Nathusius industrial establishments Althaldensleben

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Nathusius'schen commercial establishments (also known as factory and Manufacturanstalten to Althaldensleben , Trade Agency Althaldensleben , Althaldensleber Trade Institute , on economics and trade institute Althaldensleben near Magdeburg , Nathusius commercial establishments Althaldensleben , Trade Agency to Althaldensleben near Magdeburg or agricultural Nathusius commercial institution ) in and around Althaldensleben passed in the first half of the 19th century. They were a complex of companies that were closely related to one another in organizational terms and were considered to be the first conglomerate in early industrial Germany. This group of companies with its up to 35 independent commercial units was the model for entrepreneurial work in the great novel Die Epigonen by Karl Leberecht Immermann from 1836 . In the vicinity and in the succession of the Nathusius industrial establishments , a variety of new economic activities arose, which not only helped the city of Haldensleben to its early industrialization, but also stimulated the emergence of Magdeburg's later important heavy industry (especially mechanical engineering).

View of Althaldensleben around 1835 from approximately south. The large former, light-colored monastery complex is clearly visible to the left of the center of the picture. Further to the left, partially covered by 4 poplars (on the Rousseau Island of the landscape park) and slightly elevated, are the total of six greenhouses. On the far left at the edge of the picture the large tobacco barn. To the right of the monastery building there is a strongly smoke-emitting group of buildings, erected in 1815, in which the earthenware and porcelain factories were located. Various plantings of the tree nursery can be seen in front of the buildings. In the background lies Neuhaldensleben with the tower of the Marienkirche.

historical overview

The emergence, prosperity and demise of the industrial establishments in Althaldensleben took place in a time of complex political and related economic structural changes in today's Saxony-Anhalt .

Johann Gottlob Nathusius (1760–1835), Magdeburg businessman and founder of the Althaldensleber industrial establishment

Kingdom of Prussia

Since Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg came to power , Magdeburg was a Brandenburg-Prussian fortress town. In addition to the expansion of the fortifications by Prince Leopold von Anhalt-Dessau , Magdeburg also benefited from state economic subsidies (tobacco, faience , textiles, silk, chicory , sugar beet) which - despite increasing difficulties since the beginning of the coalition wars in 1792 - became one of the most important and richest cities in Prussia. The moderate-liberal economic policy of Friedrich Wilhelm II , which abolished state monopolies (tobacco, coffee, sugar) and reduced customs duties and other taxes (silk, cotton), also stimulated entrepreneurship.

The Magdeburg merchant Johann Gottlob Nathusius had become prosperous as a dealer of colonial goods and founded the Richter & Nathusius snuff factory in Magdeburg with his business partner Johann Wilhelm Richter in 1787 . The dealers had thus also become manufacturers. In 1793, at the time Richter died, this factory already employed 130 people. At the end of the century, 300 people worked in the factory, around half of the 22,000 quintals of tobacco processed in Magdeburg was recycled here. At the beginning of the 19th century, Nathusius had become the richest citizen of Magdeburg. Since the import of tobacco leaves was becoming more and more expensive due to rising taxes and customs duties, Nathusius decided to purchase a property in the Magdeburg area and grow tobacco there himself. The further political development gave Nathusius the opportunity to realize his plan.

Kingdom of Westphalia

The battle of Jena and Auerstedt , in which the Prussian army was defeated in October 1806, was followed by the Tilsit Peace Treaty in 1807 , according to which Magdeburg and the surrounding area fell to the Kingdom of Westphalia created by Napoleonic decree on September 1, 1807 . On January 1, 1808, the Code Napoléon was introduced in the French satellite state , which established the equality of all citizens before the law. With that the last privileges of the nobility (tax exemption, entitlement to office, ...) fell, the bourgeoisie could now participate in economic life without restriction.

Althaldensleben and Hundisburg

In 1810 the Westphalian government ( Jérôme Bonaparte , a brother of Napoleon ruled the Kingdom of Westphalia) issued a decree, according to which the previous nunneries of the kingdom were to be secularized and then sold. In June 1810 Nathusius bought the former Althaldensleben monastery near Haldensleben for 450,000 francs ( "... paid on a board the same day ..." ) .

The Cistercian property, which dates back to a foundation in 1228, consisted of a large monastery building, a main agricultural and forestry property in Althaldensleben of around 1,200 hectares and an agricultural Vorwerk in Glüsig with a further 200 hectares of land. The oldest parts of the monastery building came from the 13th century, the agriculture and forestry were in poor condition. At the time of the monastery economy, the forests were gradually cut down, instead of creating new crops, they were left to their own devices. The livestock had deteriorated so badly that the individual fields only received fertilizer every nine years.

“The aftermath of the war changed my circumstances. My important tobacco factory, which employed more than 300 people a day before the war, came about because Magdeburg was torn down by the Prussian state and because of the lack of foreign materials, and my business was also down. In order to secure my funds and to have more employment, I bought the Althaldensleben estate. But I took it over in such a deteriorated state that there was virtually no yield from agriculture. The field was crooked and the manure had hardly been around in ten years. So it took industries to multiply the livestock. "

- Johann Gottlob Nathusius

Just one year later, Nathusius was also able to acquire the neighboring Hundisburg estate with the baroque palace of the same name . The largest baroque country palace in Saxony-Anhalt, built by the Hanoverian State Minister Johann Friedrich II von Alvensleben , could no longer be financed by his heirs. The entire property was heavily in debt and on November 13, 1811, at the request of the creditors, it was auctioned by the then Royal West Pfählischen Civil Tribunal in Neuhaldensleben . Nathusius, who was already the main believer, was awarded the contract.

This new acquisition, about 750 hectares in size, was also worn out. The land was scattered, the soil was exhausted, some of the forests were cut down and the valuable oak forest "Gräwig" had already been sold. The magnificent apartments of the palace only contained garden benches, everything else had already been sold by the Alvensleben heirs.

Establishment of commercial establishments

As a merchant, Nathusius expected an appropriate return on the capital invested in the purchase of the two goods. Since the sale of agricultural raw products promised little profit, he decided to achieve a higher share of the value-added process by processing suitable products on site and the resulting vertical integration.

"... where this famous man had made it his business to process and implement his own products in one way or another by combining various branches of industry and trade, and thus to achieve a profit that was comparable to the mere sale of the raw Products of the economy would have been absolutely impossible ... "

- Alexander von Lengerke, 1837

First of all, it was necessary to increase the effectiveness of the old dump liver tillage. Agriculture had to supply all the raw products required for the planned agro-industrial facilities and was therefore no longer allowed to lie fallow for regeneration, as was previously the case, rotating. The wood from some of the still existing oak and beech stocks was burned for lack of hard coal and lignite. Cleared land was almost exclusively reforested with coniferous wood, mostly with pine trees, because they brought benefits more quickly. The mining of natural resources was also examined and started. In 1812 the expulsion of cattle was inhibited, both for the monastery and for the community. This led to a social change in conditions. Only those preliminary products should be bought in from outside the group that could not be produced more cheaply. The interlocking of agriculture and production, the principle on which his undertakings were based, wanted Nathusius to apply to the entire state. In his view, the actually lasting prosperity of a community, like that of the individual economic subject, was based on this.

Hundisburger agriculture was also adapted to modern production methods. In addition, other trades were quickly established, so that the Alvensleben was soon managed very differently in the castle and village of Hundisburg than in the times of the rural feudal way of life. Mainly production facilities for metal extraction and processing were set up here. In addition, a brandy distillery was built and from 1814 so-called "Swiss cheese" and artificial marble were also made here. Nathusius set up an extensive natural history and art cabinet in the castle, which was intended to serve less private and more scientific and business purposes.

Prussian Province of Saxony

As a result of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Prussian province of Saxony with the state capital Magdeburg was created. The German Confederation with up to 30 member states (or cities) was also founded in 1815. In 1834 the German Customs Union was established . This created favorable conditions for an economic development based on industrial production in the Magdeburg region.

Known in Germany

The industrial establishments reached their peak in the 1820s. The linking of the different trades to an integrated production group and the first early industrial enterprises (sugar factory, machine factory) not only led to an unknown number of employees (approx. 1,300 workers and salaried employees), but were also unknown in terms of their rural and spatial extent. The deeply diversified division of labor, the clear allocation of responsibilities and the management of the group in individual profit centers attracted the attention of farmers, entrepreneurs, politicians and scientists well beyond Magdeburg's surroundings. The institutions were soon listed in all the major German-language encyclopedias. The novelty of Nathusius' enterprises and their connection, however, often led to exaggerations in contemporary descriptions, both regarding the dimensions of the individual trades and the success of their business activities. The fortune of Johann Gottlob Nathusius himself was sometimes overestimated.

The decline

At the end of the 1840s, the commercial establishments no longer existed in the form of an integrated production group. The last industrial enterprise, the porcelain factory, was closed in 1847; the famous machine factory in Hundisburg and the important sugar factory in Althaldensleben had long since ceased to exist.

The decline of the previously well-known industrial establishments had several reasons. Political framework conditions had changed, the liberal Prussian economic policy after the French occupation led to a drop in prices in the sugar market, as a result of which beet sugar production became unprofitable. The connection to the Zollverein also put the porcelain factory under price pressure due to the cheaper production of the Thuringian porcelain industry. But also the rapid technical development and the high pressure to innovate of the incipient industrialization in the individual sectors led to increasingly stronger competition between specialized companies and the broadly diversified company. Eventually Nathusius himself lost his creative power and was often unable to find the right managerial staff for his many endeavors. When selecting executive employees, he made the wrong decisions and embezzles occurred. After several incidents, Nathusius, at the age of 68, completely changed the organizational and management scheme again in 1828 and largely replaced the management personnel of the commercial establishments:

“ … All my officers and supervisors dismissed and new ones elected for good reasons. I have adopted a completely new system and am in a much better position than before ... "

- Johann Gottlob Nathusius

Nathusius' sons, who he intended to succeed the institutions, were still very young when he died in 1835, only the eldest son Hermann von Nathusius had already taken over the farm in Hundisburg in 1830. Philipp von Nathusius , who had already entered the office of the porcelain and earthenware factory in 1832, initially took over the agriculture in Althaldensleben and the management of most of the trades. Even though the eldest brother Hermann and the mother were officially appointed as honorary guardians for the heirs who were still underage, Philipp de facto administered the trades that were intended for the younger brothers. His brother Wilhelm von Nathusius was to take over the porcelain factory after training. August von Nathusius was planned as the future head of the fruit wine press. As with Philipp himself, it soon turned out that his brothers also had other interests. The agriculture in Althaldensleben took over in 1848 Heinrich von Nathusius . But neither Wilhelm nor August wanted to work in the positions assigned to them. Both took over family-owned goods in the Magdeburg area and also devoted themselves to scientific research there. The Vorwerk in Glüsig, which initially remained in the possession of Philipp, was later sold to the Ackendorf sugar factory . Apart from the two farms in Hundisburg and Althaldensleben and the beer and brandy breweries still in operation, only the tree nursery was preserved until the 1890s, although its importance was steadily decreasing. The copper hammer in Hundisburg, which was still in use after the death of Johann Gottlob Nathusius, was also dismantled in 1843.

  • Hermann von Nathusius (1809–1879), heir to the Hundisburg estate

  • Philipp von Nathusius (1815–1872), administrator of the commercial establishments

  • Heinrich von Nathusius (1824–1890), owner of Althaldensleben

  • August von Nathusius (1818–1884), owner of Meyendorf

The conglomerate

The trade association was divided into the following areas after a "list of all businesses in Hundisburg, Althaldensleben, Glüsig and Magdeburg" from around 1817:

  • Central administration and building inspection
  • Tobacco factory in Magdeburg
  • Stoneware factory in Althaldensleben with gypsum distillery, gypsum, clay and fulling mill
  • Agricultural business ("economy") in Althaldensleben with distillery, blacksmith shop and wheelwright shop
  • Agricultural business in Hundisburg with a Swiss cheese factory
  • Agricultural business in Glüsig with a starch factory
  • Forestry in Althaldensleben, Hundisburg and Glüsig
  • Flour, semolina and pearl barley mills with a noodle factory and oil mills with edible oil refineries in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg
  • Plantations and gardens in Althaldensleben, Hundisburg and Glüsig
  • Brewery, malt house and beer vinegar factory as well as a cooperage in Althaldensleben
  • Sugar refinery in Althaldensleben
  • Fruit wine press in Hundisburg
  • Wine vinegar, liqueur and cider factory in Althaldensleben
  • Copper hammer, brickworks and quarries in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg
  • Iron foundry and machine factory in Hundisburg
  • Management of inventories, goods debts, the retail trade and the branch in Magdeburg

There was also a “scientific institute for rational operation for the whole”, a “chemical laboratory” (also referred to as a “scientific experimental station” elsewhere), a library, a lithographic printing shop, a botanical garden, a “cabinet of physical and mathematical instruments "And a" model cabinet ". Finally, there is also a natural history and art cabinet as well as collections of copperplate engravings, paintings and drawings.

In 1819, Friedrich Benedict Weber published a more detailed, partly deviating structure of the commercial establishments in "departments or departments" in a "Table for an overview of the technical and economic operations in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg": according to Johann Gottlob Nathusius:

  • Central administration - traded as Nathusius Central-Bureau
  • I. Tobacco factory in Magdeburg
  • II. Machine factory in Hundisburg: copper hammer, iron foundry, lead pipe train
  • III. Stoneware factory in Althaldensleben: brickworks, gypsum distillery, lithographic printing shop, freight wagon
  • IV. Economies in Althaldensleben (with: brandy distillery, Pottaschesiederei, smithy and wheelwright), in Hundisburg (with: forge and Swiss cheese factory) and in Schricke (with: forestry and brandy distillery) - traded as Nathusius Ökonomie-Administration
  • V. Forestry in Althaldensleben
  • VI. Plantations and gardens in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg
  • VII. Agricultural trade with two departments - traded as Nathusius agricultural trade establishment
    • First administration: oil and grinding mills in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg, edible oil refinery, fulling mill and gypsum mill, quarries, sugar factory, vinegar factory
    • Second administration: painting, brewery, cooperage, trade
  • VIII. Scientific institution: Laboratory, "Cabinet of physical instruments", library, "Natural objects and art cabinet"
  • IX. Branch in Magdeburg - traded as Nathusius Producten- und Fabrikatenniederlage

In 1830 Berzelius also noted the presence of a cutting mill (sawmill).

Organizational structure, finance and accounting

Nathusius himself was the directorate of the central administration ("Centralbureau"). Each corporate division (“Department”) had a managing director (“Head”). The bookkeeping of the individual (ten) departments according to Weber was partly still carried out using the cameralistic method , partly already in the form of double bookkeeping . A total of 24 separate cash registers were held, which enabled the income and expenditure of the individual businesses to be viewed. There was an annual inventory and yield calculation, which was submitted to and revised by the central administration. Since the trades traded with one another, but were not supposed to tie up regular means of payment, an offset currency was introduced. These so-called “cash register notes” with a total value of 10,000 Prussian Reichstalers were issued by the central administration and circulated in the individual cash registers. The individual trades had to pay an interest rate of 5% for the borrowed auxiliary currency. Since this commercial currency could always be exchanged for regular money, it became a widely accepted means of payment in Althaldensleben and the surrounding area, even outside of Nathusius' businesses.

Sales and logistics

Shops were set up in Magdeburg and Althaldensleben to take over the retail sale of the commercial establishments' products. Since the existing, unpaved roads were in poor condition, Nathusius had seven paved roads built in their place to connect the individual trades: from Althaldensleben to the Ackendorfer border (including a bridge), from Althaldensleben to the Wedring border , from Althaldensleben to Hundisburg (including a bridge), from Hundisburger Lustgarten to the quarry (towards Alvensleben ), from the brickworks to Bülstringen , from Althaldensleben to the brickworks (the "Lindenallee") and from Hundisburg to the brickworks barn.

The individual trades

Agriculture and ranching

After the takeover, the farms were converted to modern production methods. The agricultural reformer Albrecht Daniel Thaer advised on the transition to a modern 13-tier swap economy (in Althaldensleben; in Hundisburg the three-field economy was initially operated) and arranged suitable farm equipment. In the case of livestock farming, stable feeding was introduced instead of the previously operated meadow management . In this way, the numbers of cattle and dairy cows in both Althaldensleben and Hundisburg were greatly expanded. There were Grauvieh held and Friesen and as used as traction and fattening cattle for milk production. In addition, foal breeding for Mecklenburg warmbloods was established in Hundisburg . The existing flocks of sheep were refined, partly with animals from the then well-known Rochsburg sheep breeding. Waste from the brewery was fed to the heavily developed pig farm.

The agricultural operations of the commercial establishments had to pay 5% of the book value of the buildings, systems and agricultural land they operated to the central administration as rent.

Tobacco plant cultivation

Pretty soon after the Althaldensleber monastery was taken over, a tobacco plantation was set up on large parts of the former meadow area on the Beber. One of the gardeners was sent to Amersfoort in Holland, where, in addition to a trading center, there were also important tobacco crops (throughout the province of Utrecht ). From there the posted person brought with him plant seeds and basic knowledge of Dutch cultivation techniques. In Althaldensleben, for example, tobacco leaves could be produced that were "two Magdeburg cubits" in length and had the necessary heaviness and oiliness. A large tobacco barn was built to dry the harvested leaves. Two types of tobacco were grown - peasant tobacco and a cultivated tobacco. The price for a hundredweight fluctuated between 7 and 10 thalers. Tobacco growing came to an end in the region in the 1880s. He had been employed in the commercial establishments much earlier.

Food production

The tobacco factory Gottlob Nathusius formally belonged to the group, but was located in Magdeburg and not on the premises of the industrial establishments in Althaldensleben-Hundisburg. It existed from 1786 to 1950 and was one of the largest and most famous tobacco and cigar factories in Germany before the Second World War. It remained in the hands of the family until the expropriation in 1950 and was run by five generations. The alcohol distillery in Schricke will not be dealt with here either.

Edible oil production

Nathusius had the monastery flour mill, known as the Dominamühle until secularization, converted into an oil mill . Home-grown and bought-in olive fruits were processed here. That also included poppy seeds . The finest poppy seed oil (the pre-press) was drawn into labeled bottles and sold as salad oil. The seed and poppy seed cake and rapeseed oil were also known and popular . Waste from the squeezing process was used as an additive to cattle feed. Back then there were large poppy fields in the Börde. In the mill, a squeeze roller was used instead of a conventional punch. In the adjoining “oil refinery”, the oil pressed from the seeds was cleaned by pouring it into a large barrel with a paddle stirrer and mixing it with 1.5 pounds of sulfuric acid per hundredweight . Other distillation processes were done with water. The cleaning process took two days.

Fruit wine production

Fruit wine production began in Althaldensleben in 1820 . The aim was not to produce a mere summer drink like the Rhenish apple wine of that time, but rather long-lasting wines. A plantation with 30,000 soft fruit bushes was created. The grounds were later expanded to include up to 30,000 fruit trees and over a million currant and gooseberry bushes. With the addition of sugar, heavy wines could be produced, which were similar to the Malaga wine or the Hungarian wines. The best result was a wine made from oranges and half from the juice of white calvilla . A slightly sparkling wine was made from currant juice diluted with water . However, it did not succeed in producing light dry wines. Most Departures in wine production were processed in a compound of Senfmuehle mustard seeds for the production of mustard recycled.

Distilleries and wine vinegar factory

In Althaldensleben there was a distillery which previously processed ground barley, oats, wheat and potatoes in a horse mill . It was distilled twice. In Hundisburg, a large distillery was set up on the Oberhof in 1824 with an attached "refining system" for liqueurs / brandies of various kinds (24 different types of fruit). After a fire in 1848, this "upper mill" was torn down and rebuilt in 1858 on the property's lower courtyard . A fruit wine and vinegar factory was also attached to the Hundisburger distillery.

Cheese making

In the Hundisburger dairy, "Swiss cheese" (which is believed to be the name of Emmentaler cheese) was produced. A cheese maker from Switzerland was therefore employed at Hundisburg. “Real Swiss cows” were also acquired.

" Because there is no doubt that it is not possible to prepare just as delicate cheeses in Germany as in England and other countries, at least the Schweitzer cheese factory of Mr. Nathusius in Althaldensleben and others provide evidence ... "

- New weekly newspaper of the agricultural association , 1823

Brewery and beer vinegar factory

The existing old monastery brewery in Althaldensleben was modernized and a beer vinegar factory was added. The brewery's production volume was substantial. The different types of beer were sold outside of the house, but there was also its own, always well-frequented pub. Essentially, they made strong bottom-fermented porter and top-fermented ale . A Bavarian master brewer was hired to produce "Bavarian beer". Since there were repeated quarrels with the other brewery employees, the man was fired and the project was not pursued any further. The brewery had two refrigerated vessels . Mash and hops were often boiled together for all beers. The malthouse was located above the distillery and thus used the heat given off there. A starch factory was also set up in Glüsig .

Grain processing

The processing of the grain into flour took place in a grinding mill, which was operated on the principle of the English bag mill, whereby very fine flour could be produced. The wheat flour obtained was sold as far as Berlin. In addition to the semolina production, there was also a pearl barley factory (grinding of husk components by means of a barley passage ). Finally, a noodle factory was also operated.

Sugar factory

The Nathusius sugar factory (also known as the Althaldensleben sugar factory or the beet sugar factory ) existed in Althaldensleben from 1812 to 1820. It was founded during the continental blockade, was the largest and most modern sugar factory in Prussia in its time and served the Prussian state as an object of investigation for a model institute.

View of Glüsig around 1820 with tree nurseries. In the center of the picture, as well as in the Althaldensleber monastery park, an island with a poplar group - in the front Glüsiger pond.

Tree nurseries and commercial horticulture

The commercial nursery in Althaldensleben (also known as commercial garden , plantations or tree nurseries in Althaldensleben ) operated several tree nurseries in Althaldensleben, Hundisburg and Glüsig. In the middle of the 19th century it was one of the most important tree nurseries in Germany. It began around 1815 and lasted until the 1890s.

Quarries and ceramic production

In the commercial establishments, local mineral resources were processed, which were extracted themselves. So Nathusius initially asked experts to search for usable soil components. It was grauwacke (an estimated time base for building material) found and applied a stone break between the two materials. Sufficient sandy loam was found in the Althaldensleber forests (and subsequently mined), which could be used as "brick loam " for brick production. Gypsum was used for fertilization in agriculture and industrial activities . Since there were no gypsum stores on the property, a nearby gypsum quarry was leased by the state.

Brickworks

In 1811, the first of two brickworks was built near the "Devil's Kitchen" large stone grave. A farm with several kilns was created. The material used was so good that it hardly required any further processing or cleaning, the two brick factories delivered "Dutch quality". The stones produced were not only used in the company's own extensive building projects, but were also sold.

Plaster processing

In Althaldensleben a gypsum distillery and an attached gypsum mill were built. The plaster of paris baked and ground here was sold; tamped it was used as fertilizer in agriculture. In addition, a manufactory was set up in the Hundisburg palace complex, in which artificial marble was made from plaster . The panels produced there could be used as decorative and cover panels for chests of drawers and tables as well as floor and wall tiles. However, good results could only be achieved through complex grinding processes, which led to considerable production costs. As a result, the artificial marble slabs could not be offered significantly cheaper than real products; the manufacture was therefore given up again.

Pottery, earthenware and bottle making

The establishment of a pottery emerged from the need to manufacture plates and molds for sugar production. It was initially built in an outbuilding of the brickworks. When the blockade of Magdeburg was expected in 1813, workers from a Magdeburg stoneware factory had fled to Althaldensleben. They were employed in the pottery and soon the establishment of an earthenware production was planned. Actually, such an earthenware production should have been established on the property in Schricke, as its location on the Elbe and near the royal forest areas seemed particularly favorable. But now a first furnace has been built in an extension of the existing Althaldensleber brickworks. In 1815 a corresponding building was built next to the Althaldensleber cloister courtyard. In 1817 the factory employed 24 workers. In the lower rooms of the newly constructed building were the gourmet boxes and chambers for preparing the mass, the ovens and the warehouses. In the upper rooms were the workrooms of the formers and painters as well as the drying rooms. A flint mill, which was driven by 2 horses, pulverized the flint required for the earthenware mass. The clay required came from the area around Halle (Saale). The stoves were still heated exclusively with wood. At the beginning of the 1820s, 200 employees worked in the stoneware manufacture. The dishes produced were solid, very white, and the demand was correspondingly high. Finally there was also a “bottle factory”.

China factory

The porcelain factory Nathusius (also: Porcellan-Fabrik zu Althaldensleben ) existed in Althaldensleben from around 1826 to 1847. Along with the Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur (KPM) in Berlin, it was the most famous Prussian porcelain manufacturer of its time.

Potash Boiler

A potash boiler was set up around 1813. Potassium carbonate , obtained from charcoal, was required for production processes in various industrial establishments. It was used as a release agent in plaster processing and in the manufacture of paints. In addition, it was an important additive in the manufacture of glass and iron and steel production, which not only simplified the manufacturing process as a flux , but also removed pollutants in the production process and thus gave the material an improved durability. There was also a vitriol boiling plant in which iron and copper vitriol were probably processed and which perhaps also served to produce sulfuric acid (used in food production).

Machine factory

The machine factory in Hundisburg (also called the English machine factory in Hundisburg or Nathusius machine factory ) existed at the beginning of the 19th century in Hundisburg Castle and with parts in the village of Hundisburg. The history of the factory began with the installation of a copper hammer and an iron foundry in 1814 and ended in 1819 after a failure in the manufacture of steam engines. The Hundisburger factory was the first machine factory in Northern Germany.

Lithograph from the Eyraud-Nathusius'schen Lithographeanstalt from 1828

Lithography

After beginning of the 19th century in Munich, Vienna and Kassel the first stone printing plants had been built, but there was none in northern Germany, was Nathusius 1815 a lithographer with the necessary equipment and a game Solnhofer come stones from Kassel. The Kassel specialist was supposed to train a local printer in flat printing lithography, which Nathusius found in Carl August Eyraud (1790–1872). A complete lithographic printing plant (the first in northern Germany) was set up for Eyraud in Hundisburger Schloss, and the press required was manufactured in the Hundisburger machine factory. Here, among other things, the sales brochures and the clearing fees of the institutions were printed. At the request of the Prussian government, Nathusius had a second printing plant set up in Halberstadt and a third was founded on his behalf by one of his employees in Berlin.

The Hundisburger print shop was closed as early as 1817 for an unknown reason and Eyraud established his own shop in Neuhaldensleben in 1817. He was given print jobs from the commercial establishments. Shortly afterwards, in 1819, Eyraud also founded the Neuhaldensleber Wochenblatt .

meaning

The commercial establishments had a wide range of effects, despite their only about 30 years of existence. Its business and economic importance is evident from the extensive contemporary specialist literature. The technical developments in the sugar, machine and porcelain factory had a fruitful effect on the science of their time. This function of the institutions becomes visible through the attraction at that time to visitors. Both the life's work of Johann Gottlob Nathusius and the hitherto unknown, negative effects of his early industrial activities also found their way into fictional literature. Finally, from the social problems associated with the industrial working method, the first approaches to help arose in Althaldensleben, which later led to the establishment of the Neinstedter Anstalten .

Literary role model

Die Epigonen, family memoirs in nine books, published by A. Hofmann & Comp. in 1865

In the social novel Die Epigonen , created in 1836, Karl Leberecht Immermann processed Nathusius, known to him, and his industrial establishments in the character of the novel and the businesses of the "uncle". Immermann had visited Althaldensleben in 1824. Many details in the novel relate to the commercial establishments, such as the regionally valid paper money. On April 18, 1824, Immermann reported to Countess Ahlefeldt from Magdeburg:

“ Just as I always think of you first in everything that is good to me, I also wished you to me last week, when I was looking at the greenhouses of the wealthy landowner Nathusius in Althaldensleben. You may have heard of the extensive possessions and far-reaching effects of this man who turned a beggar into a millionaire and fabricates his own paper money, which is common to all changers "

- Karl Leberecht Immermann, 1824

The reflection of the entrepreneur Nathusius and the environment he created emerges in two phases of the novel: in the first six chapters of the seventh book ("Byzanthinische Handel") and in the ninth book ("Kornelie"). In the genesis of the novel, the seventh book is one of the last pieces that the author wrote in Elberfeld in the summer and autumn of 1835. The book "Kornelie", on the other hand, was written as early as 1824 - still in Magdeburg; it is one of the early parts of the novel.

Even Johann Wolfgang von Goethe has Nathusius he personally probably did not know and whose commercial establishments literary processed. In the social and educational novel Wilhelm Meister Wanderjahre , the last of the three Wilhelm Meister novels, published in 1821, Nathusius served as a model for a new type of entrepreneur. Goethe also alludes to the commercial establishments several times. Presumably, the figure of "Faust", which was designed as an entrepreneur, also flowed into Goethe's novel Faust, which was written since 1825 . The second part of the tragedy introduces Nathusius and his operations:

“ But Goethe does not only think of Nathusius during his wandering years , but certainly also in the fifth act of the second part of Faust , where he describes the restless, industrious work of old Faust, his trading ventures and his great colonization activities on the seashore: It was in 1832 in all of Germany no man to whom this description would fit better than to Nathusius in Althaldensleben "

- Jacob Baxa , 1960

Clemens Brentano took Nathusius as a literary model in the fairy-tale businessman novel Das Märchen von Kommanditchen , published in 1824 .

Regional economic development

The commercial establishments are considered to be the nucleus of the later general industrial development in Haldensleben and Magdeburg. In addition to the role model function, self-founding by specialists previously employed in the institutions also led to the emergence of the Haldensleber ceramics industry and Magdeburg mechanical engineering in particular.

It is true that the local pottery industry used clay stored in the area for the manufacture of consumer goods even before the establishment of the industrial establishments. The production was still carried out by hand and the transition to commercial mass production only took place in the commercial establishments. After the dissolution of the Nathusius factories, new workshops were founded, which continued the tradition of mass ceramics production. After the turn of the century, these companies developed into important and internationally known companies, such as the company "Schmelzer und Gericke" in Althaldensleben. In Neuhaldensleben, the “Carstens” company was of national importance. It was to expand rapidly and take over seventeen earthenware and porcelain factories in Germany between 1920 and 1930. The ceramics industry (decorative ceramics and sanitary porcelain), which went back to the industrial establishments, was a very important one in the GDR, and is still an important branch of industry in Haldensleben today. Part of the Haldensleber ceramics production now belongs to Keramag . With the establishment of the brickworks in the commercial establishments, the foundation stone was laid for the further development of the building materials industry in the region. On the basis of local clay deposits, brickworks were built in a row at many locations in the district, which mainly produced normal-sized bricks and roof tiles.

The Hundisburger machine factory and the Althaldensleber sugar factory gave a significant impetus to the development of the machine building industry in Magdeburg. Unlike in other areas of Germany, sugar beet acted as the trigger for mechanical engineering in today's Saxony-Anhalt, as sugar-containing beets could be grown in the fertile soils of the Magdeburg Börde . Suitable beet processing machines that have been imported up to now could be manufactured in Hundisburg. The construction of a usable steam engine did not succeed there, but after the mechanical engineering activities at Hundisburger Schloss stopped, the Aston brothers who worked there moved to Magdeburg and founded their own machine factory there.

"Educational Institutions"

Since the commercial establishments were considered the first industrial group and were known beyond Magdeburg's borders and also because of the lack of educational institutions or exhibitions at that time, the businesses in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg became a focal point for inquisitive visitors. In addition to regional celebrities, scientists from all over Germany as well as from Poland, Russia, France, England, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland and even the USA came to visit.

Among the important scientists who visited the industrial establishments were the chemists Robert Bunsen , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner , Sigismund Friedrich Hermbstädt and Jakob Berzelius ; the landscape planner Peter Joseph Lenné (on the occasion of a six-day visit for project planning work in Magdeburg he visited Althaldensleben in 1824), Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau and Wilhelm Sello ; the physicians Ernst Ludwig Heim (visit 1818), Magnus Pontin (personal physician to the King of Sweden and writer) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (around 1844); the agricultural scientist Albrecht Daniel Thaer and Professor Oken (zoologist from Hanover). Among the rulers and politicians visiting Althaldensleben were the Grand Duke Carl August von Sachsen Weimar (October 29, 1821, according to an entry in Nathusius' guest book), the Vice-King of Hanover Adolph Duke of Cambridge (visit around 1833), and the State Chancellor Karl August von Hardenberg (1817), Ludwig von Vincke (Upper President of Westphalia) and the Minister Carl Friedrich von Beyme . Other important visitors were the military men August Graf Neinhardt von Gneisenau , von Jagow and Gustav Graf von Hacke (both were Magdeburg corps commanders and city commanders) as well as the French general and politician Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot . Well-known church visitors were Karl Friedrich Göschel , Karl Heinrich Sack and Leberecht Uhlich .

Friedrich Julius Otto (1809–1870) noted as professor of technical chemistry and pharmacy at the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig in the foreword to the first edition of his standard work (1837) on the rational practice of agricultural trade that he ... several years in the, general and The well-known industrial establishment of Mr. Nathusius zu Althaldensleben acted as a chemist, and as such had the best opportunity to study the agricultural trade and to run it himself .

The "rescue house" in Althaldensleben around 1860

Social question and social engagement

The early industrial activities of the commercial establishments led to a change in the former rural lifestyle in and around Althaldensleben. When Johann Gottlob Nathusius died, the Althaldensleber population consisted mainly of "factory populations". Family structures dissolved. The increasing number of women working outside the home led to inadequate care for children during working hours. But child labor was also introduced. As early as 1800, the Magdeburg tobacco factory employed 62 children among the 254 workers. Even if Nathusius always had the common good in mind in his activities and supported the needy, the increasingly industrial way of working led to critical social conditions in Althaldensleben as well.

“ Finally, the extensive industrial facilities of the father Nathusius had allowed the population and the size of the village to grow almost beyond the size of a village, for a time it had close to 2,000 inhabitants, and we also know what mostly applies to factory populations. Quite significant alms of bread, wood and money, which were given out monthly, could not, like external goodwill, at all fill the source of need; they even contributed their own, the moral bonds, e.g. B. between parents and children, which already jeopardized the latter's early earnings, to be completely resolved by having become accustomed to regard the preservation of the old and the weak as a duty of goodwill. In addition to a relatively high level of earnings and wealth, there was also enough moral and physical misery to be found "

- Philip of Nathusius, ca.1842

The measures to support the population and workers included donations, the granting of low-interest building loans and the delivery of building materials at cost. On March 3, 1846, the establishment of a "Spar-Casse" of the porcelain and earthenware factory (April 1, 1846) was announced. To look after the neglected children of working mothers who were not supervised during the day, Philipp von Nathusius and his wife Marie first set up a “children's institution”, later a “rescue house” and a girls' school were added.

Johann Gottlob Nathusius. A pioneer in German industry

See also

literature

  • Ludwig Bechstein (ed.): Two hundred German men in portraits and descriptions
  • Jacob Berzelius: The journey through the Harz in 1830 and to the natural scientist conference in Hamburg . In: Travel memories from Germany , chemistry (publisher), Weinheim 1948, p. 22 f.
  • Ulrich Hauer: Of art gardeners and garden art. The gardeners and gardens of the Nathusius family in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg. Cultural landscape Haldensleben-Hundisburg e. V. and Museum Haldensleben (ed.), Haldensleben-Hundisburg 2005
  • Ulrich Hauer: The businessman Johann Gottlob Nathusius and his agro-industrial complex in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg . In: Model and Reality. Politics, culture and society in the Grand Duchy of Berg and in the Kingdom of Westphalia . LWL Institute for Westphalian Regional History Münster (Ed.): Research on Regional History , Volume 56, Gerd Dethlefs u. a. (Ed.), Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn a. a. 2008, pp. 441-446
  • Ulrich Hauer: The Epigones - Criminal investigations into the true background of the epoch novel by Carl Leberecht Immermann , Haldensleben
  • Justus Heinrich Friedrich Lohmann: About the current state of sugar production in Germany, especially in relation to a very simple and advantageous process, without much effort and expense, to obtain pure sugar and syrup from it. According to the results of several years and other experiences obtained in the agricultural business establishment of Mr. Nathusius in Althaldensleben, presented theoretically and practically , W. Heinrichshofen, Magdeburg 1818
  • Elsbeth of Nathusius: Johann Gottlob Nathusius. A pioneer of German industry , Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart and Berlin 1915
  • Philipp Nathusius (ed.): Life picture of the deceased Marie Nathusius, b. Scheele. For her friends near and far. Including communications from her remaining writings , second volume: Frauenleben in Althaldensleben , Julius Fricke, Halle 1868
  • Magnus af Pontin: Comments on a trip through northern Germany in 1830 (translation), Hamburg 1832
  • Herbert Pruns (Federal Ministry for Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture): European beet sugar industry in early capitalism - economy, state, association, 1747 - 1799 - 1850, commemorative publication on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Sugar Industry Association and the 50th anniversary of the Sugar Economic Association
  • Herbert Pruns: Collapse of the beet sugar industry in Prussia (1814-1822), third chapter, in: Manuscript to Volume 4 of: History of the European sugar industry
  • Matthias Puhle (Hrsg.): Magdeburg 1200. Medieval metropolis - Prussian fortress - state capital. The history of the city from 802 to 2005 , ISBN 3-8062-1933-8 , Kulturhistorisches Museum Magdeburg, Konrad Theiss, Stuttgart 2005
  • Karl Ulrich: On the history of the beet sugar factory Alt-Haldensleben
  • Max G. Teubner: Gottlob Nathusius, a German merchant of old scrap and grain. Were there any factory groups in earlier times? From poor boy to multiple factory owner . In: Hans A. Blum (Ed.): The incentive. The magazine for forward striving , year 1929, issue 13, 4th July 1929, Hamburg 1929
  • Friedrich Benedict Weber : Comments on various subjects of agriculture. Collected on economic trips in Silesia, Saxony, Thuringia, on the Rhine and in other German regions in the summers of 1814, 1815, 1816 and 1817. In addition to a state-economic treatise on the previous grain haying. With 1 copper plate and 2 tables , Hartknoch, Leipzig 1819, pp. 287–297 plus Appendix A: Table for an overview of the technical and economic operations in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg

Web links

Commons : Gewerbeanstalt Althaldensleben  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

References and comments

  1. ↑ according to a communication on other works published by the Vieweg publishing house, in: Matthias Jacob Schleiden, Ernst Ehrhard Schmidt (ed.): Encyclopedia of the entire theoretical natural sciences in their application to agriculture ... Friedrich Vieweg and Son, Braunschweig 1850, Google Books , opening credits
  2. ↑ Gertrud Milkereit: Lecture on January 13, 1970 (PDF; 2.0 MB) in the seminar for economic and social history at the University of Cologne
  3. ↑ Eduard Florens Rivinius: Historical-statistical representation of northern England together with comparative remarks on a trip through the southwest. Counties , Hinrichs'sche, Leipzig 1824
  4. ^ R. Otto .:  Otto, Friedrich Julius . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 24, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1887, pp. 747-751.
  5. ↑ Roswitha Willenius: Nathusius, Johann Gottlob . In: Magdeburg Biographical Lexicon , Magdeburg 2004
  6. ↑ Other sources describe the Althaldensleber Gewerbeanstalt as the first "industrial group" in Germany, as in: Film project "On the sweet tour ". In: InternetTV from Magdeburg, the magazine for reading , SchalliMoViWerbung & InternetTV, p. 30. Still other sources speak of an "agricultural factory", as Dr. Siegfried Both (project leader): Development and effects of industrialized agriculture in the 19th century , 2nd section: Industrialization processes in the Prussian province of Saxony . In: Industrialization of Central Germany in the 19th century at the State Institute for Teacher Training
  7. ↑ Information on the website of the Alvensleben family association
  8. ^ Haldensleben, a city portrait , p. 3 ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
  9. ↑ a b c d e Ulrich Hauer: The merchant Johann Gottlob Nathusius and his agricultural-industrial complex in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg . (PDF; 23 kB) 2004 at Ecomusee.de
  10. ↑ Copper engraving by W. Ries
  11. ↑ a b Ulrich Hauer: Of art gardeners and garden art. The gardeners and gardens of the Nathusius family in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg . KULTUR-Landschaft Haldensleben-Hundisburg eV and Museum Haldensleben (ed.), Haldensleben-Hundisburg 2005
  12. ^ Rolf Straubel : Merchants and manufacturing entrepreneurs . In: Quarterly journal for social and economic history, VSWG supplements, Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-515-06714-0 , p. 370
  13. ↑ A few years earlier he had leased around 5 hectares of land outside Magdeburg for this purpose
  14. ^ A b c d Manfred Beckert: Johann Gottlob Nathusius, A man printed his own money , from the series: Personalities from Magdeburg's economic history . In: Volksstimme of April 27, 1990.
  15. ↑ There were 5,000 acres of real estate for Althaldensleber, excluding the 800 acres in Glüsig, according to Weekly of the Association for the Promotion of Horticulture , p. 358 .
  16. ↑ Schrohe: The first vacuum apparatus in Germany
  17. ↑ a b c d e f Peter Wilhelm Behrends (edit.): Neuhaldenslebische Kreis-Chronik, or history of all places of the district Neuhaldensleben, in Magdeburg , second part, Carl August Eyraud, Neuhaldensleben 1826, Google Books p. 84ff.
  18. ↑ Nathusius bought the "Graig" back later
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Alexander von Lengerke (ed.): Agricultural Conversations Lexicon for Practitioners and Laypeople , First Issue, Sheets 1–10 of the first volume, JG Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague 1837, Google Books p. 95
  20. ↑ a b c d Ulrich Hauer: 850 years of Hundisburg , brochure on the 850 year celebration, council of the Hundisburg community (ed.), Hundisburg 1990
  21. ↑ Otto Dieskau: From Althaldensleben's Past , Part IX, No. 42: The Struggle for Permission to Pasture (pp. 7–16), Verlag von Simmerlein, Neuhaldensleben / Althaldensleben 1929
  22. ↑ '"... 1300 hardworking and happy workers ..." worked there in 1835 according to the Brockhaus Bilder-Conversations-Lexikon , Volume 3. Leipzig 1839, pp. 242–243.
  23. ^ So in Pierer's Universal Lexikon , Volume 8. Altenburg 1859, p. 620: Hundisburg, village in the district of Neuhaldensleben in the administrative district of Magdeburg in the Prussian province of Saxony. Has lock, copper hammer, leather, Swiss cheese, machine factory, iron foundry u. Naturaliencabinet, 950 Ew. , according to Zeno.org or in Herders Conversations-Lexikon , Freiburg im Breisgau 1855, Volume 3, p. 369: Hundisburg, Dorf im Pruss. Reg.-Bez. Magdeburg, with 850 E., castle, large gardens, next to Althaldensleben (sd), known for the large and varied factories of Nathusius from Magdeburg , gem. Zeno.org . Further mentions in: Herder 1854 , Brockhaus 1911 , Meyers 1905 , Brockhaus 1837 and Pierer 1857
  24. ↑ This is how Max G. Teubner ( Gottlob Nathusius, a German businessman ... , see LitVerz.) Names the "... after thousands of workers and employees ...", while an obituary for Nathusius probably speaks more accurately of commercial enterprises, " ... which continuously provide employment and nourishment for hundreds and have become useful to thousands in a variety of ways ... ” according to. News on Johann Gottlob Nathusius' death in: Allgemeiner Anzeiger , July 31, 1835, no.205
  25. ↑ from 1848 to 1878 beet sugar was again produced in a completely new plant in Althaldensleben, but this - albeit more profitable - company did not achieve the political and technical importance of the original factory
  26. ↑ Elsbeth von Nathusius: Johann Gottlob Nathusius ...
  27. ^ Eleonore Princess Reuss, Philipp Nathusius youth years. Based on letters and diaries, Wilhelm Herz (Bessersche Buchhandlung), Berlin 1896
  28. ↑ Hoffmann von Fallersleben influenced Philipp and Marie unfavorably - to the dismantling of the industrial facilities, which the opinion of the head gardener Dieskau (page 36) in Otto Dieskau: From Althaldensleben's Past , VI. Part, No. 32: Hoffmann von Fallersleben (pp. 29–37), Verlag von Simmerlein, Neuhaldensleben / Althaldensleben 1929
  29. ^ Marlise Harksen, Die Kunstdenkmale des Kreis Haldensleben . In: The art monuments in the Magdeburg district , EA Seemann, 1961, Google Books p. 276
  30. ↑ in the old monastery chapel of Althaldensleben, converted into a village assembly room by Philipp von Nathusius in 1848, according to Elise Gründler: Marie Nathusius. A picture of life. In a new presentation , Friedrich Andreas Perthes AG, Gotha 1909, p. 136
  31. ↑ a b c d e Friedrich Benedict Weber: Comments on various ..., see. LitVerz.
  32. ↑ a b Nathusius had bought the castle and estate in Schricke, around 25 kilometers away, in an auction in 1814 from the estate of the Prussian Prince Louis Ferdinand, who died in the battle near Saalfeld in 1806, in accordance with the then applicable law. He also began extensive renovation and planting work there and set up a distillery. After the end of the Kingdom of Westphalia and the reintegration into Prussia, this purchase contract, which was concluded under occupation law, was no longer recognized and Nathusius was expropriated.
  33. ↑ a b c Jacob Berzelius: The journey through the Harz in 1830 and to the natural scientist conference in Hamburg . In: Travel memories from Germany , chemistry (publisher), Weinheim 1948, p. 22 f
  34. ↑ see also the quote from Immermann below
  35. ↑ a b Otto Dieskau: From Althaldensleben's Past , Part IX, No. 44: Handwritten marginal glosses by Joh. Gottl. Nathusius on his main book from 1815 (pp. 36–44), Verlag von Simmerlein, Neuhaldensleben 1929
  36. ↑ later in the Holstein Cattle crossed
  37. ↑ Count Heinrich Ernst II of Rochsburg (1760–1825) established a sheep farm based on Spanish sheep breeds in Rochsburg in 1792, according to Pierer's Universal-Lexikon , Volume 15, Altenburg 1862, pp. 378-381
  38. ↑ a Magdeburg cubit was 57.6 cm
  39. ↑ Otto Dieskau: From Althaldensleben's Past , Part IV, (pp. 51–53), Verlag von Simmerlein, Neuhaldensleben / Althaldensleben 1924
  40. ↑ Over the years, the company also operated as Richter & Nathusius , Richter and Nathusius , Tabacks Fabrique Gottlob Nathusius , Tabacks Fabrique von Nathusius , Gottlob Nathusius Cigar Factory or Gottlob Nathusius Magdeburg
  41. ↑ So it is described in Pierer's Universal-Lexikon , Volume 17, Altenburg 1863, pp 179-185 as one of the most famous in Germany, see online at Zeno.org
  42. ↑ as Domina Klosteräbtissinnen were called
  43. ↑ Otto Dieskau: From Althaldensleben's Past , Part II, No. 8: Die Klostermühlen (pp. 3–10), Verlag von Simmerlein, Neuhaldensleben / Althaldensleben 1924
  44. ↑ a b c Max G. Teubner: Gottlob Nathusius, a German merchant of old scrap and grain. Were there any factory groups in earlier times? From poor boy to multiple factory owner . In: The incentive. Die Zeitschrift für Vorwärtsstrebende , year 1929, issue 13, 4th July 1929, Hans A. Blum (Ed.), Hamburg 1929, pp. 831 and 834 f.
  45. ↑ Economic Inquiry and Answers, 51. The English cheeses and their preparation . In: New weekly newspaper of the agricultural association , 1823, p. 133
  46. ↑ according to a table providing an overview of the technical and economic operations in Althaldensleben and Hundisburg at Friedrich Benedict Weber: Comments on various objects of agriculture ... the sugar factory was run internally as a beet sugar factory and belonged to the first administration (of two administrations) of the area Agricultural trade of the Nathusius agricultural trade establishment . A Mr. Bracker was also named here as the head of the factory or “co-interested”
  47. ↑ Acta because of the ordered investigation of the Runkel beet sugar factory in Magdeburg, Wanzleben, Althaldensleben and Salzwedel 1815, 1816, 1817 . In: GStAPK, Rep. 151 III, No. 10448 (inter alia Bl. 7-13) and No. 10449
  48. ↑ Hand-colored lithograph by CA Eyraud
  49. ↑ Brockhaus Bilder-Conversations-Lexikon , Volume 3. Leipzig 1839, pp. 321–322 . According to some sources, it was also called the largest tree nursery in Germany of its time, according to Landscape park Althaldensleben-Hundisburg , z. B. in an unknown directory of landscape parks, probably published by the German Dendrological Society , around 1989, p. 24 ff as well as in O. Dieskau: Das Kloster-Vorwerk Güsig .
  50. ↑ a b It started with earthenware. 175 years of the ceramic industry in Haldensleben (1st part). In: Volksstimme Haldensleben from January 21, 1989
  51. ^ A b Leopold von Zedlitz, The State Forces of the Prussian Monarchy under Friedrich Wilhelm III, Volume 2 ( Die Topographie ), Maurer'sche Buchhandlung, Berlin 1828, Google Books p. 155
  52. ^ Arnulf Siebeneicker, Officianten and Ouvriers , Social History of the Royal Porcelain Manufactory and the Royal Health Crockery Manufactory in Berlin 1763-1880 (Diss.), ISBN 3-11-017158-9 , de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2001 Google Books p. 52
  53. ↑ Ulrich Hauer, the Nathusius porcelain factory was the first private porcelain factory in Prussia, after Maritta Bulmann: Haldensleben was also a porcelain town . In Volksstimme.de from February 8, 2010.
  54. ↑ L. (Freiherr) von Zedlitz: Guide through the Prussian state, to the neighboring countries and the capitals of Europe. Travel paperback for Berlin and the Prussian states , Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1831, p. 19.
  55. ↑ Pierer's Universal Lexikon , Volume 8. Altenburg 1859, p. 620
  56. ↑ Even if only the term “copper hammer” can be found in the predominant contemporary literature, it must be assumed that an iron hammer was also located there - possibly at a somewhat later point in time. This is particularly supported by the verifiable presence of the iron foundry, Friedrich Benedict Weber ( remarks about various ... ) also mentions an iron hammer
  57. ↑ Title: First attempt at lithography, one of the last works of the blessed Gottlob Nathusius, after the Holy Communion by Leonardo da Vinci, Dr Elster, 1828 . The Gottlob Nathusius mentioned here is a son of Johann Gottlob Nathusius. The lithograph was probably not completed until after his death
  58. ^ Carl August Eyraud, place of birth unknown, was of Huguenot descent and came to Althaldensleben from Magdeburg as a lithographer in 1815. In 1816 he was granted citizenship in neighboring Neuhaldensleben, and in 1817 he founded a “lithographic institute” there. He managed the company until 1844, and was succeeded by his sons and grandsons. The family business ended in 1903. In 1820, Eyraud also set up a public lending library, initially with 1,000 volumes, which in 1825 already had around 3,000 volumes, according to Sieglinde Bandoly : Eyraud, Carl August , article in the Magdeburg Biographical Lexicon of the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg
  59. ↑ In 1819 Eyraud founded the Neuhaldensleber Wochenblatt . It was the only newspaper in Germany that was not produced using letterpress printing. Official announcements, private advertisements and articles with educational or entertaining content and articles on the chronicle of the city and its surroundings were initially published in the newspaper. Politics was not an issue. Even when that later changed, the newspaper remained a bourgeois newspaper. From 1849 the weekly newspaper appeared for the districts Neuhaldensleben, Gardelegen , Wolmirstedt and from 1879 also for the then Brunswick district of Calvörde , gem. Sieglinde Bandoly: Eyraud, Carl August , article in the Magdeburg Biographical Lexicon of the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg
  60. ^ Norbert Bachleitner: The English and French social novel of the 19th century and its reception in Germany. International research on general and comparative literary studies , ISBN 90-5183-522-1 , Editions Rodopi, Amsterdam 1993, Google Books p. 396
  61. ^ Gertrud Milkereit: Lecture given in the seminar for economic and social history at the University of Cologne on January 13, 1970
  62. ↑ Although some authors have the opposite opinion, so Sieglinde Bandoly : Plaudert ohn 'Unterlaß .... On the history of the schools in Hundisburg from the 16th century to the present , in: Annual journal of the district museum Haldensleben, Volume 29, Haldensleben 1989, p 12 or Oskar Ludwig: From the history of the Althaldenslebener Park and its immediate surroundings . In: Nature conservation and landscaping in the Magdeburg district. 4th episode, 1961, p. 141
  63. ↑ final version 1829
  64. ↑ Ilsedore Rarisch: The image of entrepreneurs in German narrative literature of the first half of the 19th century. A contribution to the reception of early industrialization in fiction literature . In: Individual publications by the Historical Commission in Berlin , Berlin 1977, p. 52 ff.
  65. ↑ literary port
  66. ↑ Detlef Gärtner: The whole park, Althaldensleben-Hundisburg, wrote enough for me. In the mirror of the literature of the 19th century , Kultur-Landschaft Haldensleben-Hundisburg e. V. (Ed.), Haldensleben-Hundisburg 1997
  67. ^ Jacob Baxa: Johann Gottlob Nathusius. In memory of his 200th birthday on April 30, 1760 . In: sugar. Magazine for the sugar industry and sugar beet cultivation , special issue, 13th year, Hannover-Welhausen 1960, p. 247
  68. ↑ Meyers Konversationslexikon, 1st volume, p. 424: from Altfürstliche Häuser to Altichiero da Zevio, author collective, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig and Vienna, fourth edition, 1885–1892 p. 424
  69. ↑ according to Article Haldensleben, a city portrait , p. 3 ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) and gem. Christiane Rossner (cro): Back to the 18th century. Hundisburg Castle is filled with life again . In: Monuments. Magazine for Monument Culture in Germany , Volume 13, No. 1/2, February 2003, ISSN  0941-7125 , German Foundation for Monument Protection (Ed.), Bonn 2003, p. 52
  70. ↑ according to Journal for Company History, Society for Company History (ed.), Association of German Works Archivists, Volume 36, 1991, p. 158
  71. ↑ In 1897 the company already had 33 kilns, 259 turntables and 798 workers
  72. ↑ In 1939 the "Christian-Carstens-Kommanditgesellschaft" was founded, which consisted of the three earthenware factories Carstens, Uffrecht and Hubbe in Haldensleben with a workforce of around 1,000 people
  73. ^ Marginalia , editions 97-100, Pirckheimer-Gesellschaft, 1985, Google Books p. 63
  74. ↑ VEB Keramische Werke was formed in 1948 from three larger companies that existed in 1945 . Together with the sanitary china factory built in 1978, the company took a significant place in the GDR's economy, according to Hartmut Neumann, Gerhard Storaczek, Ulrich Hauer: The natural history-historical educational trail Althaldensleben-Hundisburg , youth club of the FDJ in the district museum Haldensleben (ed.), Haldensleben 1984
  75. ^ Mathias Tullner: In the beginning there was the sugar beet ...
  76. ^ Mathias Tullner: In the beginning there was the sugar beet, remarks on the development of the industrial economic area on the Middle Elbe and the lower Saale . In: Infrastructure - a historical task , Wirtschaftsrat Deutschland, Landesverband Sachsen-Anhalt (ed.), 2004/2005, p. 15.
  77. ^ Film project "On the sweet tour" . In: InternetTV from Magdeburg, The magazine for reading , SchalliMoViWerbung & InternetTV, p. 30.
  78. ^ Fritz Reuter, Collected Works and Letters, Volume 7
  79. ^ Hartmut Neumann: Lenné in Haldensleben. Before the 200th birthday of the famous garden architect and town planner , Volksstimme and Haldensleber Zeitung on April 27, 1988
  80. ^ In Elsbeth von Nathusius: Johann Gottlob Nathusius, ... , p. 276 he is only named as the Potsdam gardening director Sello . It could also to his relatives Hermann Sello have acted
  81. ↑ Ulrich Hauer: 850 years of Hundisburg , brochure on the 850th anniversary, council of the Hundisburg community (ed.), Hundisburg 1990, p. 9
  82. ↑ Julius Otto: Textbook of the rational practice of agricultural trades. The beer brewery and distillery, the yeast, liqueur, vinegar, starch, starch sugar and beet sugar production, the cider or fruit must preparation, the lime, gypsum and brick distillery, potash boiler, oil refinery, butter and cheese preparation, bread baking and Soap silks comprehensive. On the use of lectures on agricultural trades and self-teaching for farmers, technicians and cameralists , fourth edition, Friedrich Vieweg and Son, Braunschweig 1855
  83. ^ Lithograph (detail) based on a drawing by Johanne Philippine Nathusius, around 1860
  84. ^ Elise Gründler: Marie Nathusius. A picture of life. In a new presentation , Friedrich Andreas Perthes AG, Gotha 1909, p. 77 and p. 97
  85. ↑ Maria Rayermann: Carl Christoph Gottlieb Zerrenner as a school reformer and teacher trainers. A contribution to the school history of the 19th century , Volume 1 Pedagogy , U. Schallwig, Bochum 1985, p. 219
  86. ↑ Jörgen Bastian: Money (rules) ruin the world, a critical cultural history of money , Books on Demand, ISBN 978-3-8370-9060-4 , Norderstedt 2009, Google Books p. 333
  87. ↑ Life picture of Marie Nathusius who died ...
  88. ↑ Dagmar Bussiek: With God for King and Fatherland, the new Prussian newspaper (Kreuzzeitung) 1848-1892 . Series of publications by the scholarship holders of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung , LitVerlag, Münster 2002, ISBN 3-8258-6174-0 , Google Books p. 217f