List of 999 women on the Heritage Floor / Elizabeth Blackwell

This list describes the place setting for Elizabeth Blackwell on the table of Judy Chicago's art installation The Dinner Party . It is part of the list of 999 women on the Heritage Floor who are assigned to the respective place settings on the table. The names of the 999 women are on the tiles of the Heritage Floor, which is arranged below the table and belongs to the art installation.

description

The installation consists of a three-sided table, each with 13 historical or mythological personalities, thus a total of 39 people, from prehistory to the women's rights movement . These people were assigned a place setting at the table, consisting of an individually designed table runner, an individually designed plate, a goblet, knife, fork, spoon and serviette. The first page of the table is devoted to prehistory up to the Roman Empire , the second to Christianization up to the Reformation and the third from the American Revolution to the women's movement. Each place setting on the table is assigned additional personalities who have received an entry on the tiles of the Heritage Floor, which occupies the space under the table and the center of the space between the sides of the table. This list captures the personalities assigned to Elizabeth Blackwell's place setting. Your seat is on the third side of the table.

Hints

In addition to the names as they are used in German transcription or in scientific usage, the list shows the spelling chosen by Judy Chicago on the tiles.

The information on women who do not yet have an article in the German-language Wikipedia is referenced by the individual references listed under comments . If individual information in the table is not referenced via the main article, additional individual references are given at the relevant point. If there are any discrepancies between the information provided in Wikipedia articles and the descriptions of the work of art on the Brooklyn Museum website , this will also be indicated under Comments.

Place setting for Elizabeth Blackwell

Elizabeth Blackwell by Joseph Stanley Kozlowski, 1905

Elizabeth Blackwell was born on February 3, 1821 in Counterslip, near Bristol . The family moved to the United States in 1832. His father Samuel Blackwell died there in 1838. Elizabeth's mother, Hannah Lane Blackwell, ran a private school with her three daughters to support the family. It was Elizabeth Blackwell's desire to study medicine. However, because she was a woman, her application was rejected by twelve colleges. Nevertheless, she found a place at Geneva College in New York in the mid-1840s. She completed her studies in 1849 as the first American female doctor and the best of her class.

The next hurdle for Blackwell was being able to practice medicine. She couldn't find anyone who wanted to rent her practice rooms, patients were skeptical about whether she could be a good doctor as a woman and hospitals didn't want to employ her. She went to Paris, but not even her diploma was recognized there. However, between 1849 and 1851 she was able to train in the field of obstetrics in Paris and London. Eventually she opened her own practice in New York, in a house that she bought because no one still wanted to rent her rooms. Her collection of texts on hygiene under the title The Laws of Life, with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls appeared in 1854.

After several years of financial success, thanks to satisfied patients and positive press, she founded a “university hospital” together with her sister Emily and Marie Zakrzewska in 1857. Here the three doctors wanted to give young women the opportunity to train as doctors without having to undergo the harassment and rigors of studying at a “men's university”. They called it the Women's Medical College of the New York Infirmary . Blackwell insisted on very strict admission and final exams, and the aspiring doctors had to demonstrate impeccable morals. In doing so, she wanted to prevent the doctors she had trained from being denied recognition.

Elizabeth Blackwell left the United States and her hospital in 1869 to return to the United Kingdom. There she founded the National Health Society in 1871 , the forerunner of today's British National Health Service . Together with Florence Nightingale , she trained nurses and doctors at the London School of Medicine for Women . Blackwell withdrew increasingly from the medical practice from 1875, wrote books and died in Scotland in late May 1910 .

The place setting for Elizabeth Blackwell on the dinner party table stands for her successes, but also for her difficulties in the field of medicine. The plate is decorated with twisted, colorful shapes that swirl in the center to form a "black fountain", a play on her surname. The new possibilities for women, which grew out of Blackwell's efforts, should stand out from the plate in the form of the twisting ribbons of color and grow out of their center. The table runner takes up the structure and the bright colors of the plate. On it, too, the colorful shapes start from the black center to the edge and represent an abstract butterfly shape. A thin, gray chiffon cloth covers the bright colors of the table runner and represents the difficulties Blackwell and other women had and still have today who have pursued careers in male-dominated fields. On the front, the initial letter "E" is decorated with a stethoscope, which as a medical symbol refers to Elizabeth Blackwell as the first female doctor in the USA.

Surname	Spelling on the tile	Date of birth	cultural spatial assignment	Remarks	image
Alice Milliat	Madame A. Milliat	1884	France	Swimmer , hockey player and rower as well as sports official and campaigner for women's rights .
Althea Gibson	Althea Gibson	1927	United States	Tennis player and first African-American professional golfer on the Ladies Professional Golf Association Tour .
Amelia Chopitea Villa	Amelia villa	1900	Bolivia	Bolivia's first female doctor.
Amelia Earhart	Amelia Earhart	1897	United States	Aviation pioneer and women's rights activist .
Anna Schabanoff	Anna Schabanoff	1848	Russian Empire	Pioneer as a pediatrician and women's rights activist in Russia.
Belva Ann Lockwood	Belva Lockwood	1830	United States	Lawyer , women's rights activist and the first woman to try a case as a lawyer before the US Supreme Court and to officially run her own campaign as a presidential candidate in 1884 .
Betzy Kjelsberg	Betsy Kjelsberg	1866	Norway	Venstre (party) politician and her first female board member, Norway's first female factory inspector from 1910–1936 and member of the feminist movement.
Charlotte Guest	Charlotte Guest	1812	United Kingdom	English aristocrat best known for being the first to publish the modern print format of The Mabinogion , which is the earliest prose literature in Britain.
Clara Barton	Clara Barton	1821	United States	Nurse , teacher and philanthropist . She founded the American Red Cross and also had a great influence on the self-image of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement .
Clémence Royer	Clemence Royer	1830	France	Author, anthropologist , philosopher and feminist. She became known in 1862 for her much discussed translation of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species .
Dorothea Schlözer	Dorothea von Rodde	1770	Kingdom of Prussia	Salonnière . She is one of the group known as the “ university ladies ” group of Göttingen learned daughters of the 18th century.
Edith Cavell	Edith Cavell	1865	United Kingdom	An English nurse working in Belgium , who was executed by shooting after a court martial during the German occupation of Belgium in World War I for helping Allied soldiers to flee.
Elin Kallio	Elin Kallio	1859	Finland	Celebrated pioneering Finnish gymnast, is considered the founder of women's gymnastics in Finland.
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson	Elizabeth Anderson	1836	United Kingdom	First graduate doctor in the UK and first female member of the British Medical Association (BMA).
Emily Blackwell	Emily Blackwell	1826	United States	Gynecologist and women's rights activist.
Emily Faithfull	Emily Faithfull	1835	United Kingdom	Women's rights activist and publisher.
Emmy Noether	Emmy Noether	1882	Weimar Republic	Mathematician who made fundamental contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics . In particular, Noether revolutionized the theory of rings , solids and algebras .
Florence Nightingale	Florence Nightingale	1820	United Kingdom	Nurse , founder of modern western nursing and influential reformer of sanitary and health care in Great Britain and British India .
Irène Joliot-Curie	Irène Joliot-Curie	1897	France	Physicist and chemist . She and her husband Frédéric Joliot-Curie received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for the discovery of artificial radioactivity .
James Barry	Miranda Stuart	1795	United Kingdom	Doctor in the English Army. It is widely believed that Barry was a woman who chose to live as a man in order to be accepted into university and pursue her chosen career as a doctor and surgeon.
Jane Ellen Harrison	Jane Harrison	1850	United Kingdom	Classical scholar , in particular a Graecist , religious historian , linguist and also an influential moderate feminist .
Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead	Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead	1867	Canada , United States	Feminist and obstetrician, promoted women in medicine.
Margaret Alice Murray	Margaret Murray	1863	United Kingdom	Anthropologist and Egyptologist , archaeologist, UK's first female lecturer in archeology, known for scholarly contributions to folklore studies that led to a theory of a pan-European, pre-Christian, pagan religion around the horned god .
Maria Emilie Snethlage	Emilie Snethlage	1868	Brandenburg Province , Brazil	Naturalist and ornithologist who worked on the bird fauna of the Amazon.
Marianne Beth	Marianne Beth	1890	Austria , United States	Legal scholar, sociologist and women's rights activist, studied Oriental Studies at the University of Vienna as a Dr. phil., was the first Austrian to receive her doctorate in 1921. jur., active as a lawyer from 1928, in 1931 she wrote the handbook The Law of Women .
Marie Anne Boivin	Marie Bovin	1773	France	Midwife , Deputy Director of the General Hospital (Hôpital général) of the Seine-et-Oise department in 1814 , headed a field hospital in 1815, the Mothers' Hospice in Bordeaux and the Royal Hospital (Maison Royale de Santé) , author of medical publications.
Marie Curie	Marie Curie	1867	Kingdom of Poland , France	Physicist and chemist , studied the radiation of uranium compounds, received a partial Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 and the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911 , and discovered the chemical elements polonium and radium together with her husband Pierre Curie .
Marie Dugès	Marie Duges	1730	France	Midwife at the Chatelet Hospital, promoted to midwife at the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris from 1775 .
Marie Durocher	Marie Durocher	1809	Brazil	Midwife and the first female doctor in Latin America.
Marie Heim-Vögtlin	Marie Heim-Vögtlin	1845	Switzerland	First Swiss doctor , the first Swiss woman who at the University of Zurich , the study of medicine graduated, co-founder of the first Swiss woman hospital .
Marie-Louise Lachapelle	Marie la Chapelle	1769	France	Midwife, head of obstetrics at the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris , the oldest hospital in Paris, published textbooks on gynecology and obstetrics.
Marie Poplin	Marie Poplin	1846	Belgium	Feminist, lawyer and political activist.
Mary Edwards Walker	Mary Walker	1832	United States	Feminist, doctor, first female surgeon in the US Army , part of the suffragette movement , so far the only woman to have been awarded the Medal of Honor .
Mary Heath	Sophia Heath	1896	Ireland	Aviator and advocate of women's events at the Olympics. She was one of the most famous women in the world in the mid-1920s.
Mildred Didrikson Zaharias	Babe Didrikson	1911	United States	Track and field athlete and golfer who won two gold medals in the 1932 Olympics .
Nathalie Zand	Nathalie Zand	1883 or 1884	Kingdom of Poland	Neurologist. She researched and wrote regularly in French medical journals. She worked closely with Edward Flatau, who is considered the founder of modern neurology.
Rebecca Lee Crumpler	Rebecca Lee	1831	United States	First African American woman to graduate and become a doctor in the United States.
Salomée Halpir	Salomée Halpir	1718	Grand Duchy of Lithuania	A successful doctor who specializes in ophthalmology and the first doctor from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Her memoirs from 1760 are a unique example of travel memory and women's literature.
Sofja Wassiljewna Kovalevskaya	Sofia Kovalevskaya	1850	Russian Empire	Mathematician who became the world's first professor of mathematics at Stockholm University in 1884 to give lectures herself.
Sonja Henie	Sonja Henie	1912	Norway	Three Olympic victories , ten world championship titles and six European championship titles made her by far the most successful individual skater in the history of figure skating .
Sophie Blanchard	Sophie Blanchard	1778	France	First professional female balloonist . She was the first woman to be killed in an airplane accident.
Susan La Flesche Picotte	Susan la Flesche Piccotte	1865	United States	First American Indian woman to become a doctor in the United States.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Brooklyn Museum: Elizabeth Blackwell. In: brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved November 1, 2019 . 
2. ↑ Brooklyn Museum: Emily Faithful. In: brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved November 12, 2019 . 
3. ↑ Brooklyn Museum: Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead. In: brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved November 12, 2019 . 
4. ↑ Brooklyn Museum: Marie Duges. In: brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved November 12, 2019 . 
5. ^ Brooklyn Museum: Marie Durocher. In: brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved November 12, 2019 . 
6. ↑ Brooklyn Museum: Marie la Chapelle. In: brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved November 12, 2019 . 
7. ^ Brooklyn Museum: Nathalie Zand. In: brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved November 12, 2019 . 
8. ↑ Brooklyn Museum: Rebecca Lee. In: brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved November 12, 2019 . 
9. ↑ Brooklyn Museum: Salomée Halpir. In: brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved November 12, 2019 . 
10. ^ Brooklyn Museum: Susan la Flesche Piccotte. In: brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved November 12, 2019 . 

Web links

Commons : The Dinner Party  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Brooklyn Museum, Elizabeth Blackwell
• The Dinner Party on the website of Through the Flower , Judy Chicago's non-profit organization