Operation Decisive Storm

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Operation Decisive Storm ( German  "Storm of Determination" or "Operation Decision Tower" , Arabic عملية عاصفة الحزم, DMG ʿamaliyyat ʿāṣifat al-ḥazm ) is the name chosen by a military alliance led by Saudi Arabia for the initial phase of the military intervention in Yemen that began on March 26, 2015 .

In addition to Saudi Arabia, Egypt , Bahrain , Qatar , Kuwait , the United Arab Emirates , Jordan , Morocco and Sudan took part in the military offensive in Yemen , which was logistically supported by the United States of America , France and Great Britain during Operation Restoring Hope . Some participating states, such as Pakistan, subsequently refused to participate in the air strikes during Operation Decisive Storm or participated more symbolically, such as Sudan and Morocco.

The operation Restoring Hope reached into innerjemenitische fights on the side of the de facto ousted Yemeni President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi one, that of some parts of the Yemeni army, as well as Sunni was supported tribal militias. Opposite them were Shiite Houthi rebels , who in turn were supported by tribal militias and by sections of the Yemeni army who were apparently loyal to the former Yemeni president and ruler, Ali Abdullah Salih . The fighting goes hand in hand with air strikes and a naval blockade .

The official goal of the Saudi-led alliance's military operation was to protect the government under Hadi from complete collapse or the takeover of the state by the Houthi movement in order to stabilize the country. 150,000 soldiers should be ready for a possible ground offensive, which did not take place during Operation Restoring Hope .

During Operation Restoring Hope , the UN Security Council de facto imposed a unilateral arms embargo on the Houthi rebels and their allies. Shortly afterwards, the UN special envoy for Yemen, Jamal Benomar , who blamed the unyielding attitude of the Arab Gulf states around Saudi Arabia for the failure of his mediation attempts, submitted his resignation.

On April 21, 2015, the Saudi-led military alliance announced the cessation of air strikes and the end of Operation Decisive Storm for the night of April 22, stating that their military objectives had been achieved and that the rebels were no longer a threat to civilians that their military resources have been destroyed and the threat to Saudi Arabia and its neighboring countries has been successfully averted.

But the rebels had hardly lost any territory after the four-week air strikes of Operation Decisive Storm and continued to control the capital Sanaa and large parts of the country, while jihadist groups and tribal fighters allied with them had benefited from the Saudi-led military offensive and a several hundred kilometers long coastal strip on the Gulf of Aden controlled. The de facto disempowered President Hadi was still in exile in Saudi Arabia. The World Health Organization warned of the imminent collapse of the health system in Yemen. In addition to the bombings and fighting during Operation Decisive Storm , the sea blockade of Yemen, which was maintained by the Saudi-led military alliance, was seen as responsible for the growth of the humanitarian catastrophe in Yemen .

On April 22, 2015 and subsequently the air strikes were maintaining the naval blockade of Yemen with the previous day announced a new phase of Operation Restoring Hope (or: Renewal of Hope , German  "restore hope" or "Renewed Hope" ) continued.

prehistory

→ Main article : Military intervention in Yemen 2015

In the summer of 2014, after years of political chaos and violence in Yemen, the Houthi rebels had advanced on the capital Sanaa , reached it in September 2014 and unhindered by the military loyal to Salih and - with the support of those against the central government Tribes - taken. With the de facto capture of the city, the rebels also de facto overturned the central government and now controlled large parts of North Yemen as well as parts of Central and South Yemen. In January 2015 they also took the presidential palace. They subsequently dissolved parliament and expanded their influence in the west and the center. As they had done eleven years earlier, the Houthis tried to take advantage of the government's weakness and recapture the country. At the beginning of 2015, the Gulf Cooperation Council threatened the Houthi militias with measures to protect the Arabian Peninsula.

After the rebels had captured 9 of the country's 21 provinces, the situation had worsened a few days before the military intervention. Hadi, who resigned as president in January 2015, fled to his hometown of Aden in early February 2015 , resigned on the day his term of office would have expired and Aden, where the Saudis had moved their embassy in the meantime, declared the state capital.

The ten states of the Decisive Storm military coalition under US support,
according to Al Arabiya News on March 26, 2015

Country	Contribution to participation
Saudi Arabia	100 fighter jets 150,000 soldiers and naval units
United Arab Emirates	30 fighter jets
Bahrain	15 fighter jets
Kuwait	15 fighter jets
Qatar	10 fighter jets
Jordan	6 fighter jets
Morocco	6 fighter jets
Sudan	3 fighter jets
Egypt	4 Warships & Air Support (naval and air support of the military operation)
Pakistan	Warships & Air Support (naval and air support of the military operation)
United States	Provision of logistical and intelligence support for the military operations of the Gulf Cooperation Council against the Houthis (authorization by President Obama).

When the city of Aden, which Hadi proclaimed the new state capital, threatened to fall, the Saudi-led alliance intervened militarily and began air strikes on March 26, 2015. At the end of March, Hadi fled from the Houthis advancing against Aden to Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, from where he tried to continue to rule. He was supported by some sections of the army (units loyal to him, government troops) as well as by Sunni tribal militias (volunteers from the south).

Operation Decisive Storm

The military intervention expires on April 21st

Saudi Arabia formed a Sunni military coalition against the Houthi rebels, in which, in addition to Saudi Arabia, the Gulf states of Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt participated. A total of ten Arab nations publicly joined the "Operation Decision Tower" until March 26, 2015, which was coordinated by the Saudi King Salman and his son, the 30-year-old Defense Minister Mohammed bin Salman . At first it remained open whether the participation of Jordan, Morocco and Sudan was to be understood as symbolic. The military intervention was logistically supported by the USA, France and Great Britain.

On March 29, 2015, the Arab League decided to establish a joint military reaction force. The Egyptian President Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi said at a summit meeting of the Arab League that the heads of state and government had agreed on "principles" for the military unit, which could take action against extremist threats in the region. According to Egyptian officials, it should include around 40,000 elite soldiers.

The official aim of the military operation was given to protect the "legitimate government of Yemen" from being taken over by the Houthi rebels. When the military mission was announced, Saudi Arabia's leadership announced: "We want to protect and defend the legitimate government of Yemen by all means." The alliance formed from several Arab states around the majority Sunni Saudi Arabia wanted to prevent the Shiite, presumably from Iran supported Houthi militia to take full power in Yemen. According to media reports Saudi Arabia and its Sunni allies feared in particular that the Houthi militia control of the with the support of Iran world trade could achieve significant strait Bab-el-Mandeb, the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean combines and the estimates according to almost 40 percent of international trade is carried out by ship.

The attacks by the US-based military alliance of Sunni-Arab states under the leadership of Saudi Arabia against the Houthi rebels and the military units of ex-President Salih allied with them since March 26, 2015 caused great destruction in Yemen and led to a humanitarian one Crisis, but the Houthi rebels and their allies were barely able to push back. In view of the increasing suffering of the Yemeni civilian population, international criticism of the military intervention rose. In May 2015, in response to strong diplomatic pressure from the US, Saudi Arabia agreed to a ceasefire for the first time and proposed a five-day “humanitarian pause”, which was accepted by the army units loyal to Salih. The Houthi rebels also agreed to a ceasefire that would allow access to aid supplies for the population.

Military operations timeline

Days with confirmed civilian deaths from Saudi-led air strikes
(as of April 30, 2015)
Data source: Human Rights Watch

date	Place or destination
26th of March	Sanaa
27th of March	market
March 30	IDP warehouse
April 1st	dairy
3rd of April	Village
April 6th	Sa'da ; Sanaa ; school
7th of April	school
9th April	Amran
10th of April	mosque
12. April	Residential buildings
April 15th	Gas station
April 19th	Gas station; Health facility
20th of April	Sanaa ; Gas station
April 21	bridge

• The offensive began on March 26, 2015. Coalition aircraft bombed rebel bases, including missile sites, as well as Sanaa airport and targets in Sanaa. The air strikes of the following days hit not only fighters, but also fighter jets , air defense systems and missile launchers, which Saudi Arabia feels threatened by. Five days after the fighting began, the Houthi rebels advanced towards Aden, the last bastion of the supporters of the fled President Abdrabbo Mansour Hadi.
• On March 30, 2015, the media reported that the blockade of Yemeni seaports by warships of the Saudi-led military coalition had begun . The Saudi Arabian military stated that they wanted to prevent arms deliveries and troop reinforcements for the Houthi rebels in this way.
• On April 2, 2015, Egypt dispatched four warships to the Gulf of Aden . The Egyptian President Sissi reiterated on April 4 that one of the primary goals of the military intervention was to secure the strait.
• On April 6, 2015, the Houthis clashed again with supporters of Hadis in Aden, where street fighting had been going on for several days. According to local residents, explosions were heard in the suburbs and Houthi positions were shot at by a foreign warship. Fighting has also been reported from other parts of the country. Several Houthi fighters were killed in air strikes in Sa'da city on April 6.
• On April 8, 2015, Iran sent a logistics cruiser and a warship in the direction of the Horn of Africa and therefore also near the embattled port city of Aden. Officially, they should take action against piracy .
• Two weeks after the Saudi-led military coalition began bombing Houthi militia targets in Yemen, the Saudi Arabian military operation had shown little success. Instead, the Houthi rebels, together with fighters who support the head of state Salih, who was ousted in 2012, managed to penetrate further into the city center of Aden. The US government then stated that the US had increased its support for "Operation Decision Tower", accelerated arms deliveries, intensified the exchange of intelligence information and set up a joint coordination and planning team in the Saudi operational command.

At that time, the strategically important port city of al-Hudaida and the Anad military base, which was an important base of operations for US troops, were still under the control of the Houthis. In contrast, the terrorist organization al-Qaeda on the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), which is hostile to the Houthi rebels, apparently benefited from the fighting in Yemen. The Al-Qaeda branch used the situation to liberate 300 of its like-minded people in the East Yemeni region of Hadramaut , which it now largely controls. like the city of Mukalla since the beginning of April.

Also two weeks after the start of the air strikes by the military coalition, the Houthi rebels and their allied Yemeni troops achieved their first major military success since the air strikes and brought the provincial capital Atak and the surrounding oil fields in the oil-rich southern Shabwa province under their control. Atak, which was defended by Sunni tribal fighters, went to the rebels and the military units of former President Salih in Atak on April 9, despite Saudi Arabian air strikes against the Houthis, but without resistance on the ground. The Houthis and Salih-loyal troops, who had previously not been able to gain a foothold in Shabva - also because of the strong presence of the al-Qaida group AQAP - control 10 of the 21 provinces of Yemen at this point in time.

• After the heaviest Saudi air strikes on Sanaa since the beginning of the Saudi intervention had been carried out on the evening of April 9, 2015, the heaviest bombings on Aden up to that point took place on the night of April 10. In Aden, opponents of Salih and supporters of the autonomy movement resisted the advancing militias of the Houthis and army units loyal to Salih.
• On April 11, 2015, militias fighting for Hadi stated that they had captured two Iranian officers of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard from the al-Quds unit during the fighting in Aden. There was no independent confirmation for the report.

Regardless of the air strikes, the Houthi rebels also advanced to the east of the country and, according to regional tribal representatives, set up positions 120 kilometers east of Sanaa in the strategically important city of Serwah in order to undertake further advances into the eastern province of Marib .

• In mid-April, according to media reports, the terror network AQAP published on Twitter the authenticity report that Ibrahim al-Rubaisch, a leading Saudi cleric of the al-Qaida branch in Yemen and a long-term Guantánamo prisoner, was involved in a US drone attack was killed in Yemen. According to Reuters, it was the first known drone attack against AQAP since the evacuation of the US special forces last month.

On April 16, 2015, local residents reported a new front near Taizz where tribesmen are fighting against Houthi militias and soldiers on both sides are said to be involved.

Also in mid-April 2015, the AQAP captured the Riyan military airport on the Gulf of Aden in southeastern Yemen near the city of Mukalla, which had been captured by al-Qaida two weeks earlier, and a nearby military base , while the government troops stationed to defend the base were defending themselves withdrew without a fight from the al-Qaida fighters and fled. At that time, AQAP had almost completely brought the Hadramaut, the largest province in Yemen, under its control, including the port of Mukalla with an important oil terminal.

Destruction on the outskirts of Sanaas by air raid on April 20th

(Photos: April 21, 2015)

• On the night of April 20, 2015, the Saudi-led military coalition launched further air strikes in Yemen. One of the air strikes outside of Sanaa caused a huge explosion, killing dozens of civilians. Saudi military spokesman General Ahmed Assiri said on April 20 that the Saudi-led military coalition had attacked weapons caches that the Houthis had set up in various locations after seizing various military holdings from the Yemeni government. The Houthis had moved stolen military equipment to caves, farms, houses and other places after they came to power. Assiri threatened Yemeni tribal leaders to attack the material if they did not help to find it.

USS Theodore Roosevelt , US aircraft carriers of the Nimitz class (Photo: 2005)

On April 20, the US increased its military presence off the coast of Yemen by adding two more US warships in the Gulf of Aden and the southern Arabian Sea , including cruisers and destroyers . This means that a total of twelve ships of the US Navy were underway in the Arabian Sea, Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. The aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt and a guided missile cruiser were dispatched from the Persian Gulf and were to join the other units, which also had task forces on board to board and search other ships, to help secure them in the Gulf of Aden and the southern Red Sea to support the sea routes. Officially, the US Navy stated that the aim of the operation was "to ensure that important shipping routes in the region remain open and safe". In US government circles, it was said that the presence of the warships would open up additional opportunities in the event that the situation in Yemen worsened. According to a New York Times report citing US government officials, the expansion of the US presence on site through the reinforcement of the fleet was intended primarily to serve as a show of power by the US, but at the same time made it possible to prevent Iranian weapons from being supplied to the Houthi rebels and should also represent a reinsurance for Saudi Arabia, which is allied with the USA. Defense Department spokesman Steven Warren denied reports that the new warships were tasked with stopping alleged Iranian arms shipments to Yemen. A US government spokesman said the US is concerned about Iran's continued support for the Houthis. There are indications that Iran was supplying arms and other aid to the rebels in Yemen.

• On the evening of April 21, 2015, the Saudi Arabia-led military coalition announced the end of its air strikes in Yemen, allegedly “at the request of the Yemeni government and the President,” according to General Ahmed Assiri, spokesman for the Saudi Arabia-led military coalition Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi “was done. On the Saudi Arabian state television it was said that the operation had been "successful". While the rebels had barely lost any territory despite the four-week airstrike, still controlled the capital Sanaa and large parts of the country, and the de facto disempowered President Hadi was still in exile in Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Arabian Defense Ministry claimed the operation Operation Decisive Storm ended because its military goals had been achieved. With the new operation, Saudi Arabia announced a new phase of military intervention in Yemen, followed by Operation Restoring Hope . Assiri said air strikes on targets in Yemen would cease, but the army was reserving further "anti-terrorist operations" against the Houthi militias. A few hours after the declaration, on the night of April 21, 2015, President Hadi thanked his “Arab and Muslim brothers” from exile in Saudi Arabia in a speech to the Yemenis for their military operation against the Houthi rebels. After the US increased the presence of its fleet in the region, a convoy of nine Iranian ships turned off and headed for the coast of Yemen.

Regardless of the announcement of the end of the air strikes, remarks by the Saudi Arabian military spokesman, Brigadier General Ahmed Asseri, who said the military alliance would continue to prevent Houthi fighters from moving and becoming active within Yemen, suggested the military alliance could still take action against the Houthi militias. In a city like Aden, civilians must be protected to stop the rebels from continuing their operations. The Saudi Arabian ground and naval units would continue to guard the border with Yemen and prevent all supplies to the rebels.

According to media reports, much had previously indicated that Saudi Arabia was preparing a war with ground troops. Saudi Arabia mobilized more security forces. The minister responsible, Mitab ben Abdallah , said that the National Guard , consisting mainly of ground troops and independent of the other armed forces , made up of 75,000 soldiers and 25,000 tribal fighters, was ready to fight “alongside the other troops”. On April 21, 2015, the Saudi Arabian King Salman ordered the mobilization of the National Guard, which should be placed in combat readiness for a possible deployment in Yemen. It was initially unclear what role the National Guard could perform in the military intervention in Yemen.

See also : Section "Course of the military intervention until April 21" in "Operation Restoring Hope"

Development of the humanitarian situation

→ Main article : Humanitarian aspects of the military intervention in Yemen since 2015

On March 26, 2015, Sanaa and the South Yemeni city of al-Huta were among the targets of the air strikes. According to statements from residents and local authorities, more than 50 civilians were killed and numerous people injured. According to media reports, many residents of the attacked areas tried to flee on the same day for fear of new air strikes.

According to the human rights organization Human Rights Watch (HRW), dozens of people died as a result of the air strikes in the first two days. The first eleven fatalities identified according to HRW included two women and two children. At the end of March 2015, a refugee camp in northwestern Yemen located about ten kilometers from a military base and existing since 2009 was bombed. HRW announced in mid-April that it had found no evidence of any militarily relevant targets that split the high blood toll with at least 29 civilians killed and 41 wounded (including 14 children and 11 women) for the Saudis-led and US-backed attack could justify the well-known IDP camp in Mazraq, northern Yemen. In a letter dated April 10, 2015, HRW had previously informed the Saudi King Salman ibn Abd al-Aziz that the air strikes by the Saudi-led coalition on the refugee camp in Mazraq on March 30, 2015 hit a medical facility in the camp and a local market but HRW could not find a military target justifying the civilian blood toll. According to the first information from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), at least 45 people should have been killed and 200 others injured in the air strike. The Doctors Without Borders Association had also confirmed the attack. The Yemeni government had initially accused Houthi rebels for the attack, whereupon some media reports said it was unclear who was responsible for the attack, as both parties held each other responsible, while other media reports had assumed from day one that the Bombardments in Saudi Arabia were responsible for the dead.

According to UNICEF information on March 31, 2015, at least 62 children were killed and 30 others injured in Yemen as the fighting escalated within a week.

In Aden, according to the International Red Cross (ICRC), two Red Crescent volunteers were shot while carrying the wounded to an ambulance.

The United Nations expressed concern about the increasing number of civilians killed. According to the UN, more than 500 civilians were killed in the first two weeks of the massive military intervention by Saudi Arabia and its allies without the bombing being able to stop the rebels. The UN emergency aid coordinator Valerie Amos announced on April 2 that within two weeks there had been 519 fatalities and around 1,700 injured, many of them in the air strikes of the military alliance led by Saudi Arabia and with the participation of Egypt. In a letter to US Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter on April 10, 2015, the human rights organization HRW expressed concern that the US government-backed Saudi-led coalition in Yemen has demanded alarmingly high casualties among the civilian population According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in the fighting in the first two weeks of the military intervention, over 311 civilians were killed and more than 100,000 became displaced persons . In the first weeks of the military campaign, HRW documented the killings of dozens of civilians in air strikes that could constitute violations of international martial law .

The air strikes of Saudi Arabia and its allies triggered a wave of refugees within a few days. In Sanaa in particular, the military intervention led to great uncertainty. Nationwide, over 100,000 people had fled the fighting by April 6, 2015. Aid organizations fear a famine and appealed for at least a temporary cessation of the fighting in order to be able to replenish the dwindling supplies of medicines, especially in Aden. According to the ICRC, the fighting over Aden had already triggered a “humanitarian crisis” at the beginning of April. The Red Cross (ICRC) called for a ceasefire and on April 4th called for a 24-hour ceasefire for humanitarian reasons, as this is the only way to care for the many injured and to enable the residents of the disputed areas to access water and food to get. In the embattled Aden, the civilian population suffered massively from supply bottlenecks and skyrocketing prices for food and fuel. While there were reports of refugee movements from the city, the remaining population lacked everything, but mainly food, according to aid organizations.

According to the UN on April 7, 2015, at least 549 people, including 74 children, had been killed in the fighting in Yemen. 44 other children were seriously injured, according to UNICEF data. A UN statement suspected that the actual number of victims was much higher in view of the heavy fighting in Aden in the previous days. According to the WHO on April 7, 2015, at least 560 people have been killed and more than 1,700 injured, many of them civilians, in the conflict since the air strikes by the Saudi-led coalition in mid-March.

The Saudi Arabia-led military alliance initially rejected calls for a humanitarian ceasefire. The Saudi Arabian Brigadier General Ahmed Assiri said that the conditions for aid deliveries had to be created first and said: "The humanitarian operation is part of our work and our responsibility". Relief supplies should not fall into the wrong hands, such as those of the Houthi rebels. "We don't want to supply the militias," said Assiri.

On April 8, the WHO announced - in accordance with UN figures - that in the three weeks since March 19, at least 643 civilians and fighters have been killed, 2,226 people wounded and a further 600,000 displaced or displaced in Yemen in the three weeks since March 19 fled their homes. The WHO assessed the humanitarian situation as "critical". Power outages and acute water and fuel shortages affected the civilian population.

According to the UN, the situation of civilians in Yemen after the start of the military intervention was already dramatic in the first half of April 2015. Aid organizations warned that the Saudi-led coalition's air strikes could have catastrophic consequences, especially for the poorest sections of the population. The Red Cross spoke of a humanitarian disaster. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) regional director , Robert Mardini, said the humanitarian situation is getting worse every day and "really catastrophic" in certain places. The number of people at risk for food supplies had risen from 10.6 million in April to 12 million as a result of the fighting, with vulnerable families being hardest hit by rising food prices. The fighting, which was accompanied by air strikes and a sea ​​blockade , claimed 643 deaths between March 19 and the second week of April, according to UN information. According to volunteers, the negative effects on the population became increasingly dramatic in the course of the war. The UN Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes van der Klaauw, said on April 10th: "The humanitarian situation in Yemen is getting worse every hour". The conflict now affects 15 of the country's 22 provinces. "Millions of people are in mortal danger - because of ongoing fighting and air strikes, but also because of the rapid deterioration of all that was left of basic services, including health care, drinking water and access to food," the UN coordinator continued immediate humanitarian ceasefire. At that time, the fighting was accompanied by air strikes and a sea blockade, the ports of Aden and al-Hudaida were closed according to UN information, and the UN relief agencies in Djibouti, which normally deal with Somalia, have already recorded an influx from Yemen. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported on April 10th that 317 boat refugees from Yemen had landed in Djibouti in the previous ten days and 582 on the Somaliland coast . The UNHCR expressed concern for the safety of the 250,000 mostly Somali refugees in Yemen and the 330,000 internally displaced people . It called on the international community to take in refugees from Yemen. Despite the increasing flow of refugees to the Horn of Africa , according to UNHCR information from April 2015, the Yemeni Red Crescent registered hundreds of asylum seekers, mostly from Somalia and Ethiopia , who continued to arrive on the coasts of Yemen in the opposite direction and who were either aware of the current situation in Yemen was not known, or that they were in the hands of refugee smugglers and could not escape.

In mid-April 2015, the media reported that more than 700 people had been killed since the air strikes began. According to preliminary estimates, 120,000 to 150,000 people had to leave their homes by mid-April. According to the UN, there were 250,000 refugees and more than 300,000 internally displaced persons in Yemen even before the military intervention. Many had to flee one more time, like the residents of a camp in the city of Mazraq, which was the target of air strikes. According to UNHCR spokesman Adrian Edwards, the security situation is deteriorating nationwide. Numerous refugees have no accommodation. In Sa'da, public facilities and parts of the infrastructure were destroyed by air strikes and artillery fire on the night of April 17th. Shortages of food, drinking water and fuel sparked further flight movements and fueled violence. UN employees reported that the population was noticeably worn down by the ongoing air strikes. The prices for food have soared and increased continuously for fuel as well. The power supply has practically come to a standstill.

An air strike by the Saudi-led military coalition on April 18, 2015, in which a food depot of the Oxfam aid organization in Sa'da was destroyed and a person was killed, although the aid organization had previously provided the military coalition with the location coordinates of the building, described Human Rights Watch (HRW) as an obvious violation of international martial law . According to HRW, the destruction of the food depot of an aid organization not only harmed many civilians in the vicinity of the airstrike target, but also threatened the distribution of aid supplies throughout Yemen.

According to UN figures, 731 people were killed and more than 2,750 injured in air strikes and fighting on the ground between mid-March and mid-April 2015. According to other UN information, after more than three weeks of Saudi air strikes and renewed clashes between rival factions on the ground, over 750 Yemenis were killed and around 150,000 were forced to leave their homes without the Houthis being able to stop the air strikes. Many schools, hospitals and mosques were destroyed in the conflict. For the period from March 19 to April 13, 2015, almost 800 deaths were registered. The real death toll was expected to be far greater. The World Health Organization warned in April 2015 of the imminent collapse of the health system in Yemen.

Destruction on the outskirts of Sanaas by air raid on April 20th

(Photos: April 21, 2015)

According to media reports on April 20, Sanaa suffered the most serious bombardment since the air strikes began on March 26, 2015. Dozens were killed in the Fadj Attan district in a bomb attack by Saudi fighter planes on a military camp or missile depot located on a hill above densely populated residential areas Civilians killed and more than 500 people injured. The explosions in the missile depot completely destroyed surrounding houses and had an impact on distant neighborhoods. The force of the massive explosion destroyed homes, businesses, and vehicles, and scattered debris and corpses along some streets. The Yemen FM radio station's studio was reportedly destroyed, killing a journalist. In addition, the Indonesian embassy was badly damaged by the blast, injuring two diplomats, among others, and according to Iranian information, the Iranian embassy was only just missed by the air strikes. On April 21, 2015, according to UNHCHR spokesman Rupert Colville, 20 civilians were killed and 120 injured in an air strike in Sanaa and several UN offices were damaged, including the OHCHR office in Yemen.

According to the UN, the ongoing fighting threatened the supply of the population with basic foodstuffs. The UN World Food Program (WFP) declared that twelve million people - and thus almost half - in the impoverished country were classified as “at risk of supply”. The number of people at risk for food supplies rose from 10.6 million to 12 million as a result of the fighting, with food prices rising and vulnerable families being hardest hit.

• Destruction in the residential areas near Mount Attan ( Sanaa ) after the air raid on April 20, 2015
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  Destruction of the Al-Anfal School

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  Glass debris from a car dealership

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  Damaged mall

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See also : section “Development of the humanitarian situation” in “Operation Restoring Hope”  and section “Humanitarian impact and consequences” in “Military intervention in Yemen 2015”

Reactions

Yemen

• - Rebel leader Abdulmalik al-Huthi condemned the attack as "unjustified" and "criminal" on television. Houthi spokesman Mohammed al-Bukhaiti described the Saudi attacks as an open declaration of war. The conflict in Yemen could thus develop into a regional war. The Houthi militia declared their willingness in principle to hold peace talks, but named an end to the air strikes by the Saudi-led Sunni military alliance as a prerequisite. The talks should be monitored by parties that do not take aggressive positions against the Yemeni people. In mid-April 2015, a high-ranking Houthi representative rejected calls for Hadi to return. Mohammed al-Buchaiti, a member of the Houthi Politburo, calls for the attacks to be "stopped immediately and unconditionally".

On April 20, al-Houthi assured that the “Yemeni people” would not bow to the “brutal aggression”. He denied the Saudi Arabian regime the right to interfere and announced that he would use all means to resist. Al-Houthi also condemned the UN resolution that unilaterally called for the rebels to withdraw and put an arms embargo on them. In a televised address, he said the Yemeni people have the right to defend themselves against - according to al Houthi - external aggression. His group is fighting to free Yemen from al-Qaeda, which poses a threat to both the north and the south and already controls parts of the country. His fighters, according to al-Houthi, would help the Yemenis in the south to defeat al-Qaeda.

The Houthi rebels called on the UN to stop “crimes against the Yemeni people” and the air strikes by the Saudi-led alliance.

• Former Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Salih welcomed the UN resolution, which unilaterally called for the rebels to withdraw and imposed an arms embargo on them, as a positive step and spoke out in favor of a ceasefire and talks mediated by the UN.
•  Yemen (Government of Hadi) - The Yemeni foreign minister, Riad Yassin, had already told the broadcaster al-Arabiya shortly before the military intervention that he had officially requested the Arab League to send a task force against the Houthis. Yassin described the air strikes on the presidential palace in Aden as an attempted assassination attempt on Hadi and warned against an Iranian takeover of Yemen. On April 1, 2015, Yassin requested the deployment of ground troops. In the long run, air strikes weren't enough, Yassin said.

The Yemeni President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi, disempowered by the Houthis, accused Iran of being responsible for the chaos in Yemen. He called the Houthis “Iran's henchmen”. The air strikes would have to continue "until the Houthi gang surrenders".

After the government forces in Mukalla reportedly withdrew from the airport in front of the AQAP without a fight, Vice President Chaled Bahah called on them in mid-April to support his government in exile.

At the same time, the Hadi government announced that it rejected the use of Saudi Arabian ground troops in the joint fight against Houthi militias. Bahah said: "We still hope that there will not be an operation on the ground in addition to the air strikes." The conditions for peace talks are the return of President Hadi to Aden and an end to the fighting.

On April 18, 2015, the Yemeni government of Hadi rejected the four-point peace plan submitted by Iran to the UN. The Yemeni government spokesman Rajeh Badi told the press: "We reject the Iranian initiative". The aim of the initiative is "just a political maneuver". Foreign Minister Yassin rejected Iran's offer to mediate in the conflict between the government and the Houthi rebels. Mediation through Iran is unacceptable as it is involved in it. Negotiations are only possible when the Houthi rebels and Salih troops withdraw from all cities and return to their strongholds in the north of the country, said Yassin. Yassin said the Houthis were responsible for the "extensive destruction of Yemen's infrastructure." The Houthi militias would attack civilians in Taizz and Aden in a chaotic manner and arrest people for no reason. The Yemenis would understand why the Saudi-led military coalition had to wage war.

• - Al-Qaida continued according to the on Islamists specialized monitoring group SITE April 2015 a video of Yemen's al-Qaida offshoot AQAP According to the killing or capture of the Houthi leader Abdulmalik al-Huthi and of former President Ali Abdullah Saleh offered a reward of 20 kg of gold. Al-Qaeda described the two men as "the heads of evil in Yemen".

International

Military intervention in Yemen and international responses:

Yemen: Hadi government and rebels

Military Intervening States (excluding the USA)

States supporting the Houthi rebels

States supporting military intervention

Neutral states

Unknown or unresponsive states

The air strikes on Shiite Houthi rebels in Yemen launched by the Sunni royal family in Saudi Arabia were supported by several other Arab states on March 26, 2015 and supported or welcomed by the western states of the USA, Great Britain and Turkey. By contrast, the military campaign met with mixed reactions in Iran, Russia and China.

Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which were initially involved in the military intervention alongside Saudi Arabia, announced in a joint statement that the military intervention against the Houthi militia was at the request of Yemeni President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi is done to "protect Yemen and its people from aggression by the Houthi militia". Jordan, Sudan, Morocco and Egypt also confirmed that they want to participate in the attack. The Gulf States also urged the “international community” to act. On the night of April 7, Jordan submitted a draft resolution to the UN General Assembly , which provided for an arms embargo against the leadership of the rebels and their allies as well as sanctions against Houthi chief Abdulmalik al-Huthi and Salih's son Ahmed. In addition, the Gulf States are calling for the rebels to withdraw from Sanaa, as well as from all other areas in Yemen that have been conquered since 2013. The draft resolution did not mention the Russian demands for pauses in combat for humanitarian purposes.

In view of the numerous civilian casualties, the destruction of the infrastructure and the catastrophic humanitarian situation in Yemen, criticism of the Arab air strikes grew in April. Iran in particular criticized the military intervention. The UN, Russia and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) demanded at least a suspension of the fighting over the delivery of relief supplies.

Western governments and Arab diplomats expressed reluctance to a four-point peace plan presented by Iran to the UN in April and declared that Iran was not a neutral peace broker.

Nabil Elaraby , General Secretary of the Arab League (Photo: 2014)

•  Arab League - The Arab League said it was "united" behind the coalition airstrikes. The general secretary of the Arab League, Nabil Elaraby , said he was one hundred percent behind the attacks.
•  European Union - EU Foreign Affairs Representative Federica Mogherini urged everyone involved to start negotiations. "I am convinced that military action is not a solution," said Mogherini on March 26, 2015. "At this critical point in time, all actors should work responsibly and constructively to create the conditions for negotiations," she said. She warned that the acts of war could have "serious regional consequences".
•  UN - UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon expressed concern over the air strikes in April. These would have turned a domestic political crisis into a violent conflict - with the risk of deep and long-lasting consequences for the region. He called on all countries in the region to support the Yemeni people beyond their own priorities. Urgent help must be provided.

On April 14, 2015, the UN Security Council de facto imposed an arms embargo on the Houthi rebels in Yemen and their allies. The panel put the son of former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, Ahmed Saleh, and a Houthi leader on a blacklist , which has included the names of former President Ali Abdullah Saleh himself and two other Houthi leaders since November 2014, so that in fact all Houthi fighters and the soldiers loyal to the Saliht who fought against the Yemeni government were affected. At the same time, he asked the Houthi militia to withdraw from the areas they occupied. 14 of the 15 members of the body voted in favor of the resolution presented by Jordan - Russia abstained after having unsuccessfully voted in favor of an arms embargo not only against the Houthi militia but also against all parties to the conflict before the UN Security Council vote. The draft resolution also provided for punitive measures to be taken against rebel chief Abdulmalik al-Huthi and the eldest son of former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was allied with the insurgents. Both men are said to be subject to a travel ban and their assets to be frozen. The draft resolution for the UN Security Council was drawn up by Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states.

After the arms embargo unilaterally imposed on the Houthi rebels and their allies and the subsequent resignation of the UN special envoy Jamal Benomar , Ban Ki-moon called on all conflicting parties in Yemen to an immediate ceasefire: “The Saudis have promised me that they have understood that there has to be a political process, ”said Ban. "I call on all Yemenis to participate with good will."

•  Egypt - On March 26, 2015, Egypt said it was providing political and military support for the crackdown on the Houthi fighters by Saudi Arabia and its allied Gulf states. The State Department announced that they would stand by if ground troops were needed. An Egyptian military source said on March 26 that Egypt was involved in the military campaign with naval and air forces.

The Egyptian President Sisi declared that one of the primary goals of the military intervention in Yemen was to secure the strait between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden: “Securing shipping in the Red Sea and protecting the Bab al-Mandab Strait is one of the top priorities Priorities for Egypt's national security, ”said Sisi.

•  Belgium - Belgian Foreign Minister Didier Reynders said the military operation in Yemen reaffirmed the need to act at the regional level to reduce the risk of instability and insecurity. The alliance at the regional level is the first task in the containment of conflicts.
•  People's Republic of China - The Chinese Foreign Ministry announced on March 26, 2015 that it was deeply concerned about the worsening situation in Yemen. China urges all parties to act in accordance with the resolutions of the UN Security Council for Yemen, to resolve the dispute quickly through dialogue, to resolve the current crisis and to restore stability and normalcy in Yemen at an early stage. China joined calls for a ceasefire in embattled Yemen. On April 18, 2015, the Chinese Foreign Ministry announced that in a telephone conversation with Saudi Arabia's King Salman , China's President Xi Jinping offered to prepare a resolution to end the armed conflict in close coordination with all parties to the conflict. All parties involved should adhere to the decisions of the United Nations Security Council and heed the proposals of the Gulf Cooperation Council in order to facilitate a swift return to normalcy.

German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier (3rd from left) with his counterparts from the P5 + 1 countries and Iran after the nuclear negotiations with Iran in Lausanne (April 2, 2015)

•  Germany - The German Federal Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier told the "Bild" newspaper that he had "understanding for the Saudi approach". The situation is dangerous and he hopes that the situation does not develop into a widespread war. He warned of the threat to the nuclear negotiations with Iran because of the conflict in Yemen. During the meeting of the foreign ministers of the G7 countries on April 15, 2015, he said that there was “an understanding for the actions of Saudi Arabia”, but he and his colleagues would also see reason “to think about how we can find ways for a political solution come back ”. According to media reports, the German government was busy in the second half of April to find ways for an international conference to end the civil war in Yemen. Steinmeier said that "a respite" and a "path to political talks" were needed and that he did not have the impression that the conflict could be resolved by military means.

Union parliamentary group leader Volker Kauder congratulated Egyptian President Sisi on March 30, 2015 at a meeting after the Arab League decided to form a pan-Arab reaction force and said this could stabilize the region. Kauder said to the Tagesschau: "Yes, that's a very good idea and I also congratulated President Sisi on the fact that the region is taking on problems and not relying on things coming from outside."

•  France - France announced on March 26, 2015 that it would stand by its partners until Yemen stabilizes again. It described Operation Decisive Storm as a response to a request from the "rightful" authorities of Yemen.

The French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius reiterated France's solidarity with the “legitimate President” Hadi.

•  Indonesia - Indonesia was called in mid-April 2015 by the Organization for Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the world's largest Islamic association, to mediate in the conflict. The Indonesian government said it should use the Asia-African conference in Jakarta that is scheduled for the following week .

On April 20, 2015, Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi condemned the bombing of the Saudi-led military alliance on an arms depot outside Sanaa, which destroyed the roof and windows of the Indonesian embassy. The embassy was not the target of the bombing, but was affected by it.

Haider al-Abadi (Photo: January 2015)

Ibrahim al-Jafari (right) with John Kerry (September 2014)

•  Iraq - The foreign minister of the Shiite-led government in Iraq that fought against Sunni jihadists in Iraq with Western and Iranian support, Ibrahim al-Jafari , opposed the Saudi-led air strikes against the Houthis and said that military intervention was no solution support a "peaceful" approach for Yemen. Before the meeting of Arab foreign ministers in Egypt, he told the press: “We are not in favor of the attacks and we are against foreign intervention.” He went on to say: “I do not think that military solutions can be the beginning of a resolution. We support peaceful solutions. "

On April 15, 2015, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi sharply criticized Saudi Arabia's military operation in Yemen. This is "without logic" and runs the risk of fueling a major conflict in the region. Saudi Arabia is interfering to "destroy the possibilities of Yemen". He also feared consequences for Iraq: “We don't know what the Saudis want to do afterwards. Build a regional power that can intervene wherever it wants? Is Iraq on your list? "

Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammed Jawad Sarif (right) with US Secretary of State John Kerry during the nuclear talks in Lausanne (March 16, 2015)

Iranian President Hassan Rouhani (Photo: 2014)

•  Iran - The offensive in Yemen led by Saudi Arabia met with sharp criticism from Iran.

Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammed Javad Zarif called for an immediate ceasefire, stating: " External military action against Yemen's territorial integrity and its people will only result in more bloodshed and deaths." Zarif was quoted as saying: "We will take all necessary measures to bring the crisis in Yemen under control" or "We will make all efforts to bring the crisis in Yemen under control." The air strikes should stop immediately, because they violated Yemen’s sovereignty. On April 8, Zarif sought support from Pakistan for a negotiated solution in Yemen. He said Iran is ready to broker peace talks that could lead to a broad-based government in Yemen. Sarif also called for a ceasefire to enable humanitarian aid. He called for “a comprehensive political solution that would lead to an inclusive government” for Yemen, which should be formed in the “Yemeni dialogue”. Sarif wrote in a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon about what Iran believes to be "senseless air strikes" by Saudi Arabia and its allies, which destroyed schools, hospitals and other civil infrastructure. The main beneficiaries of the attacks are also terrorist groups. "This critical situation is escalating and the humanitarian crisis in Yemen is getting closer to catastrophic dimensions," said Sarif. "It is likely to result in further exacerbation of already tense circumstances in a region plagued by one of the most barbaric types of extremism and multiple vicious campaigns by foreign-backed terrorists." The UN must enforce a ceasefire, a military solution to the conflict not possible. Any “foreign military attack” would have to be ended in order to ensure humanitarian aid and enable a Yemeni-led national dialogue. Iran is ready to help the UN in these efforts. The letter to the UN also contained a proposal for a four-point plan for pacifying the conflict in Yemen, which included a ceasefire, the immediate provision of humanitarian aid, dialogue and the formation of a broad-based government of national unity. On April 20, 2015, Sarif spoke out in a guest article in the New York Times for negotiations to end the conflict.

The chairman of the parliamentary committee on foreign policy and national security, Mansour Haghighatpour, noted: ". Saudi Arabia has launched a huge gamble, and that will lose it for sure," said he with the English term "Great Gamble" on the Great Game alluded to the competition of the European colonial states in the 19th century for supremacy in Africa, Asia and the Near and Middle East and its outcome by changing the term “gamble” (“game”) to “gamble” (“gambling”) The outcome as uncertain.

Iranian President Hassan Rohani said during a visit by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to Tehran regarding the Iranian and Turkish position on the Yemen crisis: “We agree that the war should end there and we should help the country, back to peace and security. ”In a television speech in April 2015, he called for an end to the air strikes on the Houthi rebels and spoke out in favor of a political solution. According to media reports, Ruhani allegedly warned the US to make the same mistakes in Yemen as in Syria. Without naming a country, he said, referring to the situation in Iraq and Syria: “You have learned that it is wrong. You will learn, sooner or later, that you are making a mistake in Yemen too. ”Rouhani assured him that Iran is not striving for regional supremacy. On April 18, 2015, Ruhani sharply criticized the Saudi Arabian coalition's air strikes in Yemen in a televised speech at a military parade and again called for a political solution to the conflict. Ruhani said that Saudi Arabia would therefore reap “seeds of hatred”: “What does the bombing of innocent Yemenis mean?” Asked Ruhani in the direction of the Saudi Arabian royal family. “What are your goals? Will killing children make you strong? You have sown the seeds of hatred in this region and you will see the answer sooner or later. ”At a meeting with Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop , Ruhani called for the UN to set up a committee of inquiry. This should determine how many innocent people were killed by the attacks of the previous three weeks. At least the Saudis should enable humanitarian aid and the delivery of medicine and food for the population again. Regarding the large number of refugees, Rouhani said that all sides should be careful not to join terrorist groups out of desperation. Iran is ready to "work with all countries in and outside the region to end the bloodshed in Yemen."

Iran's spiritual leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei , condemned the air strikes in Yemen as "a crime, genocide and lawful action" on his official website. The Saudi Arabian coalition will lose and the "Yemenis will resist and win." Khamenei first publicly attacked Saudi Arabia in a speech by directly addressing the name of the state and saying that Saudi Arabia is just as bad as Israel.

•  Jordan - On March 26, 2015, Jordan officially announced that it was participating in the military operation to support the legitimate government in Yemen and its security and stability. The participation of Jordan is also "an embodiment of the historical relations between the kingdom and the Gulf States, in particular Saudi Arabia, whose security and stability is a high Jordanian strategic interest". Jordan supports legitimacy in Yemen and the political process that brings all parties together.

Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah (drawing)

•  Lebanon - Hassan Nasrallah , leader of the Lebanese Shiite Hezbollah movement, called for an end to the "aggression" against Yemen. He called on the Muslim countries to urge the Saudis to "end the war and promote a political solution". Iran-backed Hezbollah had urged Saudi Arabia and its allies to immediately and unconditionally stop the attacks. In the third speech on the Saudi-led air strikes in Yemen, which Nasrallah delivered over three weeks after the military intervention began, Nasrallah stated that the Saudi regime had missed its targets in Yemen. During protests against the Saudi-led air strikes, Nasrallah accused Saudi Arabia of being responsible for the emergence and growth of “destructive takfir ideologies” that Saudi Arabia was promoting to young Muslims around the world through books, fatwas and schools. "Al-Qaeda and its branches - al-Nusra Front, ISIL, Boko Haram, al-Shabab", said Nasrallah, clearly emerged in their ideology in Saudi Arabia. Regarding Yemen, he added that it was time for “Muslims and Arabs” to tell Saudi Arabia that it was enough. The political analyst and Hezbollah expert Nicholas Noe pointed out that Hezbollah had never spoken publicly about Saudi Arabia in such a way before and cautiously avoided attacking the Saudi ruling family for decades. Hezbollah appears to be of the opinion "that the Saudi project in the region has reached a turning point" and to believe that Saudi Arabia itself has committed a devastating mistake that could lead to the ruin of the Saudi ruling family. Hezbollah now feels free to express its opposition to the Saudis.

The future movement , considered to be the beneficiary of Saudi Arabia, accused Hezbollah of “a storm of hatred” and “tarnishing the image of Lebanon”. Hezbollah ignores its loyalty to "Iran instead of the Arab nation" to proclaim.

•  Morocco - Morocco announced through its Foreign Minister on March 26, 2015, after the start of the military offensive in Yemen by Saudi Arabia, its support and "complete and absolute solidarity with Saudi Arabia and its backing of the legitimacy of Yemen" and added Saudi Arabia have the right to "defend" themselves against impending threats.
•  Pakistan - A Pakistani government announcement in April said that Pakistan would stand "shoulder to shoulder" with Saudi Arabia should the kingdom's territory be violated. Muslim countries were called to "show restraint and cultivate a spirit of mutual concession". After days of debate, MPs in Pakistan voted on April 10th that Pakistan should remain neutral in the conflict and refused to participate in the fight in Yemen. The resolution passed by parliament said that if the conflict in Yemen turns into a radical religious war, this would be critical for the entire region, including Pakistan. The "international community" must intensify its efforts for peace in Yemen. The goal is an immediate ceasefire. Pakistan should take a leading diplomatic role in ending the crisis. The conflicting parties in Yemen were called upon to resolve the dispute through peaceful dialogue. Even when MPs spoke out against participating in the air strikes, they expressed their unreserved support to Saudi Arabia. In the event of a violation of the borders of the Saudi Kingdom or a threat to Mecca , which is revered as the holiest place in Islam , Pakistan will stand shoulder to shoulder with Saudi Arabia and its people.
•  Russia - Russia expressed "concern" about the situation in Yemen and the country's sovereignty and unity, which it has always supported. It called on all parties to abandon the use of gun violence. According to Russia, a balance in the crisis cannot be achieved without a broad national dialogue. Russia will continue to communicate closely through all channels with all sides in the Yemeni crisis, including the UN, to find peaceful solutions to end the armed conflict in Yemen. According to an interpretation in New Germany , which sees itself as a “socialist daily” , Russia sided with the Yemeni Houthi associations. It called for a humanitarian ceasefire. With the help of the United Nations, Russia wanted to stop the Saudi-led air strikes in Yemen and on April 4 presented a draft resolution for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to the UN Security Council. The proposed resolution should make it possible to bring foreigners from Yemen to safety and to give help to people in need and was supported by the Red Cross.

The Saudi Arabian King Salman ibn Abd al-Aziz (left) with US Secretary of State John Kerry (Photo: January 2015)

Saud ibn Faisal , Foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia until the end of April 2015

•  Saudi Arabia - Even before the military intervention, the Saudi Arabia government said it would take the “necessary measures” if the “Houthi coup” does not end peacefully. The Saudi Arabian Ambassador to the United States at the time, Adel al-Jubeir , said the military action had started with air strikes, but could be expanded. Saudi Arabia justified the operations with the protection of the legitimate government in Yemen and, according to government sources, threatened a ground offensive.

Saudi Arabia's King Salman ibn Abd al-Aziz prepared the Arab states for a long war in Yemen. He announced: "We will continue this operation until security and stability are restored in Yemen". He declared Saudi Arabia's readiness to meet with Yemen's parties. With regard to Iran, King Salman asserted: "The Houthi militia has created foreign forces to weaken the security of an entire region".

Iran's call for an end to air strikes on the Houthi fighters in Yemen was rejected by Saudi Arabia. Saudi Foreign Minister Saud ibn Faisal said: "Iran does not have the responsibility in Yemen". Instead, the offensive was expanded from 35 to 120 attacks per day.

After the Iraqi prime minister accused Saudi Arabia in mid-April of deliberately destabilizing Yemen, the Saudi ambassador to the US, Adel al-Jubeir, said Iraqis should take care of issues in their own country. Saudi Arabia has no aspirations beyond its borders, apart from "security and stability in Yemen".

Shortly after the Hadi government in exile in Yemen called on the “international community” to send ground troops in a letter to the UN Security Council, on May 6, 2015, Saudi Arabia reserved the right to intervene in the civil war in Yemen with ground troops. The Saudi Arabian military spokesman Ahmed Asseri said that all options for fighting the Houthi rebels were being examined: "A ground operation is also possible". Asseri did not provide any specific information on whether Saudi Arabia would comply with the request of the Yemeni government to send troops in particular to stabilize the city of Aden.

•  Somalia - The Somali federal government supported the Saudi-led military operation and offered to make Somali airspace and Somali waters available for use against the Houthi fighters. In addition, the federal government of Somalia allowed Sudanese military aircraft to use the Berbera air base for attacks on Houthi rebels in Yemen.
•  Syria - The United Arab Emirates-based news channel al-Arabiya quoted the Syrian state news agency SANA as a Syrian reaction to the military intervention with a report on March 26, 2015: “Gulf war planes operated by the regime of the Saudi family are taking off blatant aggression on Yemen. "
•  Turkey - Turkey stood behind the Saudi Arabia-led military intervention and declared its support. The Turkish Foreign Ministry announced that it had been informed by Saudi Arabia of the impending attack. Turkey called on the Houthi rebels and their "foreign supporters" to stop their "actions that threaten regional stability and regional peace". The Turkish government criticizes all attempts by the rebels to take cities in Yemen. Turkey also considered logistical support for the military intervention.

In April, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan made it clear that he sees his country in a mediator role and not as a war party.

During a visit to Moscow in April, the President of the Turkish Parliament, Cemil Çiçek , spoke out in favor of organizing peace talks between the conflicting parties in Istanbul or Riyadh.

•  United Arab Emirates - The UAE Foreign Minister Anwar Gargash announced on March 26, 2015 that the UAE viewed the intervention in Yemen as a necessity in view of a military threat to the Gulf Cooperation Council states from the takeover of the Houthi Group much of Yemen. He wrote on Twitter that there was a strategic change in the region in the interests of Iran that was being carried out by the Al-Houthis and that could not be ignored. The attack by the Al-Houthis had exhausted all political options.
•  United Kingdom - Great Britain hailed the military offensive. It pledged its support for the coalition led by Saudi Arabia, but excluded participation in the fighting. In a statement by the British Foreign Office on March 26, 2015, it said it supported the Saudi Arabian military intervention as a result of President Hadi’s call to "protect Yemen by all means and measures and to hold back the Huth aggression". As the UN Security Council has made clear, President Hadi is the legitimate President of Yemen. Great Britain described the recent actions and expansion of the Houthis in Aden and Taizz as "another sign of their disdain for the political process". On March 27, Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond said the UK would support the Saudi-led raid on the Yemeni rebels "in any practical way other than combat". He confirmed that the Saudis would already be flying operations over Yemen with British-built aircraft for military intervention. He reiterated that Britain was behind the military intervention. Great Britain is not directly involved, but this could change, especially since it has a longstanding relationship with the armed Saudi forces, in particular the Royal Saudi Air Force . The UK had significant infrastructure to provide general support to the Saudi Air Force and, if asked, would try to provide expanded support such as spare parts, maintenance, technical advice.

Britain's Deputy UN Ambassador Peter Wilson said Britain would continue to support the air strikes on the rebels. He admitted that civilian casualties must be avoided at all costs, but said the Houthis were responsible for the situation: “But it is also extremely important to determine how we got into this situation: Because the Houthis repeatedly violated cease-fires, military actions instigated and resorted to violence instead of participating in the political talks. "

US President Barack Obama (left) and US Secretary of State John Kerry (Photo: April 2015)

•  United States - The US State Department announced on March 26, 2015 that the US government sympathized with the Saudis' military action, even though it preferred a negotiated solution to the fighting in Yemen. State Department spokesman Jeff Rathke said the US government understands the Saudis' concern, the threat they sensed and responded to at their border. The US pledged its support for the coalition led by Saudi Arabia, but on March 26, 2015 excluded participation in the fighting. US Secretary of State John Kerry welcomed the military offensive of the Arab allies and held a conference call with the six foreign ministers of the Gulf Cooperation Council. According to a senior US diplomat, Kerry praised the “work of the coalition” on the conference call. According to Kerry, the USA supported them with the passing on of intelligence information and logistical help in air strikes. A spokeswoman for the US National Security Council (NSC) said on March 26 that US troops were not directly involved. President Barack Obama approved the support, which the US would set up a joint planning agency with Saudi Arabia to coordinate. The US government is in close contact with Yemen’s President Hadi. Since April 8, 2015 at the latest, the US military has also intervened directly by refueling Saudi fighter jets and by US military advisers deployed in Saudi Arabia. In April Kerry warned Iran against "continuing to support the Houthis". Iran must understand "that the US will not watch as the region is destabilized or as people openly wage war in other countries across international borders". “Every week” planes come from Iran to Yemen. Kerry said the US was not looking to confront Iran, but would stand by its "alliances and friendships" to help countries that felt threatened by "decisions" by Iran.

At the end of March 2015, the spokeswoman for the NSC announced that US President Barack Obama had promised the Saudi monarch support for the fight against the Houthi militia in Yemen in a telephone conversation on the occasion of the rescue of two Saudi Arabian fighter pilots by the US military. In mid-April, the NSC spokesman, Alistair Baskey, emphasized that the US “strongly supports” Saudi Arabia's mission in Yemen. Obama did not criticize Saudi Arabia's actions.

The US accused Iran, against its assertions to the contrary, of supporting the Houthi rebels with weapons and instructors. The US government sharply criticized the Iranian government for alleged arms deliveries to the rebels. After Iranian Foreign Minister Sarif spoke in the New York Times on April 20, 2015, in support of negotiations to end the conflict, US government spokesman Josh Earnest claimed it was "ironic" that Iran was demanding a diplomatic solution but deliver weapons to one party to the conflict. Earnest claimed that Iran was supplying arms to the Houthi rebels in Yemen and was harshly criticizing Iran for "destabilizing". Iran would go on to "deliver weapons to a party to the dispute so that the violence can continue."

See also : Section "Reactions (from April 22nd)" in "Operation Restoring Hope"

Resignation of the UN special envoy for Yemen

Jamal Benomar , UN Special Envoy for Yemen, who submitted his resignation in April 2015.

In mid-April 2015 - and thus in the midst of the escalating conflict in Yemen - Jamal Benomar submitted his resignation as UN special envoy for Yemen. Benomar had been involved in talks between rival political groups in Yemen as Yemen envoy and mediator since 2011, and in 2012 he was promoted to the rank of Vice Secretary-General by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2011, Benomar was entrusted with the task of accompanying the transition process in Yemen after the Arab Spring . Yemen was then praised as a political model. On April 15, 2015, in its statement on Benomar's resignation, the UN admitted that “this process had unfortunately been interrupted by the dramatic escalation of violence”, but that the UN would not leave no stone unturned to get the peace process going again.

According to media reports, Benomar himself blamed the relentless stance of the Gulf states around Saudi Arabia for the failure of all his attempts to mediate in the conflict. At the request of the Arab states, shortly before its resignation, the UN Security Council imposed sanctions exclusively on the Houthi rebels, but did not criticize the Saudi attacks. The media commented that “apparently nobody wanted to hear” Benomar's criticism at the UN. On April 27, 2015, the outgoing Benomar warned explicitly of the risk that efforts to establish an arms embargo against Yemen could exacerbate the humanitarian crisis.

A week before Benomar's resignation, the Saudi Arabian UN Ambassador Abdallah Al-Muallimi had hinted at Benomar's departure, according to media reports, and told reporters: “We continue to support the mission of the UN Secretary-General's special envoy, whoever he appoints as special envoy , and yes, for now the Jamal is Benomar ”.

The New York Times reported on Benomar's resignation prior to the UN announcement. According to reports in the media, Benomar drew the consequences of his resignation from the fact that in around four years he had not been able to come any closer to a peaceful solution to the power struggle in Yemen. Benomar's attempt to mediate at the beginning of the most recently escalated Yemen conflict was unsuccessful. The Yemeni President Abd Rabbo Mansur Hadi, who was patronized by the Arab Gulf States and who was in exile in Saudi Arabia, recently refused to work with Benomar any longer.

According to a UN representative who did not want to be named, the reason for the resignation was that Banomar had lost the support of the Arab Gulf states. The Gulf States accused Banomar of having enabled the Houthi militia to gain strength with his diplomatic efforts. The Gulf States accused Banomar of being misled by the Houthis in promoting their offensive to capture additional areas in Yemen while negotiating a peaceful solution with Banomar. Some media reports stated that the reason for the criticism of Benomar, especially from Saudi Arabia, which had recently become louder before his resignation, was that "no progress has been made in diplomatic efforts to resolve the conflict for the embattled country" (tagesschau.de). In 2014, Benomar had worked out a power-sharing plan between Hadi's supporters and the Houthis. However, the agreement only lasted a few days. When the rebels resumed the armed struggle against the government, Benomar had continued talks with them, much to Saudi Arabia's annoyance.

Immediately after Benomar's resignation, UN circles said that Ban Ki-moon had chosen the Mauritanian diplomat Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed as his successor. He had already worked as the UN's humanitarian coordinator in Yemen for two years and was most recently the UN's Ebola Commissioner . Ban Ki-moon spoke in the UN Security Council for Cheikh Ahmed as the new Yemen special envoy. The UN confirmed his appointment as the new UN Special Envoy to Yemen.

Open letter from Yemen experts in the west

On April 16, 2015, a group of 18 US and UK based Yemen scholars and experts issued an open letter denouncing the nearly a month-long Saudi bombing campaign in Yemen. They argued in the letter, which was signed by academics at Harvard , Oxford and Columbia Universities , that the Saudi-waged war was "illegal under international law." They called on the US and UK authorities to support a UN Security Council resolution calling for an immediate, unconditional ceasefire. They feared a humanitarian catastrophe and warned in the letter that the goals of the campaign included schools, residential buildings, refugee camps, water supply systems, grain stores and the food industry. This has the potential for dire harm to ordinary Yemenis, as almost no food or medicine can enter the country.

Destruction in the residential areas near Mount Attan near Sanaa by the air strike of April 20, 2015 during Operation Decisive Storm (Photo: April 21, 2015)

Balance (until April 21/22)

→ Main article : Military intervention in Yemen 2015

Humanitarian Impact

→ Main article : Humanitarian aspects of the military intervention in Yemen 2015

Fatalities and injuries

Deadlines per week (March 19 - April 22, 2015) Raw data: Yemen health cluster
374	107	220	274
26.03. - 01.04.	April 2nd - April 8th	April 9th - April 15th	April 16 - April 22

Injured persons per week (March 19 - April 22, 2015) Raw data: Yemen health cluster
1088	616	732	1449
26.03. - 01.04.	April 2nd - April 8th	April 9th - April 15th	April 16 - April 22

Minimum number of killed and injured civilians in Yemen -
development by April 22, according to UN information
The UN is expecting high numbers of unreported cases in some cases

Recorded period (in brackets: publication)	Civilian casualties			Civilian casualties	swell
	total	children	Women
March 27 - (March 31)	93	k. A.	k. A.	364
March 26th - April 7th (8th)	311	74-77	14th	513
March 26th - April 12th (14th)	364	84	25th	681
March 26th - April 15th (18th)	405	86	26th	785
March 26th - April 18th (20th)	436	86	29	817
March 26th - April 22nd (24th)	551	115	31	1,185

Overall UN statistics are available that include both civilian deaths and other fatalities. The recorded period for these statistics begins on March 19, 2015, including one week of the events before the start of Operation Restoring Hope , the Saudi-led military intervention known as the Saudi Arabian-led military intervention. It must also be noted that many of the people killed and injured by the violence in Yemen from March 19, 2015, were victims of the attack on two Zaidi mosques in Sanaa on March 20, 2015, where suicide bombers were during prayers, according to the UN According to the UN, 140 people had killed and 350 wounded and for whom the Yemeni branch of IS had declared itself responsible.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 944 fighters and civilians were killed and around 3,500 others injured in the four weeks from March 19 to April 17, 2015 in the fighting in Yemen. The WHO said, however, there are likely to be far more victims. On April 23, 2015, the permanent UN representative Lembo stated that around 1,100 people had been killed, but there is probably a high number of unreported cases.

According to a spokesman for the Saudi Arabian Defense Ministry on April 11, 2015 and the spokesman for the Anti-Houthi Alliance on April 12, 2015, 500 Houthi rebels had been killed in the border area since the start of the air strikes by the Arab Military Alliance in Yemen .

See also : Section "Fatalities" in "Operation Restoring Hope"

Civilians killed and injured

Most of the fatalities were civilians. According to the spokesman for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), Rupert Colville, at least 551 civilians have been killed in Yemen between the start of the Saudi-led air offensive on March 26 and the end of Operation Decisive Storm on April 22, 2015, According to UNICEF, according to conservative information, at least 115 children and 1,185 civilians were injured.

Most of the 115 children, but at least 64, who were killed between March 26 and April 20, 2015, were victims of air strikes, according to UNICEF spokesman Christophe Boulierac, while 26 of the children were victims of dud bombs and mines, and 19 of them were rifled , three were killed by shell fire and three by "unconfirmed causes related to the conflict". 172 children were mutilated from injuries. According to UNICEF, at least 140 children have been recruited by armed groups during this period since March 26, 2015.

According to some media reports, more than 500 civilians were killed in the fighting in Yemen within two weeks, according to the UN.

Displacement and flight

According to information from the permanent UN representative Lembo on April 23, 2015, around 150,000 people had been forced to flee, but there is probably a high number of unreported cases.

Internally displaced persons during Operation Restoring Hope, according to UN information

Recorded period (in brackets: publication)	Number across Yemen	swell
March 26th - April 11th (13th)	121,275
March 26th - (April 17th)	150,000
in addition to 330,000 pre-conflict internally displaced persons and 250,000 refugees in Yemen mainly from Somalia

Military effect

In the period from March 26, 2015 until the end of Operation Decisive Storm was announced around four weeks later , the military coalition reportedly carried out more than 2000 air strikes on the Houthi rebels and their allies in the army on April 19, in the 25 days until April 19, 2,300. The permanent representative of the UN in Yemen, Paolo Lembo, who, depending on the source, had a staff of 800 to 1,000 UN employees in Yemen, estimated on April 23, 2015 the number of air strikes in Yemen since the start of the Saudi-led air force operation on April 26 March to over 4,000.

After the announced end of the military offensive, it was described as "successful" by the Saudi ruling family, while the western media described it as "chaotic" (Christoph Sydow / Der Spiegel ). During the four-week bombing in Yemen, the Saudi Arabian military succeeded in destroying arsenals that had previously been captured by the Houthis, including a missile dump in Sanaa. However, the announced strategic goals had not been achieved and doubts about the planning, precision and success of the military operation were raised in the media for various reasons:

• Despite the four-week air raid, the rebels barely lost any territory and continued to control the capital Sanaa and large parts of the country. The military might of the Houthi rebels and their ally, former Yemeni President Salih, had not been destroyed.
• The de facto disempowered President Hadi was still in exile in Saudi Arabia. The goal of reinstating Hadi's old Yemeni government had not been achieved, nor did it seem near.
• After the end of the military offensive, the largest province in the country, the Hadramaut, was almost completely in the hands of the terrorist group AQAP and allied tribal fighters. The jihadists had benefited from Saudi Arabia's air strikes and now control a stretch of coast several hundred kilometers long on the Gulf of Aden.
• Governments dropped out of the military coalition of ten states that were supposed to take part in the war against the Houthis or only took part symbolically, such as Pakistan, Sudan and Morocco.
• The ground invasion already announced as imminent by Saudi Arabia and Egypt did not materialize.
• Only a few hours before the end of the military operation was announced, the Saudi King Salman had mobilized the Saudi National Guard , which had initially raised expectations that Saudi Arabia could launch a ground offensive or be used to secure the southern metropolis of Aden and its port facilities.
• The humanitarian costs were considered too high. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 900 people, including hundreds of civilians, have been killed and 3,500 injured since the air strikes began. Saudi Arabia's air force bombed refugee camps and - according to Human Rights Watch, possibly deliberately in the sense of a war crime - a food depot run by the aid organization Oxfam , which included facilities for drinking water supply for thousands of families in Sa'da and whose exact location coordinates Oxfam had previously reported had indicated to the armed forces of the Saudi-led military coalition to avoid fire. The reason given by a US government official to the New York Times was that there had been a number of discussions between US, Saudi Arabia and UAE officials about ending the bombing in the days leading up to the end of the air offensive to: "The collateral damage is simply too great". According to the New York Times , contrary to the official Saudi Arabian account, in the days preceding the end of the military offensive, the US government pushed for Saudi Arabia to end the air strikes. According to the New York Times , US officials and diplomats for the Middle East should have admitted in private talks that the growing humanitarian catastrophe of the deaths of hundreds of civilians and the embargo on food, fuel, water and medicine are clearly a calculated factor in the Saudi calculation.

The US government, which had described Iranian Foreign Minister Sarif's call for a diplomatic solution published in the New York Times on April 20, 2015 as "ironic", then welcomed the end of the bombing on April 21, as did Iran April 2015.

The spokeswoman for the Iranian Foreign Ministry, Marzieh Afkham, commented on the end of the military offensive by saying that Iran had "always emphasized that there is no military solution to the crisis in Yemen". The declaration from Saudi Arabia is therefore a step in the right direction. The fact that Iran's deputy foreign minister, Hossein Amir Abdollahian, had announced a ceasefire in Yemen a few hours before it was proclaimed fueled speculation that Saudi Arabia was negotiating a compromise with Iran on the power struggle in Yemen.

Operation Restoring Hope (from April 22nd)

→ Main articles : Operation Restoring Hope  and Military Intervention in Yemen 2015

On April 21, 2015, the Saudi Arabian leadership announced and signaled an end to the air strikes in the form carried out up to then, as part of the so-called Operation "Restoring Hope" (or "Renewal of Hope", German: "Restoration of Hope") or "Renewed Hope") to work on a political solution, but subsequently Saudi Arabia and the military alliance it led continued their bombardments in many parts of Yemen with practically uninterrupted and unabated attacks, without it becoming apparent in what way Saudi Arabia Arabia intended to achieve its officially stated goal of restoring Hadi.

The Foreign Minister of the Yemeni government-in-exile, Hadi, revoked the end of Operation Decisive Storm and announced the continuation of the military operation.

The weeks of fierce fighting between Houthi rebels and their allied army units with the troops and militias of President Hadi, as well as the air strikes since the end of March by the Arab military alliance led by Saudi Arabia and supported by the US, continued during Operation Restoring Hope .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Yemen: “Aden is a ghost town” ( memento from April 7, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 6, 2015.
2. ↑ Yemen is sinking into chaos ( memento from April 13, 2015 on WebCite ) , inforadio.de, April 12, 2015, by Mareike Transfeld.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Aims of the Yemeni militia - Who are the Houthis? ( Memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, March 29, 2015.
4. ↑ Middle East expert on the conflict in Yemen - "The risk of attacks is growing" ( Memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, March 26, 2015.
5. ↑ ^{a b} Mareike Transfeld, in: Saudi Arabia's air strikes further destabilize Yemen ( Memento from April 15, 2015 on WebCite ) , Science and Politics Foundation, Briefly, March 31, 2015. Also published as: Guest contribution: How Saudi Arabia den Yemen destabilized ( page 1 ( memento of April 13, 2015 on WebCite ), page 2 ( memento of April 13, 2015 on WebCite ), page 3 ( memento of April 13, 2015 on WebCite )), Handelsblatt, April 5, 2015.
6. ↑ Fight against former friends - The West is so deep in the Yemen war ( memento from April 11, 2015 on WebCite ) , n-tv.de, April 7, 2015, by Christoph Herwartz.
7. ↑ ^{a b c} Background: The actors in the chaos of Yemen ( memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, March 27, 2015, by Peter Steffe.
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Why war against Yemen now? ( Memento from April 9, 2015 on WebCite ) , Telepolis, April 9, 2015, by Georg Meggle.
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Russia calls for an interruption of the air strikes in Yemen ( memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 4, 2015.
10. ↑ Yemen expert: “Al-Qaeda will most likely benefit from the conflict” ( Memento from April 13, 2015 on WebCite ) , derstandard.at, April 13, 2015 (Teresa Eder, derStandard.at, April 10, 2015), interview by Teresa Eder with Marie-Christine Heinze.
11. ↑ Saudi 'Decisive Storm' waged to save Yemen ( memento June 13, 2015 on WebCite ), Al Arabiya News, March 25, 2015 (nominal). With embedding of: JPG (The “Decisive Storm Coalition”) ( Memento from June 14, 2015 on WebCite ), Al Arabiya News, [undated].
12. ↑ ^{a b c} War in Yemen - Pakistan does not take part in air strikes ( page 1 ( memento of April 11, 2015 on WebCite ), page 2 ( memento of April 11, 2015 on WebCite )), Handelsblatt, April 10, 2015.
13. ↑ ^{a b c d} Yemen - Iran calls for a ceasefire, Saudi Arabia rejects it ( Memento from April 12, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 12, 2015.
14. ↑ Heavy fighting in Yemen - "Conflict threatens to take on a religious dimension" ( Memento from April 13, 2015 on WebCite ) , deutschlandfunk.de, Interview by Dirk-Oliver Heckmann with Guido Steinberg, April 7, 2015.
15. ↑ ^{a b c} Military operation in Yemen: Saudi Arabia forges alliance against Iran ( Memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , Der Spiegel, March 26, 2015, by Christoph Sydow.
16. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Houthi rebels - The fight for Yemen is only just beginning ( Memento from April 12, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, March 26, 2015, by Martin Gehlen.
17. ↑ Human rights activists see evidence of cluster bombs in Yemen ( Memento from May 3, 2015 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, May 3, 2015.
18. ↑ Saudi-led campaign drops US-made cluster bombs on Yemen rebels: HRW ( Memento of 4 May 2015 Webcite ) (English). Aljazeera America, May 3, 2015.
19. ↑ Yemen: Saudi-led coalition faces claims of ground offensive and cluster bomb use ( Memento from May 4, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). euronews.com, May 3, 2015.
20. ↑ Senegal to support Yemen campaign ( Memento of 7 June 2015 Webcite ) (English). BBC News, May 5, 2015.
21. ↑ ^{a b c d} Fighting in Yemen - 45 dead in air raid ( memento from April 7, 2015 on WebCite ) , sueddeutsche.de, March 30, 2015.
22. ↑ ^{a b} Crisis in Yemen: Arab League decides on reaction force ( memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, March 29, 2015.
23. ↑ ^{a b c d e} “Storm of Determination”: Saudi Arabia starts military operation in Yemen ( memento from April 7, 2015 on WebCite ), blick.ch, March 26, 2015.
24. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Despite the ongoing fighting, the signs point to a ceasefire in Yemen ( Memento from May 10, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, May 10, 2015.
25. ↑ ^{a b} Saudi alliance against the Houthi militia - attacks in Yemen continued ( memento from April 7, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, March 27, 2015.
26. ↑ ^{a b c} Fight against Houthi rebels - Saudi Arabia agrees to cease fire in Yemen ( memento from May 7, 2015 on WebCite ) , faz.net, May 7, 2015, by Markus Bickel.
27. ↑ What can we do in 5 days? Aid workers skeptical of Saudi truce ( Memento of 8 May 2015 Webcite ) (English). IRIN Middle East, May 7, 2015, by Almigdad Mojalli.
28. ↑ Saving the Saudis From Their Yemen Disaster ( Memento of 11 May 2015 Webcite ) (English). Bloomberg View, May 10, 2015, from Bloomberg View's editorials.
29. ↑ ^{a b} Civilian Casualties Amid Airstrikes in Yemen ( Memento from May 8, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), The New York Times, April 30, 2015 (update), by Sarah Almukhtar, Jeremy Ashkenas, Joe Burgess, KK Rebecca Lai, Sergio Peçanha and Jeremy White.
30. ↑ spiegel.de March 29, 2015: Military operation in Yemen: Arab League plans joint armed force
31. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Conflict in Yemen - air strikes trigger wave of refugees ( memento from April 7, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, March 30, 2015.
32. ↑ ^{a b} Fighting again in the South Yemeni port city of Aden ( Memento from May 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , de.reuters.com, April 6, 2015.
33. ↑ Iran sends warships to the Gulf of Aden , Spiegel. online, April 8, 2015
34. ↑ Gulf of Aden Iran sends warships towards Yemen ( Memento of 14 April 2015 Webcite ) , welt.de, April 8, 2015.
35. ↑ ^{a b c} War in Yemen: USA accelerates arms deliveries to Saudi Arabia ( memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 8, 2015.
36. ↑ ^{a b} Houthi rebels - A humanitarian catastrophe looms in Yemen - In its anger against Iran, Saudi Arabia gives al-Qaeda a free hand in embattled Yemen ( Memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , badische-zeitung.de, April 8, 2015, by Michael Wrase.
37. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} War on many fronts in Yemen: Al-Qaeda offers bounty for the Houthi boss ( memento from April 9, 2015 on WebCite ) , n-tv.de, April 9, 2015.
38. ↑ ^{a b c d} Yemen continues to slide into chaos: Saudi attack kills extended family ( memento from April 9, 2015 on WebCite ) , n-tv.de, April 4, 2015.
39. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Civil War in Yemen - Houthis conquer the provincial capital ( memento from April 10, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, April 9, 2015.
40. ^ Yemen: Houthi conquer oil fields in Atak ( Memento from April 10, 2015 on WebCite ) , DiePresse.com, April 9, 2015.
41. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Fights in Yemen - Worse by the Hour ( Memento from April 11, 2015 on WebCite ) , taz.de, April 10, 2015, by Dominic Johnson.
42. ↑ ^{a b c} Advance of the Houthi militia - Saudi air force bombs the military academy in Yemen ( memento from April 12, 2015 on WebCite ) , sueddeutsche.de, April 11, 2015.
43. ↑ Newsweek April 11, 2015 Yemeni Militiamen Claim Capture of Iranian Military Officers (English)
44. ^ War in Yemen - allegedly officers of the Iranian elite unit captured ( memento from April 14, 2015 on WebCite ) , welt.de, April 12, 2015.
45. ↑ ^{a b} Reports on Arab ground troops in Yemen ( Memento from May 4, 2015 on WebCite ) , Basler Zeitung, May 3, 2015, by Paul-Anton Krüger.
46. ↑ Drone hits Ibrahim al-Rubaisch - USA shoot down top clerics of Al-Qaeda ( memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) , n-tv.de, April 14, 2015.
47. ↑ ^{a b} Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula at a crossroads in Yemen ( Memento from May 3, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Brookings, April 21, 2015 by Daniel L. Byman and Jennifer R. Williams.
48. ↑ Yemen's exiled president appoints conciliatory figure as deputy ( Memento of May 3, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Reuters US, April 13, 2015, by Mohammed Mukhashaf and Angus McDowall.
49. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Civil War - Yemen is against Saudi ground troops ( Memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) , fr-online.de, April 16, 2015.
50. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Beneficiaries of the chaos - Al-Qaeda takes over the airport in Yemen ( memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) , n-tv.de, April 16, 2015.
51. ↑ ^{a b c} Advance of the jihadists: Al-Qaida benefits from Saudi Arabia's war in Yemen ( memento from April 17, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 17, 2015.
52. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Saudi-led Airstrikes Hit Yemen's Houthi Rebels ( Memento from May 4, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Voice Of America, April 20, 2015, by Edward Yeranian.
53. ↑ ^{a b c} Conflict in Yemen - US Navy sends more warships ( memento from April 20, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, April 20, 2015.
54. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Civil War in Yemen - Americans send more warships ( Memento from April 21, 2015 on WebCite ) , faz.net, April 21, 2015.
55. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Yemen - Saudis bomb missile depot - many dead ( memento from April 20, 2015 on WebCite ) , zeit.de, April 20, 2015.
56. ↑ ^{a b} Possible arms deliveries: Iranian ship convoy off Yemen's coast is turning ( memento from April 24, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 24, 2015.
57. ↑ ^{a b c} Civil war - Arab military coalition ends air strikes on Yemen ( memento from April 22, 2015 on WebCite ) , sueddeutsche.de, April 21, 2015.
58. ↑ ^{a b c d} Warning Iran, US Sends Two More Ships to Yemen ( Memento from April 22, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, April 20, 2015, by Michael D. Shear and Matthew Rosenberg.
59. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Civil War - Saudi Arabia ends air strikes in Yemen ( Memento from April 22, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 21, 2015.
60. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Operation in Yemen: Saudi Arabia declares air strikes over ( memento from April 21, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 21, 2015.
61. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Military operation in Yemen - Saudi Arabia announces new phase ( Memento from April 21, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, April 21, 2015.
62. ↑ ^{a b} Houthis in Yemen ready for talks ( memento from April 22, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 22, 2015.
63. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q} Saudi Arabia's military offensive in Yemen: Bombed and nothing won ( Memento from April 22, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 22, 2015, by Christoph Sydow.
64. ↑ Military operation against the Houthi militia - Fighting continues in Yemen ( memento from April 23, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, April 22, 2015.
65. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Military alliance continues air strikes in Yemen ( memento from April 12, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, March 26, 2015.
66. ↑ ^{a b c d} Saudi Arabia - King Salman agrees to the long war in Yemen ( Memento from April 27, 2015 on WebCite ) , faz.net, March 28, 2015.
67. ↑ Bleeding in Yemen - The Looming Humanitarian Crisis ( Memento from April 15, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, April 15, 2015, by Philippe Bolopion and Belkis Wille.
68. ↑ ^{a b} Letter to King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Sa`ud on Armed Conflict in Yemen ( Memento from April 15, 2015 on WebCite ) (English; PDF ( Memento from April 15, 2015 on WebCite )). Human Rights Watch, April 13, 2015 (letter date: April 10, 2015), by Kenneth Roth ( PDF ) on April 16, 2015.
69. ↑ Yemen: Airstrike on Camp Raises Grave Concerns - Saudi-Led, US-backed Attack Killed at Least 29 Civilians ( Memento of 15 April 2015 Webcite ) (English). Human Rights Watch, April 2, 2015.
70. ↑ Protect children from escalating violence in Yemen, UNICEF appeals ( Memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). unicef.org, March 31, 2015.
71. ↑ Human Rights Watch: Letter to US Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter on Armed Conflict in Yemen ( Memento of April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), April 13, 2015 (date of the letter: April 10, 2015), by Kenneth Roth . PDF ( Memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ).
72. ↑ ^{a b} As chaos deepens in Yemen, UN expert warns of 'worst case scenario' displacement ( Memento from May 7, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). UN News Center, April 8, 2015.
73. ↑ Saudi Coalition / US: Curb Civilian Harm in Yemen ( Memento from May 7, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). hrw.org, April 13, 2015.
74. ↑ ^{a b c} Unicef ​​estimates: At least 74 children killed in Yemen ( memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 7, 2015.
75. ↑ ^{a b c} War in Yemen - More and more children killed and injured ( Memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , unicef.de, April 7, 2015.
76. ↑ ^{a b c d e} New attempt at a UN resolution on Yemen? ( Memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 8, 2015.
77. ↑ ^{a b c} China also calls for a ceasefire in Yemen ( memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 7, 2015.
78. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Criticism of Saudi Arabia's aid - Russians demand “humanitarian ceasefire” in Yemen ( page 1 ( memento from April 11, 2015 on WebCite ), page 2 ( memento from April 11, 2015 on WebCite )), Handelsblatt , April 5, 2015.
79. ↑ Yemen: Stadium and Military Academy under fire from the air ( memento from April 13, 2015 on WebCite ) , euronews.com, April 13, 2015.
80. ^ Civil war in Yemen - fighting in Aden continues - 30 new deaths ( memento from April 13, 2015 on WebCite ) , rp-online.de, April 13, 2015.
81. ↑ WHO: Almost 650 dead in fighting in Yemen ( memento from April 15, 2015 on WebCite ) , ORF.at, April 8, 2015.
82. ↑ ^{a b} Yemen - USA start air refueling of Saudi Arabian fighter jets ( memento from April 15, 2015 on WebCite ) , welt.de, April 9, 2015.
83. ↑ Yemen is slipping into a humanitarian catastrophe ( memento from April 12, 2015 on WebCite ) , derstandard.at, April 12, 2015 (print version: Der Standard, April 13, 2015), by Astrid Frefel.
84. ↑ ^{a b c d e} U.S.-Backed Saudi War in Yemen Continues as Aid Groups Describe "Catastrophic" Humanitarian Crisis ( Memento from April 24, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Democracy Now, April 23, 2015.
85. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Amid rising death toll in Yemen, UN urges humanitarian access, respect for international law ( Memento from April 29, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). UN News Center, April 24, 2015.
86. ↑ ^{a b} 900 Yemeni refugees have arrived in Africa ( memento from April 29, 2015 on WebCite ) , unhcr.de, April 10, 2015.
87. ↑ ^{a b c} Yemen - UN special envoy resigns ( memento from April 17, 2015 on WebCite ) , Wirtschaftswoche, April 16, 2015.
88. ^ ^{A b} Evacuation - Germans rescued from Yemen Hell ( Memento from April 17, 2015 on WebCite ) , bild.de, April 17, 2015.
89. ↑ Shelter shortages emerging as major concern for Yemen's displaced (English). unhcr.org, April 17, 2015, accessed April 29, 2015.
90. ↑ Yemen: Warehouse Strike Threatens Aid Delivery - Inquiry Still Needed If Saudi Led Bombing Campaign Ends ( Memento of 9 May 2015 Webcite ) (English). hrw.org, April 23, 2015.
91. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} War in Yemen - civilians die in air raid ( memento from April 20, 2015 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, April 20, 2015.
92. ↑ ^{a b} Top Yemen scholars in the West condemn Saudi Arabia war ( Memento from April 19, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The Washington Post - Blogs, April 18, 2015, by Ishaan Tharoor.
93. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} War in Yemen - Iran warns Saudi Arabia of the "seeds of hatred" ( memento from April 19, 2015 on WebCite ) , welt.de, April 18, 2015.
94. ↑ ^{a b c} Former president defiant as humanitarian toll mounts in Yemen war ( Memento from April 19, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Reuters US, April 17, 2015, by Mohamed Mokashaf.
95. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Yemen rejects Iranian peace plan ( memento from April 19, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 19, 2015.
96. ↑ Yemen's health system before the collapse ( memento from April 22, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 21, 2015.
97. ↑ World - Events - ECHO Daily Map - 18/6/2015 ( Memento from June 19, 2015 on WebCite ) , reliefweb.int (European Commission Humanitarian Aid department), June 18, 2015 ( PDF ( Memento from 19 June 2015) . June 2015 on WebCite )).
98. ↑ ^{a b} Crisis in Yemen - Obama warns Iran against arms deliveries to Houthis ( memento from April 22, 2015 on WebCite ) , faz.net, April 21, 2015.
99. ↑ ^{a b} Yemen: Saudi Arabia bombs missile depot in Sanaa ( memento from April 21, 2015 on WebCite ) , DiePresse.com, April 20, 2015.
100. ↑ ^{a b} Saudi Arabia examines the use of ground forces in Yemen ( Memento from May 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , de.reuters.com, May 7, 2015.
101. ↑ ^{a b} Yemen's president on the run - government asks foreign countries for help ( memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , Die Welt, March 26, 2015.
102. ↑ Yemen's foreign minister calls for a ground offensive - numerous dead in the dairy factory fire ( memento from April 26, 2015 on WebCite ) , Welt.de, April 1, 2015.
103. ↑ ^{a b} Yemen's government against the use of Saudi ground forces ( memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) , Reuters Germany, April 16, 2015.
104. ↑ ^{a b} Yemen's Government Rejects Iranian Peace Plan ( Memento from April 19, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). NBC News, April 19, 2015.
105. ↑ ^{a b c d} Yemen rejects Iran peace plan - China wants to mediate ( memento from April 23, 2015 on WebCite ) , April 19, 2015.
106. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} War in Yemen: USA and Great Britain support Saudi Arabia's intervention ( memento from April 10, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, March 26, 2015.
107. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s} World powers react to 'Decisive Storm' in Yemen ( Memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), Al Arabiya News, 26, March 2015.
108. ↑ Yemen as the plaything of world powers? ( Memento from April 11, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 8, 2015.
109. ↑ ^{a b} Yemen conflict: UN imposes arms embargo on Houthis ( memento from April 14, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 14, 2015.
110. ↑ ^{a b} Yemen - UN Security Council imposes arms embargo on Houthi rebels ( Memento from April 14, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 14, 2015.
111. ↑ ^{a b} UN supplements black list - arms embargo against the Houthi militia in Yemen ( memento from April 14, 2015 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, April 14, 2015.
112. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Yemen conflict: UN special envoy gives up ( memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 16, 2015.
113. ↑ ^{a b c} Hopeless mediation mission - UN envoy for Yemen gives up ( Memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) , n-tv.de, April 16, 2015.
114. ↑ ^{a b} Egypt Says It May Send Troops to Yemen to Fight Houthis ( Memento from May 8, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). nytimes.com, March 26, 2015, by David D. Kirkpatrick.
115. ↑ Foreign Minister Steinmeier on the escalation of violence in Yemen: "The situation is dangerous, not just for the Gulf region" ( Memento from April 23, 2015 on WebCite ) , bild.de, March 27, 2015, by Rolf Kleine.
116. ↑ Germany 'understands' Saudis' military action in Yemen ( Memento from April 23, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Journal Of Turkish Weekly, March 28, 2015.
117. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Conflict in Yemen - Special Envoy resigns ( Memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) , faz.net, April 16, 2015.
118. ↑ Video: Bloody power struggle in Yemen ( Memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) (Video: MP4 ( Memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite )), tagesschau.de, March 30, 2015 (Tagesthemen, 10:15 p.m.), by Volker Schwenck.
119. ↑ ^{a b c} Iraqi Prime Minister: Saudi Arabia's Yemen mission “without logic” ( memento from April 17, 2015 on WebCite ) , derstandard.at, April 16, 2015.
120. ^ Tensions Flare Between Iraq and Saudi Arabia in US Coalition ( Memento from April 17, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, April 15, 2015, by Michael R. Gordon and Eric Schmitt.
121. ↑ United Nations Iran calls for an end to the air strikes on Yemen ( memento from April 18, 2015 on WebCite ) , Zeit Online, April 18, 2015.
122. ↑ Mohammad Javad Zarif: A Message From Iran ( Memento from April 21, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, April 20, 2015, by Mohammad Javad Zarif.
123. ↑ Iran - Big Iran, Little Yemen ( Memento from April 24, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, March 27, 2015, by Kersten Knipp.
124. ↑ Erdogan in Tehran - Iran and Turkey demonstrate unity ( memento from April 15, 2015 on WebCite ) , deutschlandfunk.de, April 7, 2015.
125. ↑ ^{a b} Yemen Crisis Looms as Kerry Meets With Iranian Counterpart on Nuclear Deal ( Memento from April 28, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, April 27, 2015, by Michael R. Gordon and Thomas Erdbrink.
126. ↑ ^{a b} Lebanese factions battle to control Yemen narrative ( Memento from April 21, 2015 on WebCite ) , Al Jazeera, April 18, 2015, by Nour Samaha.
127. ↑ ^{a b} An extra portion of cynicism - Roland Etzel on the lack of a ceasefire in the Yemen war ( memento from April 8, 2015 on WebCite ) , new-deutschland.de, April 7, 2015, by Roland Etzel.
128. ↑ Saudi Arabia - King initiates generation change ( memento from April 30, 2015 on WebCite ) , faz.net, April 29, 2015.
129. ↑ What you should know about the war in Yemen ( memento April 10, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, March 31, 2015, by Dennis Stute.
130. ↑ National Security - Iraqi prime minister fears Yemen conflict could spark wider sectarian war ( Memento from April 17, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The Washington Post, April 15, 2015, by Karen DeYoung.
131. ↑ Sudan: Somalia Allows Sudan to Use Berbera Airbase to Hit Houthis ( Memento from May 6, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). allafrica.com, March 30, 2015.
132. ^ Fight against the Houthi rebels - Yemen divides the region ( Memento from April 14, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesspiegel.de, April 14, 2015, by Martin Gehlen.
133. ↑ UK 'will support Saudi-led assault on Yemeni rebels - but not engaging in combat' ( Memento of 7 June 2015 Webcite ) (English). The Telegraph, March 27, 2015 by Peter Foster, Louisa Loveluck and Almigdad Mojalli.
134. ↑ Saudi-led naval blockade leaves 20 m Yemenis facing humanitarian disaster ( Memento from June 5, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The Guardian, June 5, 2015, by Julian Borger.
135. ↑ US understands Saudis' military action in Yemen: State Dept ( Memento from April 23, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Reuters US, March 26, 2015.
136. ^ Civil war in Yemen - Saudis bomb Houthi rebels ( Memento from May 4, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, March 26, 2015.
137. ↑ "Genocide" in Yemen - New front between the USA and Iran looming ( Memento from April 11, 2015 on WebCite ) , t-online.de, April 9, 2015.
138. ^ War in Yemen - Americans Rescue Saudi Pilots ( Memento April 21, 2015 on WebCite ) , faz.net, March 28, 2015.
139. ↑ ^{a b} UN special envoy for Yemen submits resignation ( memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) , Deutsche Welle, April 16, 2015.
140. ↑ ^{a b} U.N. Envoy in Yemen Conflict Says He Will Resign ( Memento of 16 April 2015 Webcite ) (English). The New York Times, April 15, 2015, by Somini Sengupta and Rick Gladstone.
141. ^ ^{A b} Yemen - UN special envoy resigns ( memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) , deutschlandfunk.de, April 16, 2015.
142. ↑ ^{a b} Conflict in Yemen - UN envoy Benomar gives up ( memento from April 16, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, April 16, 2015.
143. ↑ ^{a b} No end to violence - 92 people die in fighting in Yemen ( memento from April 26, 2015 on WebCite ) , n-tv.de, April 25, 2015.
144. ↑ Open Letter from Yemen Scholars Protesting War ( Memento of 19 April 2015 Webcite ) (English). Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP), April 16, 2015.
145. ↑ ^{a b} [Yemen - Health facility-based reported deaths and injuries] (English). WHO EMRO, version dated June 23, 2015, accessed June 23, 2015; Original publication : Yemen crisis: Health facility-based reported deaths and injuries, 19 March — 17 June 2015 . WHO EMRO, [undated], accessed June 23, 2015.
146. ^ Yemen: Humanitarian Catastrophe Situation Report No. 12 (22 June 2015) ( Memento from June 24, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), reliefweb.int (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), June 22, 2015 ( PDF ( Memento from June 24, 2015 on WebCite ) ).
147. ↑ Press briefing note on Yemen, Syria and Somalia ( Memento of 14 June 2015 Webcite ) (English). United Nations Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), March 31, 2015.
148. ↑ Yemen: The world must be prepared for rapid collapse into mass displacement crisis - UN expert ( Memento from May 8, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). United Nations Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), April 8, 2015.
149. ↑ OCHA Yemen: Escalating Conflict Flash Update 6 - 8 April 2015 (10.00) ( Memento from May 16, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), reliefweb.int (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), April 8, 2015 ( PDF ( Memento from May 16, 2015 on WebCite ).
150. ↑ Yemen: Zeid calls for investigations into civilian casualties ( Memento from May 12, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, April 14, 2015.
151. ↑ Press briefing note on Yemen and Mali ( Memento of 12 May 2015 Webcite ) (English). UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, April 14, 2015.
152. ↑ Flash Appeal for Yemen (April 1, 2015 to June 30, 2015) ( Memento from May 12, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). reliefweb.int (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), April 17, 2015. PDF ( Memento from May 12, 2015 on WebCite ).
153. ↑ Yemen Protection Cluster: Daily Situation Update, No. 16 (April 15 - 18, 2015) ( Memento from May 12, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). reliefweb.int (UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Protection Cluster), April 18, 2015. PDF ( Memento from May 12, 2015 on WebCite ).
154. ↑ Yemen: Escalating Conflict Flash Update 14 - April 20, 2015 (10.00) ( Memento from May 12, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). reliefweb.int (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), April 20, 2015. PDF ( Memento from May 12, 2015 on WebCite ).
155. ↑ Press briefing notes on Yemen update, Libya and Guatemala ( Memento of May 8, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). United Nations Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), April 24, 2015.
156. ↑ Yemen: Escalating Conflict Flash Update 18 - April 24, 2015 (10:00) ( Memento from May 12, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, April 24, 2015. PDF ( Memento of May 12, 2015 on WebCite ).
157. ↑ OCHA Yemen: Escalating Conflict Flash Update 3 - 5 April 2015 (10.00) ( Memento from May 16, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), reliefweb.int (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), April 5, 2015 ( PDF ( Memento from May 16, 2015 on WebCite ).
158. ↑ OCHA Yemen: Escalating Conflict Flash Update 4 - 6 April 2015 (10.00) ( Memento from May 16, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), reliefweb.int (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), April 6, 2015 ( PDF ( Memento from May 16, 2015 on WebCite ).
159. ↑ ^{a b} OCHA Yemen: Escalating Conflict Flash Update 5 - 7 April 2015 (10.00) ( Memento from 16 May 2015 on WebCite ) (English), reliefweb.int (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), 7 April 2015 ( PDF ( Memento from May 16, 2015 on WebCite )).
160. ↑ ^{a b} R2P Monitor ( Memento from May 18, 2015 on WebCite ) (English; PDF), Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect Country, R2P Monitor, Issue 21, May 15, 2015, p. 18f.
161. ↑ ^{a b c} AP Interview: Yemen peace talks inevitable, says UN official ( Memento from April 29, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). dailymail.co.uk, April 23, 2015.
162. ↑ ^{a b c} Multiple air raids hit Yemen despite calls for talks ( Memento from April 29, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Al Jazeera, April 23, 2015.
163. ↑ ^{a b c} Saudi-led airstrikes bomb Yemen's Shiite rebels in 6 cities ( Memento from April 30, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). news.yahoo.com (AP bulletin) April 23, 2015, by Ahmed Al-Haj.
164. ↑ ^{a b c} Saudis bomb further ( memento from April 30, 2015 on WebCite ) , Junge Welt, April 29, 2015, by Knut Mellenthin.
165. ↑ ^{a b} Riyadh: More than 500 Houthi rebels killed in Yemen ( memento from April 12, 2015 on WebCite ) , April 12, 2015.
166. ↑ ^{a b} Yemen at War - Hadi appoints a Vice President ( memento from April 14, 2015 on WebCite ) , nzz.ch, April 14, 2015, by Jürg Bischoff.
167. ↑ 115 children killed since the start of Saudi-led Yemen offensive ( Memento from April 24, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The Washington Post, April 24, 2015, by Ahmed al-Haj.
168. ↑ ^{a b c d} Hundreds of children killed, injured in 'devastating' Yemen conflict: UN ( Memento from April 24, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Reuters US, April 24, 2015, by Kieran Guilbert.
169. ↑ ^{a b} UNICEF: 115 children killed in Yemen hostilities ( Memento from April 24, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). Deutsche Welle, April 24, 2015.
170. ↑ ^{a b c d} 'Over 115' children killed in Yemen was - UN agency UNICEF says about half were killed by air strikes, and others by mines, gunshots, and shelling ( Memento of 24 April 2015 Webcite ) (English). Al Jazeera, April 24, 2015.
171. ^ War in Yemen - More than 1200 children killed by air strikes ( memento from April 24, 2015 on WebCite ) , Handelsblatt, April 24, 2015.
172. ↑ ^{a b} First UN flights brings emergency aid to Yemen ( Memento from May 17, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). unhcr.org, May 15, 2015; with reference to the original: http://www.unhcr.org/55561d7b9.html
173. ↑ ^{a b} Yemen Situation UNHCR Crisis Update # 6 (English). unhcr.org, May 22, 2015, accessed May 28, 2015.
174. ↑ OCHA Yemen: Escalating Conflict Flash Update 10 - 13 April 2015 ( Memento from May 16, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), reliefweb.int (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), April 13, 2015 ( PDF ( Memento from May 16, 2015 on WebCite )).
175. ↑ Yemen: Escalating Conflict Flash Update 20 - April 28, 2015 ( Memento from April 29, 2015 on WebCite ) (English), UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), April 28, 2015 ( PDF ( Memento from April 29 , 2015) . April 2015 on WebCite )).
176. ↑ ^{a b c} Saudi Arabia cannot win the conflict in Yemen by military means ( Memento from May 1, 2015 on WebCite ) , Badische Zeitung, April 23, 2015, by Karim El-Gawhary.
177. ↑ ^{a b c d} Saudi military operation: Poker in Yemen ( memento from May 10, 2015 on WebCite ) , derstandard.at, April 22, 2015 (print version: April 23, 2015), by Gudrun Harrer.
178. ↑ ^{a b c} Saudi Resolve on Yemen Reflects Limits of US Strategy ( Memento from April 24, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, April 22, 2015, by Eric Schmitt and Michael R. Gordon.
179. ↑ ^{a b} Saudi's Announce Halt to Yemen Bombing Campaign ( Memento from April 22, 2015 on WebCite ) (English). The New York Times, April 21, 2015, by Kareem Fahim and Mark Mazzetti.
180. ↑ ^{a b} Yemen: Saudi Arabia donates $ 274 million for humanitarian actions ... ( Memento April 24, 2015 on WebCite ) , Telepolis, April 23, 2015, by Thomas Pany.
181. ↑ Again, Saudi air strikes in Yemen ( memento from April 26, 2015 on WebCite ) , sueddeutsche.de, April 26, 2015.
182. ↑ ^{a b} Sunni Alliance continues air strikes - Yemen - no peace in sight ( Memento from April 28, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, April 28, 2015, by Sabine Rossi.
183. ↑ Saudi Arabia continues fight against Houthi - fighter jets bomb targets in Yemen ( memento from April 27, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, April 27, 2015.
184. ^ Yemen conflict - Saudi fighter jets bomb Houthi rebels in South Yemen ( memento from April 27, 2015 on WebCite ) , rp-online.de, April 27, 2015.
185. ↑ Assault on border posts - Houthi rebels attack Saudi Arabia ( Memento from May 1, 2015 on WebCite ) , n-tv.de, May 1, 2015.

Remarks

1. ↑ The categorization of a war party as a "Hadi Loyalist" made in the international media is controversial in its form and designation (source: e.g. Susanne Dahlgren and Anne-Linda Amira Augustin, in: The Multiple Wars in Yemen ( Memento from 19. June 2015 on WebCite ) , Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP), June 18, 2015). It was pointed out that “anti-Houthi” should not be equated with “Hadi-loyal”, especially since the Yemeni interim president Hadi was never politically strong (source: e.g. Gudrun Harrer in: Analyze - Al-Qaeda is in Yemen the laughing third party ( memento from July 18, 2015 on WebCite ) , derstandard.at, July 18, 2015).
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e} A few days after the military alliance officially announced by the Saudi Arabian-led military alliance for the night of April 22, 2015 (source: Yemen: New air strikes despite the announced stop ( memento of April 22, 2015 on WebCite ) , DiePresse .com, April 22, 20915) The end of Operation Decisive Storm , the Foreign Minister of the Yemeni government in exile, Hadi, Rijad Jassin, declared that Operation Decisive Storm had not ended but would be continued (sources: Ahmed Aboulenein, in: Yemeni foreign minister rejects peace talks call from ex-president ( Memento from May 6, 2015 on WebCite ) , Reuters US, April 26, 2015. Sabine Rossi, in: Sunni Alliance continues air strikes - Yemen - no peace in sight ( Memento from April 28, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, April 28, 2015).
3. ↑ Knut Mellenthin expressed the opinion in the Junge Welt that the Houthi fighters of the Ansar Allah in the street fighting in Aden were the main opponents of separatist militias of the Southern Popular Resistance , which sought to restore the southern state, which was united with the north in 1990, but in western media mostly referred to as followers of Hadi (source: Knut Mellenthin, in: Cluster bombs and blockade - Saudi Arabia starves Yemen, but lets supplies for Al-Qaida through ( Memento from May 6, 2015 on WebCite ) , jungewelt.de, May 5, 2015).
4. ↑ ^{a b} On May 15, 2015, Oxfam corrected its condemnation of April 19, 2015 on the air strike on the food warehouse, which contained humanitarian supplies. Oxfam now knows that the location coordinates of the food warehouse have actually not been passed on to the military coalition, which is why Oxfam has changed the statement and formally withdrawn the previous version. Oxfam, however, stands by the condemnation of the destruction of the food warehouse. (Source: Rania El Gamal, in: Aid agency Oxfam corrects statement on Yemen air strike ( Memento on the 13 July 2015 Webcite ) , reuters.com (English), May 15, 2015).
5. ↑ ^{a b c d} The WHO death toll does not differentiate between civilians and fighters (Source: The WHO toll does not distinguish between civilians and fighters ( Memento from April 22, 2015 on WebCite ) , Daily Mail / AFP report, April 21, 2015 ). While some media reproduce the UN / WHO death tariff information as information about "fighters and civilians" (e.g. mission in Yemen: Saudi Arabia declares air strikes over ( memento from April 21, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 21, 2015. Military operation in Yemen - Saudi Arabia announces new phase ( memento from April 21, 2015 on WebCite ) , tagesschau.de, April 21, 2015), other media relate the information to “civilians” (e .g . Much front war in Yemen: Al-Qaeda praises bounty for Houthi chief from ( Memento of 9 April 2015 Webcite ) , in n-tv.de, April 9, 2015. Christoph Sydow: Saudi Arabia's military offensive in Yemen bombed and nothing gained ( memento from April 22, 2015 on WebCite ) , Spiegel Online, April 22, 2015).