Einbeck market square
| Marketplace | |
|---|---|
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 View from the Long Bridge to the market square |
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| Basic data | |
| place | Einbeck |
| District | Old town |
| Created | 12th Century |
| Newly designed | 1989 |
| Confluent streets | Marktstrasse, Tiedexer Strasse , Steinweg, Münsterstrasse, Pfänderwinkel, Lange Brücke, Geiststrasse, hall plan |
| Buildings | Town hall , Ratswaage, Marktkirche , Brodhaus, Ratsapotheke |
| use | |
| User groups | pedestrian |
| Space design | Eulenspiegel fountain |
The market square in Einbeck was created as a medieval street market and the nucleus of the city. With the town hall , market church and many half-timbered buildings from the 16th century, it still forms the center of the historic old town and is still used as a weekly market , for city festivals or for seasonal markets.
Settlement and building history
After 1100, at the latest in the time of Henry the Lion , a tubular street market with a bourgeois settlement was built on a loess ridge south of the Krumme water meadow . So far, archaeological evidence has been found of utility ceramics from the middle of the 12th century in the area of the market square. In the immediate vicinity on the northern bank was the Alexander-Stift , a place of pilgrimage, founded in the 11th century . Immediately to the east of the market square there was a ford over the brook, today's Long Bridge . To the west, over the Tiedexer Straße and the Tiedexer Tor , a medieval trade route led from the city to the passage at the Landwehr am Klapperturm and on towards Solling . Heading south over Marktstrasse , one got through the Leinetal to Göttingen and on to the Upper German trading centers; A high path led north over the Hube . The marketplace was an ideal resting and stacking place for traders. It is not known where the first traders who settled permanently on the market square came from.
First, local market and trade activities with products such as wool, cloth, linen and furrier goods developed. In addition, there was later the beer export , which in the 15th and 16th centuries became the most important basis of commercial life and the city's wealth. With the Thirty Years War , a sustained economic decline began. The importance of the formerly favorable location on the medieval trade routes dwindled and with the construction of the Hanoverian Southern Railway in the 19th century past Einbeck, the town and the market got into a secluded position, from which they freed themselves through development into a garrison location. After the Second World War , a thoroughfare led across the market square. In addition, some parking spaces have been set up in front of the market church . This resulted in such heavy search traffic that the market square was declared a pedestrian zone in 1988 and then paved . With this urban development, the square became a tourist attraction.
The market square as an urban ensemble
The urban and aesthetic peculiarity of the wedge-shaped market square lies primarily in its closedness and its size, which is adapted to human scale. So from each of the 8 converging streets one has the impression of entering a closed, protected urban space. Because of its cultural and historical significance, it is largely a listed building. The market square was last redesigned in 1989, with the designation as part of the pedestrian zone and level sandstone paving emphasizing the square. A fountain was also built in front of the church. Benches were also set up and a group of four chestnut trees were planted, which, however, had to be felled due to damage in the early 21st century.
The beams and carvings of the half-timbered houses on the market square were only treated with linseed oil in the Middle Ages or were monochrome z. B. oxide red. Since the first half of the 19th century, like all houses in the city, they were plastered in line with contemporary tastes, but also for fire protection reasons. It was not until a hundred years later that the plaster was removed and the beams painted black, the carvings polychrome, as it is mostly still present today. In an engraving from the middle of the 19th century, the situation at the Einbeck market square at that time is recorded so that a comparison with current photos is easy. The main changes are: In the middle of the square there was a fountain fed by the city moat until around 1890; the town hall had a court arbor and open beams of the tower porches until around 1870 ; in front of the market church, the main guard from the 18th century had been empty since 1866 and was dismantled in the 1870s; the facades of the Brodhaus and Ratsapotheke were plastered into the 20th century.
Market Church
The parish church of St. Jacobi, usually just called the market church, closes the wedge-shaped market square to the west. The previous building, of which only a few remains of the foundations are archaeologically proven, dates back to the early 13th century. Today's church construction as a tiered hall church with two narrow aisles without a transept and a straight east end began at the end of the 13th century. Despite the limited space, there was a small cemetery around the church, which was separated from the city by a wall. In the late 14th century, the side aisles were completely renewed to the width of the tower and the middle and side aisles were provided with ribbed vaults. The west building was continued as a square single tower, which continues in the upper part octagonal. The watchman's room and today's tower hood were built in 1543 and had to be replaced several times after lightning strikes. Due to insufficient foundations in the tower area, extensive renovations have been necessary several times since the end of the 15th century. In 1741 the 65-meter-high, strongly west-sloping tower was given a baroque supporting facade - however, the church tower known as the "Schiefer Turm von Einbeck" is still about 1.50 meters out of alignment. In the 19th century, the nave was fundamentally renovated twice and a sacristy and two buttress arches based on designs by Conrad Wilhelm Hase were added to the east gable .
Eulenspiegel fountain
The Eulenspiegel fountain dates from 1942 and is optically dominant in the middle of the market square in front of the market church, flanked by the town hall, bread house and Ratsapotheke. It is named after Till Eulenspiegel , a previous guest. At this point was a memorial for the fallen soldiers of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, created in 1876 based on a design by Conrad Wilhelm Hase , which was placed in favor of the Eulenspiegel fountain near the die tower of the Einbeck city fortifications .
sculpture
In 2018, the sculpture was placed on the market square next to the church from zero to infinity . The work of art was created as a joint project by students from the Paul Gerhardt School Dassel and the Goetheschule Einbeck with the artist Timm Ulrichs . When viewed from certain directions and distances, the sculpture appears either as a zero or as an infinity sign . This is intended to symbolize the historical foundation of the place and the open future of the city of Einbeck. In an archaeological excavation at the site of the sculpture, the medieval pavement of the market square was proven.
North side
The north side of the market square is dominated by richly decorated half-timbered buildings from the 16th century and in particular by the massive council pharmacy and the stone house. Directly north of the Marktkirche, the older half-timbered houses were demolished for a department store built in 1981 , which blends in on the outside with a simple glare framework. The buildings on the north side of the market square from west to east, which are described in more detail below, are the commandant's house, the bread house, the council pharmacy, the patrician houses Marktplatz 17/19 and the stone house.
Commandant's House
The commandant's house was built around 1550 using the stand construction. It originally had a gorge down to the floor, which today only forms a bay from the 1st floor to the roof. Although bay windows were common on Einbeck half-timbered houses in the 16th century (as on the other buildings on the north side of the market square), this is one of the few surviving examples. The building was the seat of the postal administration in Einbeck between 1860 and 1880.
Bread house
The Brodhaus (No. 13) of the bakers' guild on the corner of Münsterstrasse is the only preserved guild house in Einbeck. It was used in addition to meetings, celebrations and the like. Ä. Also as a hostel for wandering baker journeyman . The building was first mentioned in a document in 1333, and since 1444 it has been called the Brodhaus. The chronicler Johannes Letzner reports in his Dasselischen and Einbeckischen Chronica from 1596 that the Einbeck Augustinian monk Heinrich donated the house inherited from his parents to the bakers guild, on the condition that this annually for eternity all parish churches within two miles free wafers for the Supper should deliver. After the destruction by the fire of 1540 , the bakers' guild turned to these churches with a request for reconstruction help, as otherwise they could not continue to deliver the hosts free of charge. In the preserved guild book, the help for the reconstruction of the house in 1552 is recorded. a. from the churches in Iber , Markoldendorf , Holtensen , Deitersen , Wellersen , Vorwohle , Mainzholzen , Groß Freden , Ahlshausen and Sievershausen . The surrounding churches also help with a necessary major renovation of the Brodhaus in 1719/20 with 34 thalers . The wafers to be delivered were initially baked by Einbecker masters, later the orders were placed outside the company. The obligation still exists today, but should rarely be queried.
The bread house was usually leased for 3 or 6 years to members of the guild who, in addition to paying the rent, etc. a. also had to take care of the maintenance and provision of premises for guild matters. In addition, they were not allowed to sell white bread. Since the beginning of the 19th century it was more lucrative to sell the house on hereditary interest (with requirements regarding guild affairs). The metal baker's guild sign from the late 18th century that was attached to the corner of the house is still the property of the bakers' guild. The seven-compartment wide and ten-deep house was plastered on the market square until 1939 for fire protection reasons. A three-compartment wide bay window in the middle went under the roof and was decorated with sayings in Low German from the Gospel of John and Matthew , which are incomplete today due to the dismantling. The house entrance, framed with a carved arch, has been in the middle of the house as it was originally since a renovation in the 1960s.
Council Pharmacy
The six-compartment wide and thirteen-deep building of the Ratsapotheke (No. 15) on the corner of Münsterstrasse was built after the fire in the 1540s over a cross-vaulted cellar from the 15th century. After the fire, the council met temporarily in this cellar until the town hall was rebuilt. The city then sold the house to the Einbeck patrician Diek family in 1562, who united it with the five-compartment wide neighboring house under one roof. In 1590 the appearance of the first floor was changed to a modern multi-storey building. A three-bay bay window in the middle of the house went up to the roof. At the rear building there is a Latin inscription from 1595 as sapphic elf silver , a quote from an ode by the Roman poet Horace , above a former archway . The neighboring house had a two-part bay window above the hall gate up to the 2nd floor. Such oriels can be found for almost all houses on the north side of the market square, but they were probably dismantled in the early 18th century for unknown reasons. For rectangular entrance stairs lead with two richly decorated with ornaments decorated Beischlagwangen of sandstone. The plastered half-timbering with the ornamental carvings was exposed again in 1927 and was originally not colored, but set off in ox blood red. This condition was restored during the last renovation of the council pharmacy in the late 1990s. During this renovation, Renaissance stucco from 1561 was exposed in the stairwell . The Ratsapotheke has been in this building since 1833.
Marketplace 17/19
The half-timbered houses No. 17/19 to the east of the Ratsapotheke were also built in 1542 in a typical multi-storey construction with a separately trimmed second floor and two-compartment wide bay windows on the first floor (today dismantled) or with a mezzanine next to the large hall gate. The original roof trusses have not been preserved. On the threshold of no. 17 a carved grapevine winds around a pole, at no. 19 the ornamental carving shows foxes and geese, which may indicate an animal fable .
Stone house
The stone house on the north side of the market square was one of the few medieval stone town houses in Einbeck (today building 23 / 23a is here). The wealthy patrician Hans de Junge rebuilt a house on this site in 1317 on a large plot of land. In a document from 1329, this building was first referred to as the stone house . In 1424 a grandson and Dietrich von Dassel split the stone house into two houses. After the von Junge family died out in the male line in the 15th century, the house fell to the von Dassel family . In 1460 a public gateway, Neue Straße , was laid out through the house in the east (today Pfänderwinkel), an entrance from the market square to the many von Dassel stalls on the large, rear property area and to Judenstraße.
In the great city fire in 1540, this house also burned down, except for the foundations and the stone fire walls. Since the owners from the von Dassel family lived in Lüneburg in the meantime , the house and the stalls were only rebuilt by them in 1600, after repeated urging by the city. It was a single, large, high house with a vaulted cellar, a basement made of quarried stone or blocks several meters thick and two upper floors made of oak framework. The round arched window in the basement and the pointed arched passage gate with sandstone frames were striking. The house remained in the possession of the von Dassel family until 1803, who mostly rented the house. The new owner, the Einbeck businessman Wilhelm Krome, ran a mechanical weaving mill there from 1866. On August 6, 1906, a fire broke out in the factory, which destroyed the Kromesche Haus . The fire walls prevented it from spreading to neighboring houses. The ruin was bought by a master mason who built today's stone house in 1911.
South side
The south side of the market square is dominated by the town hall from the 16th century with the characteristic three tower cores and the council scales directly to the west. The remaining houses on the south side of the market square are much more recent. The houses south of the Marktkirche on the corner of Marktstrasse burned down in 1900. As a result, modern stone commercial buildings were built there. The houses east of the town hall on the south side of the market square also burned down in 1832. The three-story half-timbered houses built there afterwards, including the buildings of the Einbecker Morgenpost and the Sparkasse Einbeck , consist of unadorned, functional stud frames. After the construction, the beams and partitions were covered with clay plaster or painted in a uniform color.
town hall
The historic town hall on the southwest side of the market square is one of Einbeck's landmarks with its three striking towers from the 16th century. An archaeologically verifiable predecessor of today's town hall was built by the town council of patricians at the end of the 13th century . Today only stone parts of the vaulted cellar survive the great city fire in 1540. The reconstruction came to a standstill after a second major fire and because of the burdens on the city as a result of the Schmalkaldic War . The town hall with the three representative tower-like bay windows in front of the facade was not completed until a good 50 years after the fire .
Today's town hall building, 33 meters long, stands on a three-aisled cellar. A stone basement is placed on top of it, the south wall of which was provided with typical Renaissance paintings after the reconstruction and before the construction of the three tower windows. The upper floor, built in half-timbered construction from 1556, is ornamented with carved fan rosettes . The roof is covered with sandstone slabs from the Solling . The three bay windows from the years 1593/95 have roof helmets in the form of pointed, upturned, slate-covered funnels. The main entrance is in the middle, arbor-like bay window . The town hall was last rebuilt at the end of the 19th century. The use today includes lectures and the registry office .
Council scales
In 1565, the council scales used to calibrate weights and measures were built onto the west wall of the town hall. It picks up on some stylistic elements of the ornamental carving of the town hall, but is more richly decorated , in particular with ship throats and dove ribbons. The use today includes club offices.
Web links
literature
- Andreas Heege : Einbeck in the Middle Ages . Isensee, Oldenburg 2002, ISBN 3-89598-836-7 .
- City of Einbeck (Ed.): 1974 to 2007. 33 years of urban redevelopment in Einbeck . Einbeck 2008 (final documentation).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ulrich Scheuermann: In the flap . In: Joachim Göschel, Angelika Braun (Hrsg.): Contributions to linguistics and phonetics: Festschrift for Joachim Göschel on his 70th birthday (= Journal for Dialectology and Linguistics: Supplements . Volume 118 ). Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-515-07979-3 , ISSN 0341-0838 , p. 263 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ^ Kohlhammer: Die Alte Stadt, Volume 16, 1989, p. 110.
- ↑ An old slide with chestnuts in front of the Marktkirche Einbecker Morgenpost from July 27, 2010.
- ↑ E. Strauss, H. Hainski, A. Heege: city Einbeck. Contemporary photographs and documents 1870–1914 . Mecke, Duderstadt 1995, ISBN 3-923453-65-5 , p. 45-56 .
- ^ Memorial ceremoniously re-inaugurated Einbecker Morgenpost from November 25, 2013.
- ↑ Different optical experiences
- ^ The market square was fortified as early as the 13th century
- ↑ Horst Hülse: DI 42 / No. 78, Marktplatz 13 (Brodhaus) . In: www.inschriften.net .
- ^ Wilhelm Feise: The bread house in Einbeck . In: From Einbeck's Past: Selected Writings in Memory of Prof. Dr. hc Wilhelm Feise . Isensee, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-557-0 , p. 125-133 .
- ↑ Horst Hülse: Einbeck, No. 113 . In: www.inschriften.net .
- ↑ Horst Hülse: DI 42 / No. 130, Dassel-Hoppensen . In: www.inschriften.net .
- ^ Ernst Voss: The "Stone House" - A large Einbeck town house on the market square . In: Einbecker yearbook . tape 46 , 1999, pp. 5-42 .
Coordinates: 51 ° 49 ′ 6 ″ N , 9 ° 52 ′ 1 ″ E