Marina Ginestà

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Marina Ginestà Coloma (born January 29, 1919 in Toulouse , † January 6, 2014 in Paris ) was a Spanish journalist and author . She was a communist (member of the Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya ) during the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Civil War and became famous for a photograph that the German photographer Hans Gutmann (Juan Guzmán) took of her in 1936 when she was only 17 years old took part in the civil war on the part of the republic. This photo was taken in the XXI. Century one of the graphic icons of this war. During the fighting, she worked as a journalist for various republican media and as an interpreter for the Soviet newspaper Pravda . After the war she emigrated and wrote several novels.

Life

First years

Marina Ginestà Coloma was born on January 29, 1919 in Toulouse ( France ) to a working class family with a long tradition in the trade union movement and the left , who had emigrated to France from Spain. Her parents were both communist Spanish tailors: Empar (Amparo) Coloma Chalmeta, from Valencia , and Bruno Ginestà Manubens, from Manresa . She was the younger of the two children of the Ginestà-Coloma couple - her brother Albert was born on January 6, 1916, also in Toulouse. Her maternal grandmother, Micaela Chalmeta , a Socialist Party member , was a pioneer of feminism and the cooperative movement in Catalonia and had participated in the events of Tragic Week 1909 . Her paternal grandfather, Joan Coloma, had also excelled in the Catalan cooperative movement and was a member of the Catalan section of the PSOE .

In 1928 the family returned to Spain and settled in Barcelona . Their political commitment was intense in the years before the founding of the Second Spanish Republic and even more intense during it. Bruno Ginestà and Empar Coloma were members of the Federación Comunista Catalanobalear (FCCB) of the Partido Comunista de España (PCE), but remained loyal to the PCE when the former refused her discipline. Marina's father was arrested in 1930 as an army deserter. Also active in the cooperative movement, he was a member of the cooperative for shirt and clothing production in 1934. He was also a member of the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) and, during the Spanish Civil War , secretary of the regional liaison committee between the CNT and the UGT in Catalonia - the UGT was then in Catalonia under the control of the Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya , PSUC. Her mother was also very active in the cooperative movement, following the example of her mother, Micaela Chalmenta - Empar Coloma was one of the most active members of the Agrupación Femenina de Propaganda Cooperatista (women's group for cooperative propaganda) founded in 1932 . In 1933 she took part in the candidacy of the Partit Comunista de Catalunya (PCC) - the Catalan branch of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) founded as such in 1932 - in the electoral district of Barcelona City for the parliamentary elections that year and, the following year, in the candidacy of the PCC in Barcelona for the local elections - it had co-candidates in both elections who would later become as important as Lina Odena and the leaders of “orthodox” Catalan communism such as José del Barrio, Hilario Arlandis or Antonio Sesé but not elected to office in any of these elections. She was also a member of the International Red Aid . Both Empar Coloma and her mother, Micaela Chalmeta, excelled in promoting the role of women in the social struggles of their time. Marina's maternal uncle, Joan Coloma Chalmeta, who was also very active in the cooperative movement - in 1920 he founded Acción Cooperativista , the organ of the Federación Regional de Cooperativas de Cataluña (Regional Federation of Cooperatives of Catalonia), of which he became the first director, was a leading member of the Unió Socialista de Catalunya and the Catalan UGT during the republican period and then became a member of the PSUC until his death in 1937. During the republic, Marina and her brother Albert joined the youth organization of the PCC . The fact is that Albert was arrested in 1933 for spreading communist propaganda and again in 1935 - the trial took place in January 1936 and ended with his acquittal.

Spanish Civil War

Ginestà's political commitment was already intense in the years before the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. In February 1936, a photo was published in the press showing her with other young communists at the head of a demonstration to celebrate the release of Lluís Companys from El Puerto de Santa María prison . She then appears next to Ramón Mercader , also a member of the Communist Youth Association and later Trotsky's murderer , with whom she had had a brief relationship the year before, before Mercader was imprisoned for his communist party membership - at the time he was known as a philanderer .

Photo of Michail Kolzow in Asturias from October 1936, from his work Spanish Diary . Marina Ginestà was the Soviet journalist's interpreter in August 1936.

In April of that year she joined the United Socialist Youth Association of Catalonia (JSUC) - it was formed from the merger of the communist and socialist youth organizations of Catalonia. Together with other comrades of the JSUC, she supported the organization of the so-called People's Olympiad , a sporting event that was to take place in Barcelona in July in response to the Olympic Games in Berlin, as a translator for French . However, it did not happen because at dawn on July 19, 1936, part of the Barcelona garrison rebelled. In the course of the fighting, some of the insurgent forces holed up in the Hotel Colón on Plaça de Catalunya . After their surrender on the same day, the JSUC confiscated the building, which was then established as the recruiting center and the party headquarters of the Socialist Unity Party of Catalonia - PSUC, the days after on 23 July. This is the building where Juan Guzmán took the famous picture of Marina Ginestà. She got involved as a typist for the military committee of the PSUC - her brother Albert joined the Trueba-Del Barrio column (27th division of the People's Army of the Spanish Republic) and went with her to the Aragonese front . In the words of Teresa Pàmies, also a member of the JSUC and later a leading member of the PSUC, it was not because of a lack of merit that Ginestà was not a member of the JSUC leadership, but because she preferred to work at the front rather than sticking to the stage. After the arrival in Barcelona of Mikhail Koltsov - correspondent for the Soviet newspaper Pravda and, according to many authors, Stalin's agent in Spain - Miquel Valdés, organizational secretary of the PSUC, assigned Ginestà the task of interpreting Koltsov, who spoke fluent French . With him Ginestà took part in the interview with the anarchist leader Buenaventura Durruti , which took place on August 14th in Bujaraloz ( Saragossa ), on the Aragonese front - several photos of Guzmán show Ginestà, incorrectly identified as "Jinesta", next to Kolzow during the meeting with the anarchist leader. According to Ginestà, in an interview conducted in 2008, the tone of the interview was critical of Stalin and that fact was the cause of the deaths of both - Durruti died in unclear circumstances in November, during the siege of Madrid ; Koltsov was recalled to Moscow in 1937, denounced during the Great Purge in 1938, and executed in 1940. In his work on the civil war Spanish Diary , which was published before he fell out of favor, Kolzow names Ginestà ("Marina Ginesta, silent, attentive, with a boy's hairstyle, fighter of the barricades of the Plaza de Colón, conscientious typist and interpreter") as an example for the emancipation of Spanish women ("the authentic Spanish woman who, using the example of Dolores Ibárruri, discovered her own true, steadfast, touching image in the difficult hours of the struggle of her people"). After his flight from Barcelona to Madrid in mid-August, Kolzow stopped writing about Marina Ginestà.

“Marina is seventeen years old. She is slender, has fine features, and straight black hair that beats her forehead like the wing of a careless bird. All comrades, men and women, always go to her. Because their eyes radiate intelligence and their gestures radiate determination. On the tragic days she fought in the streets. And she recalls: "It's not pleasant to see comrades fall ... but you know ... we women are always a little sentimental." Later, after Barcelona was secured, she went to the Aragon Front . And she brought the following memory back with her: «Our fighters are great. They fight not just because of their heroism, but because they know they have to fight. " Neither in the streets nor at the front did she learn the concept of danger. In her opinion, she was never exposed to the danger: "Only the danger that the other comrades ran." But, although she has a heart of steel, she always remembers what she saw in Barcelona when she was there when the Ataranzas barracks were attacked. Then a woman from the people at her side countered the fire of the rebels. When the hour of the assault came, this woman broke into the barracks, gun in hand. And then she saw her hugging a prisoner, a soldier, that was her son ... Marina is already at the age of seventeen, organizational secretary of the military committee. She will become a famous leader. And if one day she comes before a firing squad, she will die singing the Internationale . "

- Pablo De la Torriente Brau : Cartas y crónicas de España (letters and chronicles from Spain)

There is different information about whether Ginestà took part in battles during the civil war. Kolzow reports that Marina Ginestà told him how, with her brother Albert and a mutual friend, all three members of the Communist Youth Association, they "picked up rifles" when the military uprising broke out, and how they stood on the barricades of the Plaza de Colón occupied - however there is no Plaza de Colón in Barcelona; it could be the Plaza de Cataluña, by the Hotel Colón, or the square where the Columbus monument is located, at the end of the Rambla . There her friend fell in the fighting. However, Xulio García Bilbao points out that the friend Marina spoke of, Pere Plá, died of a headshot while fighting Albert without Marina being present. In the rest of his memoirs, Kolzow describes how Ginestà never parted with a heavy old rifle while working as an interpreter. But Ginestà herself said in various interviews that, with the exception of the photos taken by Guzmán on July 21, 1936, she had never carried a weapon. On the other hand, the communist magazine Mujeres published an article in May 1937 praising the bravery and discipline of six militiamen, among whom Ginestá was mentioned, who was said to have participated in the fighting.

Marina Ginestà is also mentioned in the testimony of another witness to the Spanish Civil War : Pablo de la Torriente Brau , Cuban writer, journalist and revolutionary who, in September 1936, was the correspondent of the American magazine New Masses and the organ of the Partido Comunista Mexicano , El Machete , arrived in Spain, joined the Republican Army and fell on the Madrid Front, in Majadahonda , on December 18 of the same year. Between September 10 and November 21, 1936, De la Torriente Brau wrote fourteen journalistic chronicles. One of them, which has remained undated, was “Four Girls at the Front”, which includes the testimony of four young women: Libertad Picornell, 16 years old; Soledad Soler and Marina Ginestá, aged 15 and 17 respectively - whom he interviewed while passing through Barcelona at the beginning of his stay in Spain - and Maruja, 18 years old, whom he interviewed in Buitrago del Lozoya . The chronicle was first published in Peleando con los milicianos (Fighting with the Militiamen ) (México, 1938), and then in Cartas y crónicas de España (Letters and Chronicles from Spain) (Havana, 1999). The text, symbolically dedicated to all women fighting against fascism in Spain, shows the author's amazement at meeting four extremely young women who fought like their male comrades at the same age and showed a maturity as adults. In his portrait, in which he describes Marina correctly, he exaggerates her role in the first days of the civil war in Barcelona. Marina defined her time as a journalist in the stage as follows: “We were journalists and our vocation was to ensure that confidence would never be lost, we spread Juan Negrín's slogan 'with or without bread, resistance'. And we believed in it ». Towards the end of 1938 she was the editor of the communist magazine Verdad in Valencia , which stood firm in favor of the policy of unconditional resistance by the chairman of the Council of Ministers, Juan Negrín. Her enthusiasm for battle and victory was expressed in her words in an interview conducted by EFE in 2008 :

“The youth, the desire to win, the slogans… I took it all very seriously. I believed that if we resisted we would win. We had the feeling that our side was right and that we would ultimately win the war, we had never imagined that we would end our lives abroad ... / ... The disappointment over the defeat, the memory "of the comrades who stayed behind, many of them shot dead, "mixed with the dream that the European democracies would defeat fascism in the beginning of the Second World War."

exile

The end of the war met her in the port of Alicante and she was imprisoned in a concentration camp. She was released after a few weeks in detention because her name was not on the list of people to be tried. Together with their boyfriend, a young political officer , they moved to a village near the French border. In May they decided to flee to France. While crossing the still snow-covered Pyrenees , her friend, who was injured, could not go on. Marina tried to seek help in a nearby village on the other side of the border, but she fell into a ravine and injured her left wrist , which is why she could not go back to help her companion. In the village she pretended to be French. A national gendarmerie patrol found the lifeless body of Marina's friend and buried him on the spot. With her injured wrist, Marina managed to reach Montpellier , where her injury was being treated. A few days later, Ginestà met her parents again. Her family was interned in the Argelès-sur-Mer and Agde internment camps. After the occupation of France by the Nazis , she left Europe with her family for Mexico . Ultimately, however, she settled in the Dominican Republic , where she lived with her boyfriend, Manuel Periáñez, who had been an officer in the militia of the People's Army of the Spanish Republic during the war - in a mixed brigade , the 181st - that she was on the trip had met. In 1940 she had a child from him who was also named Manuel. In 1946 she had to leave the country because of the persecution of the Spanish Republicans by the dictator Rafael Trujillo ; her brother Albert moved to Venezuela in 1944 .

Marina and her parents moved from the Dominican Republic to Venezuela, where her brother Alberto had emigrated two years earlier - both her brother and her parents took Venezuelan citizenship and stayed in the South American country until their death. In 1949 she separated from her boyfriend and moved to France. There she lived with her son, first in Prades , where she made contact with a group of Spanish exiles, including Pau Casals , and later in Nogent-sur-Marne near Paris . In 1951 she married a Belgian diplomat, Charles or Carl Werck, with whom she lived in Brussels , and from 1953 in The Hague ; they had a daughter, Isabelle, in 1954. Until then, communism had disappointed them.

Marina followed her husband to his locations in Quito (Ecuador), London (United Kingdom) and New Orleans (USA). Between 1972 and 1976 Charles Werck was the Belgian consul general in Barcelona during the agony of the Franco dictatorship . During the years of her stay in Barcelona, ​​Marina Ginestà published the novel Els antipodes ("The Antipodes", Dopesa Verlag, ISBN 84-7235-272-2 ) in Catalan in 1976 , which made it into the finals of the Joan Estelrich Prize Made it in 1976 and won the Fastenrath Prize for 1977 at the Jocs Florals of Barcelona . The novel dedicated to Jesús de Galíndez - which was never known again after he was kidnapped by Trujillo's captors in New York in 1956 - tells the story of two Catalan exiles on a Caribbean island during the Second World War , their fears and their longings to return home. In 1977, as part of the Jocs Florals of the Catalan language in exile , which were held in Munich , she received the Salvador Seguí Prize for the novel Els precursors (The forerunners), also in Catalan.

From there she returned to Brussels and later to Paris , where she stayed for about forty years, until her death on January 6, 2014, at the age of 94. Her brother Albert died in Venezuela in November 2007.

The photo by Hans Gutmann (Juan Guzmán)

Hotel Colón in Barcelona in 1916. The iconic photo of Marina Ginestà was taken on its roof terrace.

On July 19, 1936, during the failed uprising in Barcelona, ​​military units that had penetrated as far as the Plaza de Cataluña holed up in the Hotel Colón. After these surrendered that same day, only the staff remained in the hotel - the customers, mostly foreigners, had left the facility - and it was confiscated by the JSUC. A recruiting center was set up there, followed by the PSUC party office. According to Ginestà in an interview with TVE , the new occupants of the building lived in the hotel for the first few days "in a bourgeois manner" until the pantries were empty. Hans Gutmann, a communist German photographer who had traveled to Barcelona to report on the People's Olympics and who had "Spanishized" his name as Juan Guzmán , came to this hotel . When the uprising broke out, he decided to stay in Spain.

As a communist, Guzmán had easy access to the Hotel Colón. There he photographed the writers Georges Soria and Ludwig Renn . At the time the photo of Ginestà was taken, July 21, she was 17 years old. She had never had a rifle in her hands - as Ginestà said, “when I was 17 I wasn't able to make war” - and the only shot she'd ever fired was the one she accidentally took Hours before the photo in the Plaza de Cataluña with which Remington shot a friend - which earned her a slap from the militiaman who almost injured her. It was Guzmán himself who offered her a rifle to pose - the same rifle can be seen in another photo of Guzmán, taken in the same Hotel Colón by the writer Ludwig Renn, who posed with a Russian cap. In fact, he had been told to return it as soon as he finished with the photos. Guzmán took twenty photographs with his Leica using a high quality 35mm film from the Agfa Pankine brand , which is used in the film and has a very high light sensitivity and excellent emulsion quality.

In the snapshot, Ginestà appears with short hair, in the militia officers 'fitters' suit, with a rifle shouldered and a challenging look. The original title left by Gutmann was "Barcelona, ​​July 21, 1936. The militia officer Marina Jinesta, a member of the Communist Youth Union, poses on the terrace of the Hotel Colón, where a recruiting office has been set up to accept militiamen". In the words of Ginestà himself: “It's a good photo, it reflects the feeling we had back then [...] They say that the photo gives me a gorgeous look. That is quite possible, because we lived with the mysticism of the revolution of the proletariat and the Hollywood images, of Greta Garbo and Gary Cooper ». In another interview conducted for the book Fanny Schoonheyt - which reproduces the portrait of the Dutch anti-fascist militiaman Fanny Schoonheyt who fought in the Spanish Civil War - Ginestà remarked that the photo was "pure propaganda" regarding the weapon she was carrying " has been. Also, “I've never had a gun in my hands. Well, only when this picture was taken ». She also told how they lived in a kind of dual world during the war: “On the one hand, we were fascinated by the Soviet Union […] But on the other hand, we were young people in what was then a rather modern city like Barcelona and we were from Hollywood, from this new world of Films are fascinating. From Greta Garbo and Jean Harlow , personally I was intrigued by Gary Cooper. We've been to all the westerns that hit theaters in Barcelona. The movie stars were just as much heroes for us as Lenin and Stalin ».

Ginestà only received news of the existence of the photo shortly before her death - it is not known whether the photo was published during the war. In April 1987, the EFE agency bought Juan Guzmán's entire archive on the Spanish Civil War from his widow, Teresa Miranda. There were around 3,000 negatives of recordings made on republican territory , mainly on the fronts of Catalonia, Aragon and Madrid, between the spring of 1936 and the autumn of 1938. During his stay in Spain, he was not only concerned with everyday life stuck on the fronts and in the stage but also took portraits of great quality. In addition to important personalities such as Kolzow, Ludwig Renn , el Campesino , Durruti or Líster , he also photographed anonymous people whose names he usually did not record. Ginestà's Fall - the series of twenty photographs in which she can be seen on the roof terrace of the Hotel Colón - is the only exception. However, beyond its title, the photo remained in the agency's archives without any additional information. In 2002 it was used to design the title page for the book Trece rosas rojas (Thirteen Red Roses) by journalist Carlos López Fonseca, in which the last days of the " Trece Rosas " are described. In the same year it also appeared in the book Imágenes inéditas de la Guerra Civil (Unpublished Images from the Civil War), a selection of photos from the archive of the EFE agency that had never been published before, with an introduction by Stanley G. Payne .

In 2006, a documentary filmmaker from EFE, Xulio García Bilbao, managed to discover the identity of the militiaman after analyzing Koltsov's Spanish diary and doing research at the Archivo General de la Guerra Civil Española . It was García Bilbao who found Ginestà's whereabouts in 2008 and made contact with her; she was then 89 years old and lived in Paris. At the meeting, Ginestà posed again for photographer Boris Zabiensky with some of Guzmán's historical photos in her hands. In 2009, Ginestà's photo was used as an image for the opening of the exhibition “From the Spanish Civil War to World War II”, which took place in Berlin and was dedicated to the relationship between Germany and Spain in the course of both conflicts. It showed over one hundred recordings from the archive of the EFE agency. One of the photos of Zabiensky, with Ginestà on the balcony of her house in Paris while showing the iconic photo from July 1936, was the first picture on the way to the exhibition. In the same year, Ginestà's son, Manuel Periáñez, bequeathed a collection of photographs from the civil war and republican exile in France that had belonged to his parents to the EFE agency.

literature

  • Julio Clavijo Ledesma: La política sobre la població refugiada durant la Guerra Civil 1936–1939 . Universitat de Girona, 2002, ISBN 84-688-6535-4 (Catalan, tdx.cat [PDF]).
  • Marc Dalmau Torvà, Ivan Miró i Acedo: Les cooperatives obreres de Sants. Autogestió proletària en un barri de Barcelona (1870–1939) . Prólogo de Dolors Marín. La Ciutat Invisible Edicions, Barcelona 2010, ISBN 978-84-938332-1-3 (Catalan, issuu.com ).
  • Xulio García Bilbao: Marina Ginestà, icono femenino de la Guerra Civil . In: Frente de Madrid . No. 13 . GEFREMA, Grupo de Estudios del Frente de Madrid, September 2008, ISSN  1698-4765 , p. 25-29 (Spanish).
  • Josep Faulí: Els Jocs Florals de la llengua catalana a l'exili, 1941–1977 (=  Biblioteca Serra d'or ). L'Abadia de Montserrat, 2002, ISBN 84-8415-362-2 (Catalan, books.google.es ).
  • Mijaíl Koltsov: Diario de la guerra de España . Preface by Paul Preston . Editorial Planeta, Barcelona 2009, ISBN 978-84-08-08870-7 (Spanish).
  • Lisa Margaret Lines: Milicianas: Women in Combat in the Spanish Civil War . Lexington Books, 2012, ISBN 0-7391-6492-9 (English, books.google.es ).
  • Teresa Pàmies: Cuando éramos capitanes . 2nd Edition. DOPESA, Barcelona 1975, ISBN 84-7235-195-5 .
  • Yveline Riottot: Joaquin Maurin: De anarcho-syndicalisme au communisme (1919-1936) (=  Chemins de la Mémoire ). Editions L'Harmattan, 1997 (French, books.google.es ).
  • Inmaculada Rius Sanchis: El periodista, entre la organización y lareprión, 1899–1940: para una historia de la Asociación de la Prensa Valenciana . Fundación Universitaria San Pablo CEU, 2000, ISBN 84-95219-21-2 (Spanish, books.google.es ).
  • Federico Saracini: Pablo. Un intelectual cubano en la Guerra Civil Española . Ediciones La Memoria. Centro Cultural Pablo de la Torriente Brau, Havanna 2007, ISBN 978-959-7135-62-3 (Spanish, centropablo.cult.cu [PDF]).
  • Yvonne Scholten: Fanny Schoonheyt . Meulenhoff Boekerij BV, 2011, ISBN 94-6092-790-4 (Dutch, online ).
  • Pablo de la Torriente Brau: Cartas y Crónicas de España . Selection, preface and remarks by Víctor Casaus (=  Palabras de Pablo ). Ediciones La Memoria. Centro Cultural Pablo de la Torriente Brau, 2002, ISBN 959-7135-22-1 (Spanish, ( page no longer available , search in web archives: centropablo.cult.cu )).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.centropablo.cult.cu

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ The chronology of the life of Marina Ginestà after her stay in the Dominican Republic follows the statements of Manuel Periáñez, the son of Ginestà. In his 2008 article on Marina Ginestà, possibly based on what she said herself, Xulio García Bilbao gives a different version. According to him, the life together of Marina and her boyfriend ended on the Caribbean island. After the end of World War II , Marina briefly traveled back to France. In 1946 she traveled to Venezuela with her family and got a job at the Belgian embassy. She later returned to Paris and married Charles Werck in 1952.
  2. ↑ The photos taken by Juan Guzmán of Marina Ginestà on the roof terrace of the Hotel Colón on July 21, 1936 can be found in the EFE agency's photo library . To find them, you can ginesta 21-7-1936enter the text t> as a search argument.
  3. ↑ The photos of Marina Ginestà, taken by Boris Zabiensky on May 10, 2008, are available in the EFE agency's photo library . To find them, the text ginesta Zabienskycan be entered as a search argument.
  4. ↑ The photos from the Periáñez-Ginestá archive are available in the EFE agency's photo library . To find them, the text periañez ginestat> can be entered as a search argument. It also includes photos of Marina Ginestà with her classmates in Toulouse (1924); her grandparents Joan and Micaela ; by Marina Ginestà in 1935 and 1938 ; with several friends , including Ramón Mercader (1935); with her brother Albert (1936); by her first husband Manuel Periáñez in 1936 and 1938 ; by her brother Albert as an officer (1938) and in the internment camp at Argelès-sur-Mer ; with husband and son Manuel in the Dominican Republic ; or in Venezuela .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Muere en París Marina Ginestà, la miliciana que fue un icono de la Guerra Civil. rtve.es, January 6, 2014, accessed on January 8, 2014 (German: Marina Ginestà, the militiaman who was considered an icon of the civil war, dies in Paris).
  2. ↑ Juan Guzmán (photographer): La miliciana Marina Ginestà, miembro de la juventud comunista catalana, posa en la terraza del hotel Colón, donde se estableció una oficina de alistamiento de milicianos. EFE , July 21, 1936, accessed July 4, 2014 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e Jacinto Antón: Marina Ginestà, la joven y desafiante miliciana del fusil . In: El País . January 6, 2014 ( elpais.com [accessed on January 8, 2014] German: Marina Ginestà, the young, challenging militiaman with the rifle).
  4. ↑ a b c d e Resolución de 6 de noviembre de 1987 sobre Recuperación de la nacionalidad española. (No longer available online.) In: Asociación de Descendientes del Exilio Español. October 11, 2009, archived from the original on January 16, 2014 ; accessed on January 14, 2014 (German: resolution of November 6, 1987 on regaining Spanish citizenship). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / exiliados.org
  5. ↑ a b c d e Iván Miró: Història d'una fotografia: més enllà de la memòria mediàtica . In: Setmanari Directa . February 22, 2012 ( online ( Memento from May 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) - German: History of a Photography: Beyond Media Memory). Història d'una fotografia: més enllà de la memòria mediàtica ( Memento of the original dated May 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.setmanaridirecta.info
  6. ↑ Marc Dalmau TORVA, Ivan Miró i Acedo: Les cooperatives obreres de Sants. Autogestió proletària en un barri de Barcelona (1870–1939). P. 275.
  7. ↑ Yveline Riottot: Joaquin Maurin: De anarcho-au syndicalisme communisme (1919-1936). P. 184.
  8. ↑ Las candidaturas . In: La Vanguardia . November 18, 1933 ( online [PDF] German: The candidatures).
  9. ↑ Marc Dalmau TORVA, Ivan Miró i Acedo: Les cooperatives obreres de Sants. Autogestió proletària en un barri de Barcelona (1870–1939). P. 164.
  10. ↑ Julio Clavijo Ledesma: La política sobre la població refugiada durant la Guerra Civil 1936–1939. P. 424.
  11. ↑ Marc Dalmau TORVA, Ivan Miró i Acedo: Les cooperatives obreres de Sants. Autogestió proletària en un barri de Barcelona (1870–1939). P. 134.
  12. ↑ Marc Dalmau TORVA, Ivan Miró i Acedo: Les cooperatives obreres de Sants. Autogestió proletària en un barri de Barcelona (1870–1939). P. 267.
  13. ↑ Tres por detenidos fijar pasquines Comunistas . In: La Vanguardia . June 4, 1933 ( online [PDF; accessed on January 15, 2014] German: three arrests for posting communist posters).
  14. ^ A l'Audiencia “Provincial” . In: La Publicitat . January 3, 1936, p. 4 ( online - German: At the "Provinzialgericht").
  15. ↑ Unknown author: Recorte de prensa en el que se observa a los militantes comunistas Marina Ginestà (3ª izda) y Ramón Mercader (3 ° dcha) manifestándose en Barcelona para celebrar la liberación de Companys . Ed .: EFE . February 29, 1936 ( online [accessed January 15, 2014] German: newspaper clipping showing the communists Marina Ginestà (third from left) and Ramón Mercader (third from right) at a demonstration in Barcelona to celebrate the release from Companys).
  16. ^ Yvonne Scholten: Fanny Schoonheyt. "Marina had a couple of years, in 1935, a verhouding gehad met Ramon - the trouwens got stond as a rokkenjager, voegt hij he aan toe.".
  17. ↑ Xulio García Bilbao: Marina Ginestà, icono femenino de la Guerra Civil. P. 27.
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Xulio García Bilbao: Marina Ginestà, icono femenino de la Guerra Civil. P. 26.
  19. ↑ Mijaíl Koltsov: Diario de la guerra de España. P. 44.
  20. ↑ Teresa Pàmies: Cuando éramos Capitanes. Pp. 48-48
  21. ↑ Mijaíl Koltsov: Diario de la guerra de España. P. 20.
  22. ^ Juan Guzmán: El corresponsal soviético del periódico "Pravda", Mijail Koltsov (a la derecha con boina), se entrevista con Buenaventura Durruti (a su derecha). Están presentes en la entrevista, la intérprete de Koltsov, Marina Jinesta (sic) y Manuel Trueba Mirones (a su izquierda), jefe de la columna catalana del PSUC “Barrio-Trueba” . Ed .: EFE . Bujaraloz August 14, 1936 ( online [accessed on January 8, 2014] German: The Soviet correspondent for the newspaper “Pravda”, Mikhail Koltsov (right with beret), meets Buenaventura Durruti (on his right). Koltsov's interpreter is present during the interview , Marina Jinesta (sic) and Manuel Trueba Mirones (on his left), commander of the Catalan column of the PSUC “Barrio-Trueba”).
  23. ↑ Juan Guzmán: Manuel Trueba Mirones (CENTRO), jefe de la columna catalana del PSUC “Del Barrio Trueba”, a su derecha, el corresponsal soviético del periódico “Pravda”, Mijail Koltsov ya su izquierda, la intérprete de este, Marina Jinesta (sic) . Ed .: EFE. Bujaraloz August 14, 1936 ( online [accessed January 8, 2014] German: Manuel Trueba Mirones (MITTE), commander of the Catalan column of the PSUC "Del Barrio Trueba", on his right, the Soviet correspondent of the newspaper "Pravda", Mikhail Kolzow and on his left, his interpreter, Marina Jinesta (sic)).
  24. ^ EFE: Marina Ginestà, la memoria viva de una imagen simbólica . In: Público . May 10, 2008 ( online - German: Marina Ginestà, the living memory of a symbolic image).
  25. ↑ Mijaíl Koltsov: Diario de la guerra de España. P. 110.
  26. ↑ Mijaíl Koltsov: Diario de la guerra de España. P. 47.
  27. ^ Pablo de la Torriente Brau: Cartas y Crónicas de España. "Marina tiene diecisiete años ..."
  28. ↑ Mijaíl Koltsov: Diario de la guerra de España. P. 44. «The rest of the day Marina shows me the places of the fighting, the places where the most important clashes took place. She tells me succinctly and courteously that there were three of them. Her brother Albert, a friend and she. They grew up together, played together, and joined the Communist Youth Association together. On July 19th, the three of them picked up rifles and went to the barricades in the Plaza de Colón. The friend died of four gunshots in the stomach. He fell between the two siblings. "
  29. ↑ a b c d e f Xulio García Bilbao: Marina Ginestà, icono femenino de la Guerra Civil. P. 28.
  30. ↑ Mijaíl Koltsov: Diario de la guerra de España. P. 20.
  31. ↑ Mijaíl Koltsov: Diario de la guerra de España. P. 30.
  32. ^ Yvonne Scholten: Fanny Schoonheyt. «… Ik heb nooit van mijn leven een geweer in my hands gehad. Nou yes, alleen toen dus, om die foto te maken. »
  33. ↑ Lisa Margaret Lines Milicianas: Women in Combat in the Spanish Civil War. P. 109.
  34. ^ Federico Saracini: Pablo. Un intelectual cubano en la Guerra Civil Española. “… Entró en España el 20 de septiembre a través de Port Bou” (… entered Spain on September 20, 1936 via Port Bou.)
  35. ^ Federico Saracini: Pablo. Un intelectual cubano en la Guerra Civil Española. «… The 4 de noviembre […] se fue de nuevo al frente, donde se inscribió en la División Campesino. Aquí combatió valientemente… »(on November 4th […] he went back to the front, where he was enrolled in the División Campesino. There he fought valiantly…)
  36. ^ Federico Saracini: Pablo. Un intelectual cubano en la Guerra Civil Española. "Pablo de la Torriente Brau habría fallecido el 18 de diciembre, pero su cuerpo sólo pudo ser recuperado –y por tanto declarado oficialmente muerto– el 19." (Pablo de la Torriente Brau is said to have died on December 18th, but his body was not recovered until the 19th, so this is considered the official date of his death.)
  37. ^ Federico Saracini: Pablo. Un intelectual cubano en la Guerra Civil Española. "At the período transcurrido entre el 10 de septiembre y el 21 de noviembre de 1936, Pablo escribió catorce crónicas desde España." (Between September 10 and November 21, 1936, Pablo wrote fourteen chronicles from Spain.)
  38. ^ Pablo de la Torriente Brau: Cartas y Crónicas de España. "Pablo reúne en esta crónica los testimonios de cuatro muchachas ..." (in this chronicle Pablo brings the testimony of four girls ...)
  39. ^ Pablo de la Torriente Brau: Cartas y Crónicas de España. "Este libro reúne los textos que fueron incluidos en la primera edición de Peleando con los milicianos ..." (This book includes the texts which appear in the first issue of fighting with militiamen were included ...).
  40. ^ Federico Saracini: Pablo. Un intelectual cubano en la Guerra Civil Española. “… Con el fin de destacar el estupor alounter rarse con cuatro muchachitas en el frente…” (… to show his amazement at having met four young girls at the front…)
  41. ↑ a b Muere Marina Ginestà, la sonrisa que plantó cara al fascismo . In: Público . January 6, 2014 ( online [accessed on January 8, 2014] German: Marina Ginestà died, the smile that faced fascism).
  42. ^ Inmaculada Rius Sanchis: El periodista, entre la organización y lareprión, 1899–1940: para una historia de la Asociación de la Prensa Valenciana. P. 168.
  43. ^ Joaquín Tomás Villaroya: La prensa de Valencia durante la Guerra Civil (1936–1939) . In: Universitat de València (ed.): Saitabi . No. 22 , 1972, ISSN  0210-9980 , p. 28 ( online [PDF] German: The press in Valencia during the civil war (1936–1939)).
  44. ↑ a b c d Poetas galardonados . In: La Vanguardia . May 3, 1977 ( online [PDF; accessed on January 14, 2014] German: Prämiierte Dichter).
  45. ↑ a b El hijo de la miliciana Marina Ginestà dona parte de su archivo a EFE . October 22, 2009 ( online [accessed on January 13, 2014] German: The son of the militia officer Marina Ginestà gives EFE part of his archive).
  46. ↑ a b Manuel Periáñez: Mi vida en quinze (sic) líneas. Retrieved on January 14, 2014 (German: My life in fifteen lines).
  47. ^ Yvonne Scholten: Fanny Schoonheyt. "In 1940 hun zoon Manuel was born in the Dominicaanse Republiek waar ze een voorlopige toevlucht hadden gevonden."
  48. ↑ a b Manuel Periáñez: Interview published in 1999 on the site Critiques d'Espaces . Retrieved January 14, 2014 (French, German: Interview published on Critiques d'Espaces in 1999 ).
  49. ↑ “Els antipodes” de Marina Ginestà . In: La Vanguardia . August 5, 1976 ( online [PDF; accessed on January 14, 2014] German: “Die Antipoden” by Marina Ginestà).
  50. ↑ Josep Faulí: Els Jocs Florals de la llengua catalana a l'exili, 1941-1977. P. 223.
  51. ↑ a b Xulio García Bilbao: Marina Ginestà, icono femenino de la Guerra Civil. P. 27.
  52. ↑ a b c Xulio García Bilbao: Marina Ginestà, icono femenino de la Guerra Civil. P. 25.
  53. ↑ Xulio García Bilbao: Marina Ginestà, icono femenino de la Guerra Civil. Pp. 26-27.
  54. ↑ a b El hijo de Marina Ginestà reconoce a EFE el trato dado a la imagen de su madre . January 8, 2014 ( eldiario.es [accessed January 9, 2014] German: Marina Ginestà's son acknowledges EFE's treatment of his mother's image).
  55. ^ Yvonne Scholten: Fanny Schoonheyt. “'Allemaal propaganda,' […] 'ik heb nooit van mijn leven een geweer in my hands gehad. Nou yes, alleen toen dus, om die foto te maken '. »
  56. ^ Yvonne Scholten: Fanny Schoonheyt. «Aan de ene kant were we in de ban van de Sovjet-Unie […] Maar aan de other kant were wij jongeren in een toen best wel modern city as Barcelona helemaal in de ban van Hollywood, van die nieuwe filmwereld. Van Greta Garbo en Jean Harlow, persoonlijk was ik helemaal weg van Gary Cooper. En we went to all westems that draaiden in Barcelona. The movie stars were net zo veel our heroes as Lenin and Stalin. "
  57. ↑ a b Marina Ginestà considera la muestra 'una revancha del tiempo' . In: Faro de Vigo . March 4, 2009 ( farodevigo.es [accessed on January 13, 2014] German: Marina Ginestà regards the exhibition as 'a revenge of time').
  58. ↑ Paso al frente . In: Diario Sur . May 16, 2008 ( diariosur.es [accessed on January 15, 2014] German: Vorreten).
  59. ↑ Laura Lucchini: Una revancha del tiempo . In: soitu.es . March 5, 2009 ( soitu.es [accessed on January 15, 2014] German: “A revenge of time”).
personal data
SURNAME Ginestà, Marina
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ginestà Coloma, Marina (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Spanish journalist and author
DATE OF BIRTH January 29, 1919
PLACE OF BIRTH Toulouse
DATE OF DEATH January 6, 2014
Place of death Paris