Pavlov I

Pavlov I
	p1
	View over the site (2014)
	p4
When	about 27,000–30,000 years ago
Where	Pavlov , Czech Republic

48.877418 16.674576Coordinates: 48 ° 52 ′ 38.7 " N , 16 ° 40 ′ 28.5" E

Pavlov I was the site of a large, 30,000 year old Upper Palaeolithic open-air station in South Moravia / Czech Republic . It was located 20 km south of Brno on the outskirts of today's Pavlov municipality .

Between 1952 and 2015 the hunter camp was archaeologically excavated and analyzed in numerous campaigns . The extremely high density of finds and numerous local manifestations of the lithic and faunistic artefacts are exceptional . In addition to figural and decorative ivory carvings , the site provided the oldest evidence of the manufacture of ceramics, cords and knots.

In 1958, after a visit to the excavation, Henri Delporte suggested establishing the Pavlovian cultural group , which corresponds in time to the Western European Gravettian and spread to Moravia, Lower Austria and Slovakia .

The last excavations took place in Pavlov I from 2013 to 2015 under the direction of Jiří Svoboda . Part of the subgrade was preserved and integrated as an in-situ exhibition into the Museum of the Archeopark Pavlov, which opened at the site in 2016.

Finding

topography

The 13 previously known sites around Pavlov (P I to P VI), Dolní Věstonice (DV I to DV III) and Milovice (M I to M IV) are the largest and richest Upper Palaeolithic hunter camps discovered and extensively so far in Central Europe have been archaeologically examined. They form the Dolní Věstonice-Pavlov-Milovice complex, where excavations have been carried out since 1924.


The planum of the squares AJ56 / 61 with an accumulation of mammoth bones was preserved ...		... and is now exhibited in situ in the Museum of the Pavlov Archeopark

Pavlov I, with dimensions of around 80 mx 40 m and an oval base area of around 2000 m², was located in the center of this complex on the north-eastern hills of the Pollau Mountains . The site was 200 m above sea level and about 35 m above the river bed of the Thaya .

From 1952 on, various probes and large-scale excavations took place here under the direction of Bohuslav Klíma . Due to landslides, solifluction and cryoturbation , the cultivated layers were partially shifted and mixed with loess. Disturbances were also caused by an erosion channel where numerous relocated animal bones were concentrated. The up to 60 cm thick layers of culture were slightly inclined towards the mountain and were of an intense brown / gray / black color. They were formed by frequently recurring, sometimes year-round inspections over a period of around 2000 years. The individual horizons were separated from each other by only thin layers of loess. With the cooling of the climate and the advancement of the glaciers, the camp was abandoned and from the beginning of the last glacial maximum ( MIS 2 ) it was quickly covered with a layer of loess up to 4 m high.

Dwellings

Due to the influences mentioned above, it was not always possible to unequivocally assign the findings and the finds from the storage area to individual dwellings. From the spatial distribution of the fireplaces , cooking pits, hollows, post holes , tusks , stone settings and artifacts, however, it can be concluded that thirteen tent-like huts with a round floor plan of approx. 4 m in diameter must have stood here. These accommodations probably consisted of large woods covered with fur, long bones of large mammals and tusks and were increasingly found in the two main settlement zones northwest and southeast. How many of them actually existed at the same time is not understandable.

Age

The 14C age of the charcoal extracted in different excavation areas and years is between 28,311 and 27,557 years cal. BC and 29,539–28,972 years cal. BC (95.4%, Oxcal 4.1, IntCal109). From Klíma's information on stratigraphy it can also be concluded that the north-western and central areas of the site were inhabited earlier than the south-eastern part. The high number of microliths that are concentrated there also suggests that the south-eastern zone is younger .

Artifacts

Stone tools


The microsaws characteristic of the site are only a few millimeters long		Various scratches from the sites of Pavlov I and Dolní Věstonice II

The lithic inventory of Pavlov I is extremely extensive; during the excavations in 1954–1964 alone, around 210,000 artefacts were recovered. Klíma numbered the majority of the tools and cores (southeast = 12,843 pieces, northwest = 17,663 pieces) and described them with details of the find square and sector (without indication of the horizon) in an inventory called "Black Book". The remaining debit days (discount material) were only stored sorted according to the year of discovery and can therefore only be roughly located today.

In addition to blunt-backed and retouched tools such as blades and burins , scratches , scrapers , points and the cores that arise during production, the microliths make up a large proportion of the lithic inventory. These trapezoidal, crescent-shaped or triangular micro-blades have dimensions of only a few millimeters, which indicates a very conscious use of the resources imported from far away . These microliths were probably shanked in rows in composite tools and spearheads. In particular, the so-called microsaws are a characteristic feature of Pavlovien.

Most flint artifacts are patinated, with discolorations ranging from white haze and sheen to bluish-white spots. Frost fractures or calcite deposits are present on some pieces .

The raw material used for the stone tools consisted of 50 to 95% flint, depending on the excavation area, of various origins , some more than 100 km away, such as from northern Moravia, Silesia and southern Poland ( Krakow , Czestochowa ). Also local chert - in very small quantities from the nearby Krumlovský les (Krumlov Forest) and from the Stránská skála - as well as green and reddish radiolarite from the cliff zone of the Carpathians as well as obsidian and rock crystal (two outcrops are known on the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands , they may also come from the Alps ) were processed here.

Organic devices and jewelry


Part of a concave ivory plaque (replica)		Lion figure with sawing and polishing marks (replica)

A large number of tools, projectile tips and pieces of jewelry made from bone , antler and ivory have also been preserved. Besides the usual awl , smoothers , chopping and hammering are spoon-and spade-shaped trimmed mammoth bones and ribs , a special feature of the Pavlovian. The same applies to a large number of oblong, oval, concave plaques made of ivory lamellas, each with two opposing holes that could have served as tiaras , hair clips or trimmings for items of clothing. On many pieces there are notches, grooves and punctual depressions, mostly arranged in parallel rows or geometric patterns.

The tip of the tusk found in 1962 with the engravings that can be interpreted as a map

A broken tip of a mammoth's tusk found in 1962 is engraved with an engraving that could represent the surrounding landscape of the hunter camp. The four different patterns of this stylized “first map” can e.g. B. can be interpreted as erosion channels of the Pollau Mountains and the meandering river course of the Thaya, the campsite itself is possibly represented by two concentric circles. However, this interpretation is controversial.

From the excavations in 1954 and 1956, over 100 ivory pearls and buttons are available as end products and semi-finished products . They have an approximately cylindrical shape with rounded ends and a central notch, the length and weight are on average 3.3 mm and 0.12 g, respectively. Signs of wear in the form of abrasion or polishing can be seen on many pieces. Typological correspondences are known from the graves of Sungir and the Gravettien horizons of the caves of the Akhtal ( Glass Cave , Geißenklösterle , Hohler Fels ).

Ceramics

A large number of fragments of animal and human figures burned from loess clay were found at the fireplace. Most of them were intentionally broken into several parts by a sudden change in temperature or the application of force, or damaged by punctures before they were burned. There are a total of 2635 objects. In the anthropomorphic figures, depictions of women predominate, while the animal replicas are mostly mammoths, bears , lions , rhinos and also herbivores such as ibex . The firing temperatures were usually between 450 ° C and 800 ° C, the color of the ceramics accordingly ranges from orange and red to gray tones and black. Light brown, unfired pieces have also been preserved. Fingerprints and lines of cords made of plant fibers with knots can be seen in several pieces . For example, the 30 mm long artifact PA I # 22-1956 contains the imprint of a weaver's knot , which was looped from two two-ply cords, each about 1 mm in diameter. According to this, methods for making cords or fabrics, baskets or nets were already known in Pavlovia.

Human remains

Pavlov 1 to Pavlov 28

Under the direction of Bohuslav Klíma, several human bones and teeth were recovered from Cro-Magnons in Pavlov I in the 1950s and 1960s . Due to the consecutive numbering customary in the anthropological finds of the complex, they were given the names Pavlov 1 to Pavlov 28. Pavlov 1 is the incomplete skeleton of a 40-50 year old man that was uncovered in September 1957. The man who was 182 cm tall and muscular during his lifetime was buried in an extreme stool position , lying on his right side. Remnants of ocher were not found, but the grave was, as is typical for this period, covered with a mammoth shoulder blade. The largely preserved skull was a little off the trunk. With a cranial index of 66.5, it is noticeably long and narrow, but the teeth are unusually small. Other bones of the skeleton were also displaced by floor tiles. The compacta of the long bones and skull fragments are in good condition, the epiphyses are mostly fragile, the cancellous bone is often damaged or not preserved. The teeth are heavily worn according to their age. The bones of this individual are cataloged as Pav 1/1 to Pav 1/5 (skull fragments and lower jaw) and Pav 1/33 to Pav 1/59 (trunk and extremity bones), the teeth as Pav 1/6 to Pav 1/32 . The human remains Pavlov 2 through Pavlov 28 are an upper jaw , two lower jaws and individual teeth.

Whereabouts

Human remains recovered from the Dolní Věstonice-Pavlov-Milovice complex after the end of World War II are kept at the Archaeological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and in the Moravian State Museum (Moravské zemské muzeum) in Brno and Dolní Věstonice. Older finds were housed in the Mikulov Castle and were (apparently) destroyed there in a fire in 1945 , with the exception of the DV 35 thighbone .

Pavlov archeopark


The Pavlov Archeopark Museum		Showroom

The employees of the Archaeological Institute in Brno started thinking about building an archaeological museum in Pavlov in 2003, and concrete construction plans began in 2010. After the last archaeological excavations were completed, a design by the Czech architects Radko Květ and Pavel was made on the site in 2015/2016 Pijáček of an underground museum building implemented in reinforced concrete . Due to the loess covering, only a few elements of the building are visible on the outside, which means that it can be more discreetly integrated into the hilly foothills of the Pálava landscape protection area . In addition to the entrances and viewing areas designed as troughs , only four polyhedral light shafts tower above the main building, which is laid out underground. All visible walls and ceilings are made of structured exposed concrete . In several places black wall paintings and notches take up the lines and patterns of the Stone Age finds. The exhibition area takes up a little more than 500 m² of the total building area of 1134 m². The trapezoidal floor plan of the approximately 75 m long single-storey structure tapers in a north-northwest direction from approx. 18 m to 8 m in width. There, in an air-conditioned and darkened adjoining room, approx. 60 m² of a prepared subgrade with numerous mammoth bones are exhibited in situ.

The Pavlov Archeopark Museum opened on May 28, 2016. It is operated by the Regional Museum in Mikulov.

literature

Martin Oliva: The art of Gravettien / Pavlovien in Moravia. In: Harald Meller, Thomas Puttkammer (Hrsg.): Klimagewalten - Driving force of evolution . Theiss-Verlag, Halle (Saale) 2017, ISBN 978-3-8062-3120-5 , pp. 338–359
Jiří Svoboda: Pavlov I Southeast - A Window Into the Gravettin Lifestyles. (= The Dolní Věstonice Studies Vol. 14). Brno 2005, ISBN 80-86023-67-2
Vladimir Slasek, Eric Trinkaus, Simon W. Hillson, Trenton W. Holliday: The people of the Pavlovian - Skeletal Catalog and Osteometrics of the Gravettian Fossil Hominids from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov. (= The Dolní Věstonice Studies Vol. 5). Brno 2000, ISBN 80-86023-27-3
Jiří Svoboda: Pavlov I Northwest - The upper paleolithic burial and its settlement context. (= The Dolní Věstonice Studies Vol. 4). Brno 1997, ISBN 80-86023-04-4 (English, partly German)
Jiří Svoboda: Pavlov I - Excavations 1952–1953. (= The Dolní Věstonice Studies Vol. 2). Liège 1994 (English, partly German)

Web links

Commons : Archaeological site Pavlov I - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

↑ p. 14: "... Among the numerous visitors, the stay of Henri Delporte was of importance: Delporte, enthusiastic about the richess of the collections and especially about the art, suggested a specific cultural term for these materials: the Pavlovian."
↑ p. 11: “… All of the material found before World War II except DV 35 was or appears to have been destroyed in the 1945 fire at the Mikulov castle; ... "

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bohuslav Klíma: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Northwest - The upper paleolithic burial and its settlement context . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 4 . Brno 1997, ISBN 80-86023-04-4 , Excavation History, Stratigraphy and Context, pp. 13-51 .
^ Jiří Svoboda: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Southeast - A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyle . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2005, ISBN 80-86023-67-2 , Pavlov I - Southeast: Location, stratigraphy, microstratigraphies and features, p. 25-52 .
^ Jiří Svoboda: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov - Excavations 2007–2011 . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2011, ISBN 978-80-86023-85-4 , Concluding remarks, pp. 258-267 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Alexander Verpoorte: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Southeast - A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyles . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2005, ISBN 80-86023-67-2 , The lithic assemblage of Pavlov I (1954, 1956, 1963, 1964), pp. 75-111 .
^ Alexander Verpoorte: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Northwest - The upper paleolithic burial and its settlement context . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 4 . Brno 1997, ISBN 80-86023-04-4 , Along the peripheries of a radiolarite concentration: the lithic industrie of 1956 / ABC and 1958, p. 211-226 .
^ Marco Garcia Diez: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Southeast - A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyles . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2005, ISBN 80-86023-67-2 , Decorative patterns on the organic objects, p. 309-373 .
↑ Bohuslav Klíma: The Upper Paleolithic mammoth hunter settlements Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov in South Moravia - CSFR . Ed .: Office for Museums and Archeology of the Canton of Basel-Landschaft. tape 023 . Liestal 1991, ISBN 3-905069-18-0 , Die <<Landkarte>> auf dem Mammutzahn, p. 19 .
^ Marco Garcia Diez: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Southeast - A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyle . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2005, ISBN 80-86023-67-2 , The beads: Production, use, and social and territorial implications, p. 294-308 .
↑ James M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer, David C. Hyland: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Southeast - A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyles . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2005, ISBN 80-86023-67-2 , Textiles and cordage, p. 432-443 .
^ Emanuel Vlček: The mammoth hunters from Dolní Věstonice - anthropological treatment of skeletons from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov . Ed .: Office for Museums and Archeology of the Canton of Basel-Landschaft. tape 022 . Liestal 1991, ISBN 3-905069-17-2 , On the typological analysis of the population in South Moravia, p. 41 .
↑ Vladimir Slasek, Eric Trinkaus, Simon W. Hillson, Trenton W. Holliday: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, The people of the Pavlovian - Skeletal Catalog and Osteometrics of the Gravettian Fossil Hominids from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 5 . Brno 2000, ISBN 80-86023-27-3 , Catalog of the human remains - Pavlov: Associated skeletton Pavlov I, p. 119-126 .
↑ Vladimir Slasek, Eric Trinkaus, Simon W. Hillson, Trenton W. Holliday: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, The people of the Pavlovian - Skeletal Catalog and Osteometrics of the Gravettian Fossil Hominids from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 5 . Brno 2000, ISBN 80-86023-27-3 , Introduction, p. 11 .
↑ Experience archeology up close (PDF) Zement + Beton Handels- und Werbeges.mbH Accessed on June 25, 2019.

[2] . 14: "... Among the numerous visitors, the stay of Henri Delporte was of importance: Delporte, enthusiastic about the richess of the collections and especially about the art, suggested a specific cultural term for these materials: the Pavlovian."

[14] . 11: “… All of the material found before World War II except DV 35 was or appears to have been destroyed in the 1945 fire at the Mikulov castle; ... "

[DVS4_I_13-1] Bohuslav Klíma: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Northwest - The upper paleolithic burial and its settlement context . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 4 . Brno 1997, ISBN 80-86023-04-4 , Excavation History, Stratigraphy and Context, pp. 13-51 .

[DVS14_I_2-3] Jiří Svoboda: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Southeast - A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyle . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2005, ISBN 80-86023-67-2 , Pavlov I - Southeast: Location, stratigraphy, microstratigraphies and features, p. 25-52 .

[DVS18_IV_1-4] Jiří Svoboda: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov - Excavations 2007–2011 . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2011, ISBN 978-80-86023-85-4 , Concluding remarks, pp. 258-267 .

[DVS14_II_1-5] Alexander Verpoorte: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Southeast - A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyles . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2005, ISBN 80-86023-67-2 , The lithic assemblage of Pavlov I (1954, 1956, 1963, 1964), pp. 75-111 .

[DVS4_II_211-6] Alexander Verpoorte: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Northwest - The upper paleolithic burial and its settlement context . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 4 . Brno 1997, ISBN 80-86023-04-4 , Along the peripheries of a radiolarite concentration: the lithic industrie of 1956 / ABC and 1958, p. 211-226 .

[DVS14_III_7-7] Marco Garcia Diez: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Southeast - A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyles . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2005, ISBN 80-86023-67-2 , Decorative patterns on the organic objects, p. 309-373 .

[AuM_023_19-8] Bohuslav Klíma: The Upper Paleolithic mammoth hunter settlements Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov in South Moravia - CSFR . Ed .: Office for Museums and Archeology of the Canton of Basel-Landschaft. tape 023 . Liestal 1991, ISBN 3-905069-18-0 , Die <<Landkarte>> auf dem Mammutzahn, p. 19 .

[DVS14_III_6-9] Marco Garcia Diez: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Southeast - A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyle . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2005, ISBN 80-86023-67-2 , The beads: Production, use, and social and territorial implications, p. 294-308 .

[DVS14_IV_3-10] James M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer, David C. Hyland: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, Pavlov I Southeast - A Window Into the Gravettian Lifestyles . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 14 . Brno 2005, ISBN 80-86023-67-2 , Textiles and cordage, p. 432-443 .

[AuM_022_41-11] Emanuel Vlček: The mammoth hunters from Dolní Věstonice - anthropological treatment of skeletons from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov . Ed .: Office for Museums and Archeology of the Canton of Basel-Landschaft. tape 022 . Liestal 1991, ISBN 3-905069-17-2 , On the typological analysis of the population in South Moravia, p. 41 .

[DVS5_II_119-12] Vladimir Slasek, Eric Trinkaus, Simon W. Hillson, Trenton W. Holliday: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, The people of the Pavlovian - Skeletal Catalog and Osteometrics of the Gravettian Fossil Hominids from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 5 . Brno 2000, ISBN 80-86023-27-3 , Catalog of the human remains - Pavlov: Associated skeletton Pavlov I, p. 119-126 .

[DVS5_I_11-13] Vladimir Slasek, Eric Trinkaus, Simon W. Hillson, Trenton W. Holliday: The Dolní Věstonice Studies, The people of the Pavlovian - Skeletal Catalog and Osteometrics of the Gravettian Fossil Hominids from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov . Ed .: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archeology. tape 5 . Brno 2000, ISBN 80-86023-27-3 , Introduction, p. 11 .

[Ahe-15] Experience archeology up close (PDF) Zement + Beton Handels- und Werbeges.mbH Accessed on June 25, 2019.