Prekmurian

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Prekmurian
(Prekmürščina, Prekmürski jezik, Prekmurščina)

Spoken in

Slovenia ( Prekmurje ), Hungary ( Vas County ), Austria ( Burgenland ); Emigrants in Canada and the USA
speaker 110,000
Linguistic
classification
Novine, Prekmurian newspaper by József Klekl from 1918
The first preserved Prekmurian book, Mali Catechism (Little Catechism)
István Szelmár: The Stories of the Old and New Testament (Zgodbe sztároga i nóvoga testamentoma), 1880.

Prekmurian (own name Prekmürščina, Prekmürski jezik, Slovenian Prekmurščina ) is a Slovenian dialect . Prekmurian is spoken by around 110,000 people in the Prekmurje (Übermur region), which belongs to Slovenia, and in Hungary around Szentgotthárd . Other speakers live in Austria , Germany and the USA , among others .

As early as the 18th century, a Prekmurian literary language emerged , which was not replaced by the standard Slovene language until 1919 in what is now Slovenia. In 1920 József Klekl renewed the Prekmurian literary language. This language has been used in the church, journalism, and other publications. The writers from Prekmurje and the Slovene-speaking area of ​​Hungary, such as Feri Lainšček , Milan Vincetič , Milan Zrinski , Miki Roš , Jože Ftičar , Ferenc Mukics and Károly Holecz, also wrote in Prekmurian.

There are major differences in lexicons , morphology and phonetics between standard Slovene and Prekmurian . Until 1919 Prekmurian was the language of instruction in schools in the language area, until 1945 it was partly used in the press.

Surname

The speakers of Prekmurian have called themselves Slovenci or Slovénge and their language slovenski jezik for centuries . In the 18th and 19th centuries the Prekmurian writers called their language sztári szlovenszki jezik ("old Slovene language"), in science it was mostly called "vandalic language" ( lingua vandalicus, vandalus nyelv, vandalszki jezik, vandalszka vüszta ).

In the 19th century, the names Vend , Vendvidék and Vend nyelv prevailed in Hungary for political reasons . From 1919 onwards, the dialect of the region, which was now largely united with the rest of the Slovenian language area, was referred to as "Prekmurian".

Kinship

The Prekmurian dialect belongs to the group of Pannonian dialects (Slovene panonska narečna skupina), which is also called East Slovene dialect group (vzhodnoslovenska narečna skupina) and forms one of the seven dialect groups of Slovene .

Prekmurian is very closely related to the Kajkavian dialect group (most of all with the Murinsel dialect) of Croatian . These linguistic similarities were reinforced, among other things, by the fact that most Prekmurian priests (both Catholic and Protestant) had been trained in Croatia since the Middle Ages , mainly in Zagreb and Varaždin . The Catholic parishes of southern Prekmurje belonged to the diocese of Zagreb until 1777 , so that only Kajkavian mass and hymn books were used. The influences of Croatian and Burgenland - Croatian are already evident in the “old hymn book of Martjanci” (Sztára Martyanszka peszmaricza) . Similar to Croatian, the inflection and pronunciation have a small deflexion.

history

The Proto-Slovenes immigrated to Pannonia around 550 . After the Hungarian conquest, the Slovenes living between the rivers Raab and Mur were separated from the rest of the Slovenes as a result of the incorporation of their settlement area into the Hungarian state. This contributed to the fact that the forms of language diverged over the centuries.

The first Prekmurian writings appeared in the 16th century, e.g. B. Martjanci's hymn book. In 1715 the Protestant priest Ferenc Temlin (born in Krajna , near Tišina ) published the first Prekmurian book Mali Catechism , a translation of part of Martin Luther's Great Catechism, in Halle an der Saale (today Saxony-Anhalt , Germany) . In 1725 the first Prekmurian alphabet book Abeccedarium Szlowenszko ("Slovenian alphabet book") was published anonymously . The third oldest surviving work in Prekmurian is Réd zvelicsánsztva by Mihály Szever Vanecsai from 1742.

A Lutheran clergyman, István Küzmics , translated the New Testament ( Nouvi Zákon ) in 1771 and thus laid the foundation for the Prekmurian literary language. János Szily , Bishop of Steinamanger , united the Slovenes in the two counties of Vas and Zala and introduced school instruction in the Prekmurian language. With his support, Miklós Küzmics translated the Catholic Bible ( Szvéti Evangyeliomi ) and wrote an alphabet and prayer book ( Molitvena Kniga ). His books were reprinted several times and the alphabet book ABC Kni'zicza remained the binding textbook for the Slovene-speaking area of ​​Hungary until 1868.

Miklós and István Küzmics and other Prekmurian intellectuals did not consider it appropriate to adopt the standard Slovene literary language (which is dominated by Carniolan), but aimed at creating a separate literary language. As a result, the writer, poet, linguist and historian led József Kossics a prekmurische literary language and it took loans from the Kajkavian and the Styrian Slovenian dialect ( kratki návuk vogrszkoga jezika za zacsetníke ; Zobriszani Szloven i Szlovenka med Mürov in Rábov ; zgodbe vogerszkoga králesztva ; Starine 'selesznih ino szalaszkih Szlovénczov ). The poet, writer, translator and journalist Imre Augustich later tried to approach the language of the rest of the Slovenian language area. Augustich founded the first Prekmurian newspaper Prijátel ("friend"). János Murkovics , teacher from Fellsdorf ( Beltinci ), wrote the first textbook in the Gaj alphabet ( Abecednik za katholičanske vesnič e šolé po velejnyi ) in 1871 . József Szakovics and József Klekl renewed the literary language in the 20th century.

Differences between the standard Slovenian language and the Prekmurian dialect

Around 50% of the Prekmurian vocabulary differs from standard Slovenian. In Prekmurian there are the vowels ü and ö that do not occur in standard Slovene. Prekmurian has a lot of Hungarian, German and Latin loanwords.

Selection of peculiar Prekmurian words

Raab area dialect Goritschkes dialect Beltinci dialect Slovenian German
building building boug bent God
váraš váraš váraš mesto city
špilati špilate špilati igrati play
spaugnji, spaudjeni spaugnji spougnji spodnji Lower
graχ gra graj fižol Bean
veliti pravte práviti reči say
pomoriti pomočte pomágati pomagati help
plebanuš, farar farar, pop plebanoš, farar, žüpnik župnik Pastor
cíntor brütof britof, brutif pokopališče graveyard
Vüzen Vüzen Vüzen Velika noč Easter
cuj cuj coj k, h to
ségamao do zaj ségamau doslej until now
tadoj tadoj tadoli navzdol down

Our Father in Slovenian, Prekmurian, Croatian and Burgenland-Croatian

Slovenian precmurian Croatian Burgenland-Croatian
Oče naš, ki si v nebesih,

posvečeno bodi tvoje ime,
pridi k nam tvoje kraljestvo,
zgodi se tvoja volja
kakor v nebesih tako na zemlji.
Daj nam danes naš vsakdanji kruh
in odpusti nam naše denue,
kakor tudi mi odpuščamo svojim dolžnikom,
in ne vpelji nas v skušnjavo,
temveč reši nas hudega. Amen.

Oča naš, ki si vu nebésaj!

Svéti se Ime tvoje.
Pridi králestvo tvoje.
Bojdi vola tvoja,
kak na nébi, tak i na zemli.
Krüha našega vsakdanéšnjega daj nam ga dnes.
I odpüsti nam duge naše,
kak i mi odpüščamo dužnikom našim.
I ne vpelaj nas vu sküšávanje.
Nego odslobodi nas od hüdoga. Amen.

Oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima,

sveti se ime tvoje,
dođi kraljevstvo tvoje,
budi volja tvoja,
kako na nebu tako i na zemlji.
Kruh naš svagdanji daj nam danas,
i otpusti nam duge naše,
kako i mi otpuštamo dužnicima našim,
i ne uvedi nas u napast,
nego izbavi nas od zla. Amen.

Oče naš, ki si na nebesi,

sveti se ime tvoje,
pridi kraljevstvo tvoje,
budi volja tvoja,
kako na nebu tako i na zemlji.
Kruh naš svakidanji daj nam danas,
i otpusti nam duge naše,
kako i mi otpušćamo dužnikom našim,
i ne zapeljaj nas u skušavanje,
nego oslobodi nas od zla. Amen.

Alphabet book by Mihály Bakos
Prijátel ("Friend"), Prekmurian newspaper by Imre Augustich (1876)
Peter weeps because he renounces Jesus; Judas regretted his betrayal. Péter Kollár: Small Bible with pictures (Mála biblia z-kejpami), 1898.

Diphthongs

Prekmurian knows eight diphthongs : aj, ej, ou, au, ij, éj, üj, öj.

diphthong Examples German diphthong Examples German
aj katoličajnski Catholic ej lejvi Left
ou (Dolinsko, Ravensko) boulovi stupid au (Raba Region, Goričko) raureš chimney sweeper
ij (Goričko, Ravensko, Dolinsko) pijsati write éj (Raba Region) réjsati pull
üj (Goričko, Ravensko, Dolinsko) küjkeo corner öj (Raba area) döjn but

Subdialects

  • Dolinsko or Markovsko dialect ( Dolinsko / Markovsko narečje ): Beltinci and Lendava
  • Goričko dialect ( Goričko narečje ): northern Prekmurje and Cankova
  • Rabbi dialect ( Porabsko narečje ): around Szentgotthárd
  • Ravensko dialect ( Ravensko narečje ): Murska Sobota and Rakičan
  • Soboško dialect ( Soboško narečje ): Murska Sobota

bibliography

  • János Fliszár: Vogrszki-vendiski (vogrszkiszlovénszki, sztári szlovénszki) rêcsnik. Hornyánszky Viktor m. kir. udv. Könyvnyomdája, Budapest 1922, OCLC 456295040 (also under the Hungarian title Magyar-vend szótár. )
  • Vilko Novak: Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine. Založba ZRC, Ljubljana 2006, ISBN 961-6568-60-4 (Uvod: Milena Hajnšek-Holz).
  • József Szakovics (ed.): Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti. 1942.
  • Marija Kozar: Etnološki slovar slovencev na Madžarskem. Zveza Slovencev na Madžarskem, Monošter; Savaria Múzeum, Szombathely 1996, ISBN 963-7206-62-0 (also under the Hungarian title A Magyarországi Szlovének néprajzi szótára ).
  • Marko Jesenšek: Prekmuriana, Cathedra Philologiae Slavicae (= Opera Slavica Budapestinensia. Linguae Slavicae ). Balassi Kiadó, Budapest 2010, ISBN 978-963-506-846-3 .
  • Janez Balažic, Branko Kerman: Stalna razstava. Pokrajinski muzej Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota 1997, ISBN 961-90438-1-2 , pp. 195-205.
  • Natalija Ulčnik: Začetki prekmurskega časopisja (= Mednarodna knjižna zbirka Zora. Vol. 67). Filozofska fakulteta, Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, V Mariboru 2009, ISBN 978-961-6656-40-5 .
  • Francek Mukič: Porabsko-knjižnoslovensko-madžarski slovar. Zveza Slovencev na Madžarskem, Szombathely 2005, ISBN 963-217-762-2 .
  • Franc Novak, Vilko Novak: Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora. Pomurska založba, Murska Sobota 2009, ISBN 978-961-249-068-3 .
  • Ivan Škafar: Bibliografija prekmurskih tiskov od 1715 do 1919 (= Biblioteka. Vol. 6). Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Ljubljana 1978, OCLC 6526540 .
  • Franc Kuzmič: Bibliografija prekmurskih tiskov 1920–1945. ZRC SAZU, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana 1999, ISBN 961-6182-78-1 .
  • Franci Just: Besede iz Porabja, beseda za Porabje. Pregled slovstva pri porabskih Slovencih (= Zbirka Podobe Panonije ). Franc-Franc, Murska Sobota 2003, ISBN 961-219-070-4 .
  • Franci Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo, Poezija Prekmurja v prvi polovici 20. stoletja (= Zbirka Podobe Panonije ). Franc-Franc, Murska Sobota 2000, ISBN 961-219-025-9 .
  • Zinka Zorko: Narečjeslovne razprave o koroških, štajerskih in panonskih govorih (= Zora. Vol. 64; Mednarodna knjižna zbirka Zora ). Filozofska fakulteta, Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Maribor 2009, ISBN 978-961-6656-37-5 .
  • Zinka Zorko: The relationship between the Prekmurje literary language and standard Slovene. In: Dialect translation and dialects in multimedia (= Northern European contributions from the human and social sciences ; Scandinavian university studies in the humanities and social sciences ). Edited by Irmeli Helin. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-631-52316-5 , pp. 165-179 (conference proceedings).

Web links

Commons : Prekmurian language  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ A language of Slovenia. In: ethnologue.com, accessed November 3, 2012.
  2. ^ Marc L. Greenberg: Prekmurje Grammar as a Source of Slavic Comparative Material. In: Slovenski jezik - Slovene Linguistic Studies. 7 (2009), pp. 29-44 ( kuscholarworks.ku.edu [PDF; 446 kB]).
  3. ↑ Damir Josopivič: Prekmurje in prekmurščina In: Anali Pazu - Letnik. 2 (2012), No. 2 ( anali-pazu.si [PDF; 838 kB]).
  4. ↑ F. Kuzmič: Bibliografija prekmurskih tiskov. P. 7; Franci Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo. P. 72.
  5. ↑ Evangeličanska cerkvena pesmarica. Za evangeličansko cerkev AV v Sloveniji. Seniorat Evangeličanske cerkve v SR Sloveniji, Lendava 1970, OCLC 439395644 ; Spejvamo Gospodni - na hvalo in diko. Murska Sobota, Svobodna Binkoštna Cerkev, 1974; L. Kozar: Svete Pestmi, Solidarnost. Murska Sobota 1996; J. Kühár: Hvalite Gospoda, Škofijski ordinariat v Mariboru. 1994.
  6. ↑ Zinka Zorko, A. Benko: Page no longer available , search in web archives: German loan words in the Prekmurje literary language of the Porabje literature and journalism. (Faculty of Arts, Maribor University, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts) (PDF; 21 kB; no mementos) In: uni-passau.de, accessed on September 13, 2016.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.phil.uni-passau.de
  7. ↑ Z. Zorko: Narečjeslovne razprave o koroških, štajerskih in panonskih govorih (= Zora. Vol. 64; Mednarodna knjižna zbirka Zora ). Filozofska fakulteta, Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Maribor 2009, ISBN 978-961-6656-37-5 , p. 293.
  8. ^ Z. Zorko: The relationship between the Prekmurje literary language and standard Slovene. In: Dialect translation and dialects in multimedia (= Northern European contributions from the human and social sciences ; Scandinavian university studies in the humanities and social sciences ). Edited by Irmeli Helin. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-631-52316-5 , p. 166.
  9. ↑ Franci Just: Besede iz Porabja, beseda za Porabje. Pregled slovstva pri porabskih Slovencih (= Zbirka Podobe Panonije ). Franc-Franc, Murska Sobota 2003, ISBN 961-219-070-4 , p. 143.
  10. ↑ Boštjan Resinovič: Otroštvo Onkraj Brega. In: www2.arnes.si, accessed on September 12, 2016.
  11. ↑ Nov roman porabskega pisatelja Frančeka Mukiča ( Memento from February 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). In: tvslo.si. January 31, 2011, accessed September 12, 2016.
  12. ↑ Janez Balažic, Branko Kerman: Stalna razstava. Pokrajinski muzej Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota 1997, ISBN 961-90438-1-2 , pp. 195-205.
  13. ↑ N. Ulčnik: Začetki prekmurskega časopisja. P. 9.
  14. ↑ F. Mukić: Porabsko-knjižnoslovensko-madžarski slovar. Pp. 28, 33, 35, 261, 273, 321, 365, 371, 390, 394, 416.
  15. ↑ F. Novak: Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega Govora. Pp. 22, 39, 48, 131, 138, 150, 164.
  16. ↑ F. Mukić: Porabsko-knjižnoslovensko-madžarski slovar.
  17. ^ V. Novak, F. Novak: Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora.
  18. ↑ Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti (1942). Zálozso Zvér János knigar v muraszombati, trétja izdaja.
  19. ↑ Kruh Nebeski (1976). Molitvenik za hrvatski narod Gradišća, šesto izdanje.