Peltandra virginica

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Arrow Arum
Peltandra virginica

Peltandra virginica

Systematics
Order : Frog-spoon-like (Alismatales)
Family : Arum family (Araceae)
Subfamily : Aroideae
Tribe : Peltandreae
Genre : Peltandra
Type : Arrow Arum
Scientific name
Peltandra virginica
( L. ) Schott

Peltandra virginica , also called Green Arrow Aron , is a species of the genus Peltandra withinthe Arum family (Araceae). It iswidespreadin the wetlands of North America and Cuba .

description

Habit and leaves
Illustration from Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States , p. 559

Vegetative characteristics

Peltandra virginica is a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant . It forms a vertical rhizome with a diameter of up to 12 centimeters and the specimens are often close together.

The new leaves are formed before the flowering time and are grouped together. The relatively large foliage leaves are quite variable in shape and size in the different populations and even in a clone ; this is not enough to define subtaxa. On average, they are larger and more variable in shape than Peltandra sagittifolia . The upright leaves are divided into leaf sheath, petiole and leaf blade. The leaf sheath is at least half as long as the petiole. The green to purple-green petiole is at least as long as the leaf blade with a length of 38 to 98 centimeters. The medium-green or, at most, slightly bluish-green on the underside, the leaf blade is 9 to 57 centimeters long and usually 5 to 15 (2.5 to 31) centimeters wide, lanceolate to broadly ovate with spear-shaped to pea-shaped, rare heart-shaped spade base and pointed to rounded or spiked upper end. The lateral leaf veins are parallel and about twice as thick as the leaf surfaces. According to Blake 1912, there are very variable leaf lobes 2 to 13 centimeters long on each side in the lower area of ​​the blade.

Generative characteristics

The flowering time in North America extends from spring to late summer and is also in autumn and winter in the southernmost areas of the distribution area. Peltandra virginica is single sexed ( monoecious ).

The inflorescence stem is 20 to 56 inches long. The inflorescence has the typical Araceae shape with spathe and pistons. The closed spatula tube surrounds the base of the bulb, is green on the outside and lighter green on the inside and 1.5 to 3.5, rarely up to 5.2 centimeters long and 0.7 to 1.9 centimeters wide. The 5.9 to usually 8.5 to 21.4 centimeters long and 0.5 to 2.3 centimeters wide free area of ​​the spathe is green and sometimes white or yellow-green along the wavy edges and it is only rarely during the anthesis until something or until completely open. The piston ( spadix ) tapers in the upper area and is more than half as long to almost as long as the spathe. The female flowers are light-Gründ to greenish-white with single-chamber ovary , each one to four ovules contain. The lower part of the piston with male flowers is white, creamy white to light yellow. The male flowers contain four or five fused stamens . There is an area of ​​the flask with sterile flowers between the female and male flowers between pistillate and a sterile 0.5 to 2 inches long area at the top of the flask. There are no bracts .

The shaft of the fruit cluster bends downwards. The young fruit cluster remains surrounded by the spathe tube; it slowly rots and releases the fruit. The ripe berries are pea-green to spotted or very dark purple-green. The fruits are 10 to 18 millimeters long and 6 to 16 millimeters in diameter and usually contain one or two, rarely up to four seeds. The seeds have a diameter of 8 to 17 millimeters and are embedded in a slimy fruit pulp .

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 14; Peltandra virginica is octoploid and a chromosome number of 2n = 112 was determined.

ecology

Peltandra virginica is proterogynous and relies on insects for pollination . Peltandra virginica and their pollinators, the chloropidae Elachiptera formosa , are in mutualistic symbiosis with each other.

Occurrence and endangerment

The wide distribution area of Peltandra virginica extends in North America from eastern Canada to the central and eastern USA. It also occurs in Cuba . There are localities for the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario and the US states of Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Oklahoma , Wisconsin , Connecticut , Indiana , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , West Virginia , Texas , Alabama , Arkansas , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia and the District of Columbia .

Populations of Peltandra virginica are most common in North America along the Atlantic coastal plain. Since 1978, this species has spread in Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, West Virginia and Wisconsin. As an established neophyte applies Peltandra virginica in the western US states, Oregon and California.

Peltandra virginica thrives in humid habitats, these are swamps, bogs , freshwater to tidal marshland areas with weak salinity , moats, the edges of ponds , lakes and rivers at altitudes from 0 to 1200 meters.

In the Red List of Endangered Species of the IUCN 2015/2016 Peltandra virginica is rated as “Least Concern” = “not endangered” in the entire range, but it is restricted that a slightly higher endangerment is assumed for Canada.

Systematics and botanical history

The first publication took place in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Arum virginicum by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , p. 966. The new combination to Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott was published in 1832 in HW Schott and SL Endlicher: Meletemata Botanica , p. 19 . Further synonyms for Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott are: Calla virginica (L.) Michx. , Caladium virginicum (L.) Hook. , Lecontia virginica (L.) Torr. , Rensselaeria virginica (L.) LC Beck , Alocasia virginica (L.) Raf. , Arum walteri Elliott , Caladium undulatum Steud. , Peltandra undulata Raf. , Peltandra undulata Schott , Peltandra angustifolia Raf. , Peltandra canadensis Raf. , Peltandra hastata Raf. , Peltandra heterophylla Raf. , Peltandra latifolia Raf. , Peltandra walteri (Elliott) Raf. , Peltandra tharpii F.A.Barkley , Peltandra luteospadix Fernald , Peltandra virginica subsp. luteospadix (Fernald) WHBlackw. & KPBlackw. , Peltandra virginica var. Angustifolia (Raf.) Tidestr. , Peltandra virginica var. Heterophylla (Raf.) Tidestr. , Peltandra virginica f. angustifolia (Raf.) SFBlake , Peltandra virginica f. brachyota S.F. Blake , Peltandra virginica f. hastifolia S.F. Blake , Peltandra virginica f. heterophylla (Raf.) SFBlake , Peltandra virginica f. latifolia (Raf.) SFBlake , Peltandra virginica f. rotundata S.F. Blake . There is no such thing as a subtaxa . The forms established by SF Blake in 1912 all turn out to be synonyms.

While WH Blackwell and KP Blackwell 1974 only recorded one species Peltandra virginica with two subspecies in the genus Peltandra , in the Flora of North America 2000, two species are listed, but no subtaxa. Since the leaf shape varies so widely within the species, some forms have been described, but the leaf shape also varies within a population and even in a stand that has arisen through vegetative propagation, so the leaf shape is not suitable for defining subtaxa.

use

Peltandra virginica is used as an ornamental plant.

The rhizome of Peltandra virginica is rich in starch , but it contains oxalate and a protease that causes a sharp stinging sensation when consumed. East Coast Indians such as B. the North Carolina Algonquians ate the rhizomes after a treatment experimental archaeologists are trying to reconstruct.

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Peltandra virginica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved on December 27, 2016. (German trivial name from Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: Der Große Zander. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2. Species and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978- 3-8001-5406-7 .)
  2. ^ A b P. Acevedo-Rodríguez, MT Strong: Catalog of seed plants of the West Indies. In: Smithsonian Contributions to Botany , Volume 98, 2012, p. 62. PDF.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Peltandra. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 26, 2016.
  4. ↑ a b Timothy C. Messner, Bill Schindler: Plant processing strategies and their affect upon starch grain survival when rendering Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth, Araceae edible . In: Journal of Archaeological Science . tape 37 , no. 2 , February 2010, p. 328–336 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jas.2009.09.044 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sue A. Thompson: Araceae. : Peltandra virginica , p. 135 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9 .
  6. ^ A b Sidney F. Blake: The Forms of Peltandra virginica . In: Rhodora . tape 14 , no. 162 , 1912, pp. 102-106 , JSTOR : 23296629 ( scanned ).
  7. ↑ Joseph M. Patt, James C. French, Coby Schal, Joseph Lech, Thomas G. Hartman: The Pollination Biology of Tuckahoe, Peltandra virginica (Araceae) . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 82 , no. 10 , 1995, p. 1230-1240 , doi : 10.2307 / 2446245 ( PDF ).
  8. ↑ a b Distribution in North America by JT Kartesz: The Biota of North America Program = BONAP, 2014. North American Plant Atlas. Chapel Hill, NC
  9. ↑ a b Peltandra virginica in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2016 Posted by: K. Smith, 2015. Accessed December 30, 2016th

Web links

Commons : Peltandra virginica  - collection of images, videos and audio files