Pan-European Union

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Flag of the Pan-Europa Union

The Paneuropean Union (alternative spelling Paneuropaunion ) was founded in 1922, making it the oldest European unification movement still in existence. It had its historic seat in its central office in the Vienna Hofburg and is considered a pan movement . The Pan-Europa Union advocates a politically and economically united, democratic and peaceful Europe based on Christian-occidental values in the spirit of European federalism .

Politically, the unification was persecuted by the National Socialists from 1933 in Germany and from 1938 also in Austria and at the same time wiped out. It then sank into insignificance and after the death of Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi became an influential association of notables . When Otto von Habsburg took over the leadership , the claim to leadership of the former Austrian nobility was retained in the movement and the political spectrum of the association's members was increasingly limited to the strongly conservative camp.

Otto von Habsburg in 1991 when he was awarded the Coudenhove Kalergi Prize of the Paneuropean Union to Helmut Kohl

distribution

The Paneuropean Union is one of the largest European organizations and in 2016 had member organizations in:

Political activity

The association was founded in 1922 by Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi under the impact of the horrors of the First World War . In 1923 the Ruhr area was occupied by French and Belgian troops. As a de-escalation measure, entrepreneurs interested in Europe supported the Paneuropean Union. The German banker Max M. Warburg was the first to donate . In order to provide regular funding, a pan-European support company was founded under the chairmanship of Robert Bosch . The board of directors also included the general director of Deutsche Linoleum-Werke , Richard Heilner, the supervisory board member of IG Farbenindustrie , Wilhelm Ferdinand Kalle , and Hermann Bücher , managing director of the Reich Association of German Industry and later AEG board member.

With his book Pan-Europa , published in 1923 , Coudenhove-Kalergi started a wave of founding networks for European understanding (e.g. Paneuropean Movement, Association for European Understanding). He called for a European Monroe doctrine based on the motto “Europe for Europeans!”. Coudenhove-Kalergi founded the magazine "Pan-Europa" in 1924 and set up an association for which the Austrian Chancellor Ignaz Seipel provided him with premises in the Vienna Hofburg at the intercession of the Czech President Tomas Masaryk . In 1927, under the umbrella of the Paneuropean Union, a "Franco-German Economic Committee" made up of entrepreneurs from both countries, who came together here with the aim of economic European reconstruction.

The German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann supported the Paneuropean idea as did the French Prime Minister Aristide Briand . Later supporters were Winston Churchill , Robert Schuman and Konrad Adenauer . The Austrian section, which was actively promoted by providing resources, was headed by Karl Renner and Ignaz Seipel . As supporters of the Paneuropean Union, Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann also stood up for the creation of the United States of Europe as early as 1925. Further sponsors and supporters of the Paneuropean Union were Carl Bosch , Benedetto Croce , Sigmund Freud , Gerhart Hauptmann , Hugo von Hofmannsthal , Selma Lagerlöf , Ortega y Gasset , Max Reinhardt , Rainer Maria Rilke , Arthur Schnitzler , Richard Strauss , Franz Werfel and Stefan Zweig . Salvador de Madariaga , Charles de Gaulle , Konrad Adenauer, Alfons Goppel , Franz Josef Strauss , Bruno Kreisky and Georges Pompidou are also historical members and sponsors . In contrast to the "Committee for the Community of Interest of the European Peoples" (later also the Bund for European Cooperation ) founded in 1924 , the Paneuropean idea represented an unification of Europe without Great Britain and the USSR. According to Karl Popper , there were at that time liberal in Europe internationalists who after the collapse of the old order after the First World War against the emerging "narrow-minded tribalism" (narrow tribalism to) and totalitarianism struggled. In 1926 national pan-European committees were formed in Budapest and Warsaw with the participation of numerous intellectuals.

From October 3 to 6, 1926, the first Pan-European Congress met in Vienna. About 2,000 delegates from 24 countries attended this meeting. The delegates elected Coudenhove-Kalergi as President of the Union. The Honorary Presidium consisted of Edvard Beneš , the Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia , Joseph Caillaux , the later French Finance Minister, Paul Löbe , the German Reichstag President , Francesco Nitti , the former Prime Minister of Italy, Nicolaos Politis , the former Greek Foreign Minister, and the multiple Austrian Chancellor Ignaz Seipel . At this congress Coudenhove-Kalergi presented his political program: Dismantling the borders between European states, creating a European confederation , equality and understanding among peoples as a prerequisite for peace, freedom and prosperity. In 1927, Ludwig von Mises dealt extensively with the Paneuropean idea, welcoming a confederation of states, but rejecting the customs barriers and any European world power politics.

In Germany, the Paneuropean idea found its most important basis in the parties of the Weimar coalition , but never had a majority in public. In 1930 there was a second Paneuropean Congress in Berlin, 1932 in Basel and 1935 in Lucerne, with most governments and media assessing the Paneuropean movement very positively. In France, it was above all the left-liberal radicals , led by Edouard Herriot , who let themselves be won over to the concept. The change initiated by Herriot, also under the influence of the Paneuropean idea, then led under Aristide Briand to the conclusion of the Locarno Treaties in October 1925 . It is also noteworthy that most pan-Europeans in both countries were in favor of Great Britain becoming a member of the United States of Europe to be created. In Great Britain, however, the response remained very subdued. Unlike in France and Germany, the pan-European idea in the UK didn't even make it onto the front page of a newspaper. In 1935 there was another Pan-European Congress in Vienna, where the possibility of a defensive block or Danube Europe was discussed. The confederation of states never came to fruition, but Coudenhove-Kalergi continually warned strongly against National Socialism, anti-Semitism and Bolshevism and attacked their mentality.

In Germany, the movement was banned by the National Socialists in 1933 and only re-established after the Second World War . With the annexation of Austria, Coudenhove-Kalergi's project was temporarily over. He fled Austria in March 1938 and the National Socialists confiscated his central office in the Vienna Hofburg. In 1945 the documents reached Moscow as booty files. A pan-European congress in New York in March 1943 brought the scattered pan-European exiles together.

After the Second World War , the Paneuropean Union actively supported European integration . At the same time she criticized the one-sided economic orientation and the technocratic functionalism of the emerging institutions. The Christian-conservative profile of the pan-Europeans also set them apart from other pro-European organizations. In his often-quoted speech in Zurich in 1946, Churchill named the pan-European idea as a model and promoted a European confederation. As a spin-off to the Paneuropean Union, Coudenhove-Kalergi founded the European Parliamentarians' Union in 1947 , which in 1949, when the Council of Europe was created, pushed through the establishment of a parliamentary assembly. European parliamentarism was born. In 1965 there was a break with the European movement when it openly spoke out in favor of the socialist challenger François Mitterrand during the French presidential election , while the Paneuropean Union supported the conservative Charles de Gaulle . For the founder of the Paneuropean Union Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi there were 43 unsuccessful nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize between 1931 and 1965.

From 1972 Otto von Habsburg was president of the association. He successfully transformed it into an organization that also made Central Europe "forgotten" in the East-West conflict an issue. In 1975 Bernd Posselt founded the Paneuropean Youth Germany; its current chairman is Franziskus Posselt. Habsburg and the Paneuropean Union promoted cooperation on both sides of the Iron Curtain and established contacts with civil rights organizations such as the Solidarność trade union or "Charter 77" and church institutions in Poland, Hungary, what was then Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia as well as in the Baltic States. Otto von Habsburg reorganized the Paneuropean Union as a Europe-wide broad movement. In addition to the French, Belgian and Luxembourg sections, the Pan-European Movement Austria and the Pan-European Union Germany played an increasingly important role at the interface of the Iron Curtain.

During the Cold War , the association took an offensive stance against the socialist states of Eastern Europe and supported opposition movements there. Underground groups of the Paneuropean Union were formed to help overthrow the socialist system in these countries. For example, the Paneuropean Union of Bohemia and Moravia was founded by its current President Rudolf Kučera before the Velvet Revolution .

The pan - European picnic she helped organize on August 19, 1989 at Sopron , which 661 GDR citizens used to cross the Hungarian-Austrian border, also attracted worldwide attention . The picnic is considered to be an essential milestone in the processes that led to the end of the GDR and German reunification . The patrons were Otto von Habsburg and the Hungarian Minister of State and reformer Imre Pozsgay . They saw the planned picnic as an opportunity to test Gorbachev's reaction to the opening of the border at the Iron Curtain .

After the collapse of the communist dictatorships in Eastern Europe , the main focus was initially on bringing the existing underground groups into legality and building up new country organizations. Today the eastward expansion of the European Union is a focus of work. Central European top politicians such as Václav Havel in the Czech Republic, Vitautas Landsbergis in Lithuania or France Bucar in Slovenia support the pan-European work in their countries and have in some cases performed leading functions. Pan-European organizations have sprung up in all Central and Eastern European countries. In December 1990 the International General Assembly of the Paneuropean Union met in Prague for the first time in a country of the former Eastern Bloc. The Paneuropean Union actively campaigned for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to join the European Union as quickly as possible, which on May 1, 2004 was joined by Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia first phase became reality. The Pan-Europa Union also actively campaigned for the accession of Romania and Bulgaria, which took place on January 1, 2007, and for the rapid accession of Croatia and Macedonia to the European Union.

Otto von Habsburg was president of the association until 2004, who then was international honorary president until his death in 2011. The new international president since 2004 is the chairman of the French Paneuropean Union, Alain Terrenoire.

German President is the former CSU MEP Bernd Posselt . His predecessors in office were Siegbert Alber , the long-time Vice President of the European Parliament and later Advocate General at the European Court of Justice , as well as the former Bavarian Prime Minister Alfons Goppel .

To mark the 90th anniversary of the first Pan-European Congress in 1926, there was an international Pan-European Congress in Vienna in October 2016 on previous and future methods and ways of European unification with speeches by, among others, the President of Macedonia Gjorge Ivanov , the President of Albania Bujar Nishani , the President of Kosovo Hashim Thaçi and Karl Habsburg .

program

Flag of the Paneuropean Union when it was founded in 1922
Variant with the wheel cross in the Gösch

The first program was the Pan-European Manifesto , which Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi wrote himself and published in 1923. In it he propagated that the development of the nation- states had reached a dead point with the First World War . If the states of Europe did not open up to each other and settle their disputes, then they would be outflanked by the USA and the Soviet Union or they would destroy each other in another world war. As a way out, he suggested the conclusion of a pan-European pact. In the Pan-European Manifesto he also described the flag of the Pan-European Union at that time, which showed a golden sun (symbol for the Enlightenment) with a red cross (symbol for humanity) on a blue background. After the founding of the Council of Europe and the European Union , this was supplemented by a circle of twelve stars.

With the Bamberg program of 1996, the objectives were adapted to the new political situation in Europe. According to this, the Pan-European Union campaigns for the unification of Europe on the basis of far-reaching ethnic group and minority rights as well as the right to one's homeland . This Europe is to be further developed into “a politically fully operational unit, both internally and externally,” which “is not subordinate to any foreign power”. She advocates “self-confident action by the European Union in international politics” within the framework of a militarily united Europe that “stands up for its interests and for the ideals of freedom and human rights everywhere in the world”.

The unification also strives for a Europe based on Christianity and, according to its own program, fights against “all tendencies that destroy the spiritual and moral strength of Europe”, such as “ nihilism , atheism and immoral consumerism ”. This conservative attitude is also expressed in the definition of the family as a “natural community”, as well as in the rejection of abortion , euthanasia and genetic manipulation .

The German Paneuropean Union is close to the CSU and the associations of expellees . In contrast to some other conservative organizations, however, it is clearly pro-European and EU-friendly .

Prominent members

Thomas Mann at a Paneuropean rally in the Berlin Singakademie (1930)

The Paneuropean Union lists the following people as historical members:

Pan-European Movement Austria

Austrian members of the Paneuropean Union at the funeral of Otto von Habsburg

The Pan-European Movement Austria is a member of the Pan-European Union. It is divided into the entire Austrian federal organization and the nine regional groups and was re-established after the Second World War by members of the former Habsburg Imperial House . Subdivisions are the Young European Student Initiative (JES) and the Pan-European Youth . Karl Habsburg-Lothringen has been president since 1986 . General Secretary of Paneuropa-Austria is Rainhard Kloucek, chairman of the youth is Philipp Jauernik.

The ideal of the pan-European movement, a Europe built according to Christian values, is promoted by the pan-European movement Austria in its magazine Paneuropa Austria (previous title: 1976–1987: Austria conservative , 1988–1992: Austria pan- Europe ), in other publications and numerous events, True to the motto of the pan-Europeans In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas .

When Coudenhove-Kalergi set the 50th birthday of the Paneuropean Union he founded for 1972 in Brussels, the Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky decided that what was founded in Austria must be celebrated in Austria and Kreisky himself took over the honorary presidency. The legendary handshake between Chancellor Bruno Kreisky and Otto Habsburg on the sidelines of this Paneuropean Congress in May 1972 in Vienna marked the end of the highly explosive domestic political disputes surrounding Otto Habsburg. Afterwards, the Habsburg dispute exhausted itself and the burial for the Emperor's widow Zita in Vienna in 1989 was already a historical commemorative event. The Pan-European Movement Austria itself emerged from the “Action Austria Europe” after Otto von Habsburg became President of the Pan-European Union in 1973. Based on this connection to the Habsburg house, the former was still called the Monarchist Movement of Austria in 1967.

In 1990 Karl Habsburg organized and directed an aid train of the association to Lithuania with food, medicine and clothing for the population as part of the Soviet siege of Vilnius.

In 1996, the Austrian Pan-European Movement got indirectly into negative headlines in connection with the World Vision donation scandal . The former managing director Wolfgang Krones (then General Secretary of Pan-Europe Austria) and his wife, the managing director of “ World Vision Austria - Christian Aid Organization ” Martina Taurer-Krones, had diverted donations from the aid organization to Pan-Europe. A test report from KPMG confirmed cash flows of around 640,000 schillings, part of which went to Karl Habsburg-Lothringen's EU election campaign in 1996 . Krones and Martina Taurer-Krones were convicted in 2004. In 2004 Karl Habsburg paid back the 36,899 euros to the successor organization World Vision - Society for Development Aid and International Understanding , which - according to Habsburg, without his knowledge - had been used to finance election campaigns. According to World Vision, Karl Habsburg was not involved in this matter.

In 2002 the President of the EU Convention Valery Giscard d'Estaing and the Austrian Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel honored Otto Habsburg for his struggle against all forms of totalitarianism in a ceremony of the Paneuropean Union in the Vienna Hofburg on the occasion of his 90th birthday. great Europeans ”.

The congress on the occasion of 90 years of Paneuropa took place from November 16 to 18, 2012 in Vienna. Speakers were the President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy , EU Commissioner Johannes Hahn , the President of Macedonia Gjorgie Ivanov and Karl Habsburg .

In the wake of the migration crisis in 2015, Karl Habsburg called for a joint European solution and criticized the German government's decision to temporarily reintroduce border controls as "the worst possible solution, but apparently the only one that can be brought about." He repeated this position in 2017 and 2019.

In a "speech on the future of Europe" in 2017, Karl Habsburg called for the introduction of a second chamber to the European Parliament. "It is logical that the European Union has an institution that represents the member states, similar to ours the Federal Council." Ideally, a second chamber would act independently of daily politics.

Pan-European-Austria together with Pan-European-Slovenia (President Laris Gaiser) organized the Jubilee Congress 2016 in Vienna (speakers including President of Macedonia Gjorge Ivanov , President of Albania Bujar Nishani , President of Kosovo Hashim Thaçi , Karl Habsburg ). In the following year, Paneuropa Austria hosted the " Future of Europe: European identity & EU political landscape " congress , again held in the House of Industry in Vienna .

Persecution under National Socialism

As early as 1928, the Völkischer Beobachter held the Paneuropean idea for treason and in 1929 the DAZ accused the Paneuropean movement of wanting to enslave Germany. The National Socialists , who called the founder of the Pan-European Movement Coudenhove-Kalergi, according to their ideology, as a “half-breed” and also forced him to emigrate because of the political content of his writings in 1938, banned the Pan-European Union in 1933. Otto von Habsburg was registered wanted and also forced into exile, since he refused to meet Hitler personally and was hostile to the Nazi ideology. The pan-European idea stood in clear contrast to Alfred Rosenberg's racial teachings and ethnic ideas. Coudenhove-Kalergi was defamed as a Freemason and members of the Paneuropean Union were deported to concentration camps.

Persecution in Socialist Systems

Socialist dictatorships like the GDR and the Soviet Union fought the Paneuropean movement as " right-wing conservative and monarchist ". The GDR leadership saw the Paneuropean movement, which took a clear stance against the suppression of freedom in the Soviet Union and its satellite states, as the enemy of capitalism and chauvinism and a threat to their state ( Paneuropean picnic ). The Paneuropean Union, the Paneuropean Youth and the Brüsewitz Center were then under constant observation by the East German Ministry for State Security . In particular, their Christian and conservative orientation made them a target for repression. The SED was extremely skeptical of European unification, the core concern of the PEU . In 1984 in Czechoslovakia the PEU section Bohemia and Moravia was founded underground by the political scientist Rudolf Kučera , which initially published the magazine Střední Evropa (Central Europe) in Samizdat .

Reception after 1945

The Europa-Union Deutschland distinguished itself from the Paneuropean Union in the 1950s. Differences of opinion between the two federalist movements existed mainly because of the transatlantic orientation of the European Union, while the PEU was more of a Gaullist standpoint . Nowadays, however, these differences are hardly noticeable. However, in contrast to the European Union, the reference to Christianity and “Christian values” plays a major role in the program of the PEU (see above).

In 2010, the journalist Stefan Mayr characterized her in the Süddeutsche Zeitung as “arch conservative”. Vanessa Conze (and with her the Federal Agency for Civic Education ) rates her as a conservative force and describes Otto von Habsburg as a “right-wing conservative politician”. To this day the PEU is "one of the largest European organizations".

literature

  • Vanessa Conze: Richard Codenhove-Kalergi. Controversial visionary of Europe. Musterschmidt, Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-7881-0156-3 .
  • Vanessa Conze: The Europe of the Germans. Ideas of Europe in Germany between imperial tradition and western orientation (1920–1970). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 978-3-486-57757-0 ( excerpts online at google books ).
  • Otto von Habsburg : The Pan-European Idea. A vision becomes reality. Amalthea, Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-85002-424-5 .
  • Anita Ziegerhofer-Prettenthaler: Ambassador of Europe. Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi and the Pan-European Movement in the 1920s and 1930s. Böhlau, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-205-77217-2 .
  • Richard N. Coudenhove-Kalergi: Pan-Europe. Dedicated to Europe's youth. Amalthea, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-85002-239-0 .
  • Richard N. Coudenhove-Kalergi: The European Nation. German publishing house, 1953.
  • Anne-Marie Saint-Gille: La “Paneurope”. Un débat d'idées dans l'entre-deux-guerres. Series: Monde germanique, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris-Sorbonne 2003, ISBN 2840502860 ( on the period 1920–1940 ).
  • Karl Habsburg (ed.): Europe citizens close. Pan-Europe Austria, Vienna 1998.
  • Michael Thöndl : Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi, the "Paneuropa Union" and fascism 1923–1938. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries. Published by the German Historical Institute in Rome, 98 (2018), ISSN  0079-9068 , pp. 326–369 ( link to open access ).

Web links

Commons : Paneuropa-Union  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Walter Göhring: Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi. A life for pan-Europe. Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-218-01047-4 , p.
  2. ↑ Birgit Kletzin: Europe out of race and space. The National Socialist Idea of ​​the New Order. Lit, Münster 2000, ISBN 3-8258-4993-7 , p. 18.
    A. Ziegerhofer-Prettenthaler: Ambassador of Europe
  3. ^ A b Emmanuel Richter: The Paneuropean Idea. The aristocratic salvation of the West. In: Jürgen Nautz (Ed.): The turn of the century in Vienna. Influences, environment, effects. Böhlau, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-205-98038-7 , pp. 788-812, here: p. 808.
  4. ↑ Paneuropa: Member Organizations ( Memento of November 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on January 16, 2017.
  5. ↑ Oliver Burgard: Europe from above. - Why the political initiatives for a European Union failed after the First World War. In: Die Zeit , No. 3 January 13, 2000, accessed on July 17, 2016 .
  6. ↑ cf. Michael Gehler: Europe from ideas to institutions. (2003).
  7. ↑ cf. Matthias Schulz: European networks and the idea of ​​Europe in the interwar period. (2010).
  8. ↑ cf. on this, "Beginnings of European Unification" in Der Spiegel on October 3, 2007.
  9. ↑ Coudenhove-Kalergi almost forgotten. ORF Science from October 23, 2013.
  10. ↑ See Peter Galison, Gerald James Holton, Silvan S. Schweber Einstein for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture. (2008), p. 7ff.
  11. ↑ Europe, That Great Promise The Time of March 4, 2016.
  12. ↑ cf. Emanuel Richter in "The turn of the century in Vienna", ed. Nautz, Jürgen (1996), p. 804.
  13. ↑ cf. "The Pan-European Union" in Der Standard from August 16, 2009.
  14. ↑ cf. Oliver Burgard "Europe from Above" in Die Zeit on January 13, 2000.
  15. ↑ cf. on this Popper in discussion on Hegel: Karl Popper "The Open Society", 2 vols., p. 30ff - quoted in Dina Gusejnova "European Elites and Ideas of Empire, 1917–1957" (2016), p. 72ff.
  16. ↑ cf. on this, "Beginnings of European Unification" in Der Spiegel on October 3, 2007.
  17. ^ See Ludwig von Mises "Liberalismus" (1927), p. 126ff.
  18. ↑ On this Thomas Neumann "European integration efforts in the interwar period" (1999), p. 58.
  19. ↑ cf. Dietmut Majer, Wolfgang Höhne "European Unification Efforts from the Middle Ages to the Foundation of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957" (2014), p. 146.
  20. ↑ cf. Matthias Schulz "European networks and European thought in the interwar period" (2010).
  21. ↑ cf. Andreas Rödder "In a vacuum - the pan-European movement in the interwar period" in FAZ on June 28, 2005.
  22. ↑ cf. Dietmut Majer, Wolfgang Höhne "European Unification Efforts from the Middle Ages to the Foundation of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957" (2014), p. 156.
  23. ↑ cf. ORF Science from October 23, 2013 "Coudenhove-Kalergi almost forgotten", http://sciencev2.orf.at/stories/1726991//index.html accessed on September 18, 2016.
  24. ^ "Nobel Prize Candidates: From Freud to Franz Joseph", science.ORF.at/APA of September 29, 2016
  25. ↑ cf. Martin Große Hüttmann / Hans-Georg Wehling (ed.): Das Europalexikon, 2nd, updated. Aufl. Bonn: Dietz 2013. Author of the article: V. Conze.
  26. ↑ cf. Paneuropa-Union Archived copy ( memento of November 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on September 20, 2016.
  27. ↑ See archived copy ( Memento of July 10, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  28. ↑ spiegel.de: The first stone
  29. ↑ Thomas Roser: GDR mass exodus: a picnic turns the world off its hinges. The press of August 16, 2018.
  30. ^ Paneuropa-Union ( Memento of November 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on September 20, 2016.
  31. ↑ cf. "Western Balkan states demand new momentum for EU expansion" in the Tyrolean daily newspaper on October 8, 2016.
  32. ↑ All quotations in this part from http://www.paneuropa.org/de/bambprg.pdf ( Memento from December 10, 2003 in the Internet Archive )
  33. ↑ Philipp Jauernik new federal chairman of the Paneuropa-Jugend - Paneuropa. Accessed October 1, 2019 (German).
  34. ↑ cf. "Stoppte Kaiserjäger" in Der Spiegel on May 22, 1972.
  35. ↑ cf. Otto Klambauer "Austria and the Habsburg Crisis" in Der Kurier from December 5, 2011.
  36. ↑ cf. http://www.worldvision.at/geschichte accessed on September 16, 2016
  37. ↑ cf. Celebrating Otto Habsburg's 90th birthday in Der Standard on November 20, 2002.
  38. ^ Refugees - Karl Habsburg worried about German border controls. September 14, 2015, accessed October 1, 2019 .
  39. ↑ border controls. Retrieved October 1, 2019 .
  40. ↑ Europe needs open internal borders - pan-Europe. Accessed October 1, 2019 (German).
  41. ↑ Reopen internal borders, protect external borders - Pan-Europe. Accessed October 1, 2019 (German).
  42. ↑ Speech on the future of Europe. Retrieved October 1, 2019 .
  43. ^ The Paneuropa Congress 2016 - Paneuropa. Accessed October 1, 2019 (German).
  44. ↑ cf. "Western Balkan states demand new momentum for EU expansion" in the Tyrolean daily newspaper on October 8, 2016.
  45. ^ Future of Europe: European identity & EU political landscape. Retrieved October 1, 2019 .
  46. ↑ Verena Schöberl: There is a large and wonderful country that does not know itself ... It is called Europe. 2008, p. 202.
  47. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from March 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  48. ↑ cf. Schwarz 1938 (with foreword by Reinhard Heydrich ) [1]
  49. ^ Joachim Scholtyseck: The foreign policy of the GDR. 2003, p. 5 f.
  50. ↑ cf. esp. Conze 2001: 204 online at google books
  51. ↑ Stefan Mayr: Relocation to the Franciscan convent: Mixa finds a new home . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung of July 19, 2010 [2]
  52. ↑ Vanessa Konze: Article Paneuropa Union . In: Große Hüttmann and Wehling: Das Europalexikon. Third edition, Dietz, Bonn 2020; online at the Federal Agency for Civic Education.