lang Verlag, Frankfurt 2006, ISBN 978-3-631551-73-8 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Retail  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

1. ^ History of the retail trade in Germany ( Memento from May 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), on zza-online.de
2. ↑ Time travel: History of self-service , on swr.de
3. ↑ The miracle that failed to materialize . In: Die Zeit , No. 7/1974
4. ↑ lz-net.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
5. ↑ Factbook Retail 2010, p. 110, ISBN 978-3-88688-251-9
6. ↑ ^{a b} Factbook Retail 2010, p. 111, ISBN 978-3-88688-251-9
7. ↑ Sending groceries online , at Unternehmensberatung-wiechert.de
8. ↑ Factbook Retail 2010, pp. 113f., ISBN 978-3-88688-251-9
9. ↑ EHI Retail Institute, Cologne, on the Federal Association of the German Grocery Trade ( Memento from December 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
10. ↑ cf. EDEKA association. Corporate Report 2011, p. 34. URL: EDEKA Group Corporate Report 2011 ( Memento from September 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), last accessed on August 28, 2012.
11. ↑ cf. EDEKA association. Corporate Report 2011, p. 35. URL: EDEKA Group Corporate Report 2011 ( Memento from September 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), last accessed on August 28, 2012.
12. ↑ cf. MIOS C&C Wholesale: "Handel, Shop, Convenience" ( Memento from March 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
13. ↑ cf. EDEKA association. Corporate Report 2011, p. 6. URL: EDEKA Group Corporate Report 2011 ( Memento from September 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), last accessed on August 28, 2012.
14. ↑ cf. EDEKA association. Corporate Report 2011, p. 6. URL: EDEKA Group Corporate Report 2011 ( Memento from September 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), last accessed on August 28, 2012.
15. ↑ Lekkerland - The Full Service Specialist ( Memento from November 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
16. ↑ Rankings ( Memento from April 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
17. ^ Food newspaper.net ( Memento from May 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
18. ^ Food newspaper.net ( Memento from April 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
19. ↑ The Top 10 Grocers in Germany 2016. Accessed June 8, 2017 . 
20. ↑ Rankings ( Memento from August 13, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), on lz-net.de
21. ↑ TradeDimensions, as of July 2009, from: Metro-Handelslexikon 2009/2010 , ISBN 978-3-00-028269-0
22. ↑ TASTE THE WASTE , on tastethewaste.com
23. ↑ EHI_PM_Lebensmittelverluste.pdf ( Memento from January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), study on the subject of food losses in food retail as a PDF download.
24. ↑ Study reveals drastic numbers ( Memento from April 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
25. ↑ Chronology: From Konsum to Rewe (Austrian daily newspaper "Der Standard" from March 20, 2008, accessed on August 31, 2011)
26. ↑ Spar is catching up with Billa (Austrian "Wirtschaftsblatt" dated June 22, 2001, accessed on August 31, 2011)
27. ↑ Regioplan Outlet Figures 2009 ( Memento from April 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) ("Regal" website - Das Fachjournal, Marktdaten & Studien, Handel Marktdaten, accessed on September 3, 2011; PDF; 121 kB)
28. ↑ Target point: worn out in competition (Austrian daily newspaper "Der Standard" from November 26, 2015, accessed on November 27, 2015)
29. ↑ Retail in Austria - basic data 2010 / consumer trends 2010 ( memento from July 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (Nielsen yearbook 2010, food retailing by type of shop, pages 11-13), accessed on September 1, 2011
30. ↑ Retail in Austria basic data 2009 / consumer trends 2009 ( memento from July 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (Nielsen Yearbook 2009, LEH - the most important trading companies, pages 9–12, accessed on September 1, 2011)
31. ↑ Where Austria buys - LEH and DFH 2011: the current overview of the Handelszeitung for download  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Austrian "Handelszeitung", accessed on August 31, 2011)  
32. ↑ Cash Pocket. Grocery retail drugstore Austria 2015 (pdf). CASH Das Handelsmagazin, July 1, 2015, accessed on April 15, 2016 . 
33. ↑ The structure of the food retail trade in Austria in 2018. Shelf. The Austrian trade magazine, May 15, 2019, accessed on December 25, 2019 . 
34. ↑ Main results of the WKO member statistics, section members 2010 ( Memento from October 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (website of the Austrian Chamber of Commerce, accessed on September 1, 2011).
35. ↑ Handelsverband celebrates its 90th anniversary ( memento from April 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Website Handelsverband, archive 2011, accessed on 2 September 2011.
36. ↑ The largest grocer in Europe. In: Manager Magazin . April 19, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019 .