Dangstetten Roman camp

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Dangstetten Roman camp
limes ORL - ( RLK )
Route (RLK) -
Dating (occupancy) after 15 BC Chr.
V to 9. Chr.
Type Vexillation camp
unit Legion and auxiliary units
size 13-14 ha
Construction Wood earth
State of preservation Not preserved as a ground monument
place Dangstetten
Geographical location 47 ° 35 '20 "  N , 8 ° 18' 39"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 35 '20 "  N , 8 ° 18' 39"  E hf
In the middle of the picture (1963) the gravel pit, from which the site was cut in 1967.

The Roman camp Dangstetten is a former Roman military camp of the XIX. Legion along with some of their auxiliary troops . It was created after the Alpine campaign (15 BC) and, as evidenced by coin finds (9 BC), was abandoned. The soil monument , which no longer exists today due to the gravel mining, is located in the district of Dangstetten , a district of the municipality of Küssaberg in the district of Waldshut and is located in the south of Baden-Württemberg, east of Freiburg near the border with Switzerland .

Due to the extensive occurrence of findings and finds, the Provincial Roman Archeology evaluates Dangstetten as one of the most important sites: "The accidental discovery of building remains near Dangstetten in 1967 and the subsequent rescue excavation provided completely new insights into the early Roman history of southern Germany."

discovery

The garrison site was discovered in the spring of 1967 by the local researcher and employee of the Baden-Württemberg Monument Preservation Office in Freiburg, Alois Nohl, at a time when "about a quarter of the entire camp area [..] was destroyed by the gravel pit". Gerhard Fingerlin , the head of the Archaeological Monument Preservation at the time, had the area closed for further gravel mining due to the sending of shards of vessels by Nohl. By consulting the company that operated the dismantling, it was possible to proceed in a coordinated and systematic manner.

Since the area of ​​the garrison area, which had not yet been destroyed, remained free of later overbuilding, almost the entire remaining storage area could be archaeologically excavated in the following years . The excavations lasted with interruptions until 1988 and provided important insights into the plan structure and construction of a Roman military camp in the early days of Roman operations north of the Alps.

The term "Roman camp" Dangstetten was created during inspections of the excavations together with the Hochrhein History Association . In invitations and smaller publications, the find place was named by long-time chairman Fritz Schächtelin. Since then, it has been firmly anchored in the public eye, especially since the scientific term vexillation camp as an association of different types of troops cannot be proven.

location

At the top left towards the center of the picture is the road to Dangstetten (still without a gravel pit). Photo taken in 1938

The Roman military camp in Dangstetten was located on a high terrace on the Upper Rhine in an arched valley, which is enclosed by the southern chain of hills of the Randen and is now occupied by the municipality of Küssaberg. It was located east of the road from Rheinheim to Dangstetten in the “Auf dem Buck” area.

In ancient times, the camp was north of a presumably already existing settlement (the later Roman city of Tenedo ). After the river crossing, the Romans probably built a bridge at the time the camp was in existence. The size of the camp and the road construction activity also assumed by recent research at least up to the " Wutach Line" as well as the simultaneous destruction of the Celtic oppidum in the Rhine loop near Rheinau make extensive logistical measures plausible:

With the Alpine campaigns “Augustus created the conditions for the planned conquest of Germania as far as the Elbe. For this purpose the Roman troops were used until 12 BC. Moved from the interior of Gaul to the Rhine and the Alpine foothills, from where they advanced to the east and north. "

history

The empire before the Alpine campaigns

Historical horizon

At the time the bridgehead was formed at Dangstetten, the Roman Empire under Emperor Augustus was near the height of its power - the Mediterranean region was already completely under control. Octavian had secured the east (before his rise to power as 'Augustus') by defeating his rival Mark Antony and the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra . Gaul - the Celtic core area - had already been conquered by Caesar and the last acute 'problem zone' was northeastern Europe, Germania and Illyria . The strategic starting point could only be the interface between the two 'unsecured' areas: the northern foothills of the Alps.

The target area

Celtic-Rhaetian area before the Alpine campaigns. Only Augusta Raurica / Kaiseraugst as a Roman foundation

The foothills of the Alps were inhabited by Celtic and Rhaetian tribes - the Celts in the western area had already come under Roman control through the conquest of Gaul (58 to 49 BC). The Celtic Helvetians had 58 BC. They attempted to emigrate through southern France (Roman province Gallia Narbonensis ) towards the Atlantic coast, but were devastated by Caesar near Bibracte west of the Rhone and sent back to their region of origin. Caesar wanted to preserve the Celtic pre-Alpine region as a 'buffer zone' against the Germanic peoples. Since the Helvetii were strongly decimated, large areas (possibly including the Black Forest) were described by a Roman geographer as the Helvetian wasteland.

The Raeter in the north-eastern foothills of the Alps, however, were still independent and they were also credited with numerous raids and raids into northern Roman Italy.

Strategy under Augustus

"Since the 20s [v. Chr.] The conquest of the Alpine region was being prepared, a long overdue measure that Caesar had already planned. As far as the southern Alpine regions were concerned, the need to protect Northern Italy from raids by the Raeter certainly played a role, but the dimension of the whole enterprise cannot be explained with defensive intentions alone. From a strategic point of view, the Alps are primarily a transit area. The Romans wanted to get their hands on the passports so that they could quickly move troops between Italy, Gaul and the Danube countries. If they had only been concerned with the security of Italy, the expansion of the alpine routes would have made little sense, as it would only have made it easier for an attacker to overcome the protective mountain range. However, the Romans also wanted to occupy the northern foothills of the Alps, otherwise there would have been an annoying kink in the connection between the Rhine border and the troops in Illyria and Moesia . Furthermore, the Teutons, who were constantly threatening Gaul, could be caught in the flank from the foothills of the Alps. "

Ultimately, Augustus pursued a defensive strategy; the north, however, could only be secured through offensive operations. The company started from 25 BC. BC through two campaigns in the west and east Alps to secure flanks and then 15 BC. The main offensive to occupy the Alpine foothills, which led to the establishment of the bridgehead between the present-day villages of Dangstetten and Rheinheim.

Alpine campaign

The aim of this campaign, which was set up as a pincer movement with an army group under Drusus operating further to the east , was, in addition to the occupation of the Alpine foothills - with the provisional demarcation along the High Rhine - the conquest of the area north of Lake Constance as far as the Danube. This closed the gap between Gaul, which had already been conquered by Caesar, and the Roman province of Noricum in the east, and this enabled a quick east-west shift of troops and access to Germania from the south.

15 BC "The great Alpine campaign took place, in which two armies, each with two to three legions of the Gallic and Northern Italian-Illyri army, took part. 14 BC Finally the subjugation of the Ligurians in the Maritime Alps followed. "

After the Alpine campaigns, the western foothills of the Alps 'Helvetii' (lower green area) were assigned to Gaul and the (purple) area 'Raetia et Vindelicia' was occupied.

The western army group, which operated from Gaul via Augusta Raurica under the later Emperor Tiberius , was already able to rely on Roman logistics in the Helvetian region (with its center in Vindonissa / Windisch). After a naval battle they crossed Lake Constance and then met the army of the general Drusus , who subjugated the Raetian tribes and, after a battle against the Vindeliker, occupied the country up to the Danube bend.

The establishment of the bridgehead with the camp at Dangstetten was carried out by the army of Tiberius, to whose units the XIX. Legion counted.

Dangstetten bridgehead

The river crossing at Bad Zurzach / Rheinheim was not made for short-term, tactical reasons - here an 'ancient' trade route (and already an 'army route') was secured; with another ferry station near Kadelburg and a Rheinfurt near Ettikon. In addition to local traditions, this is also confirmed by recent archaeological research (also through renewed find evaluations):

“Dangstetten is located directly on the right bank of the Rhine, on a Rhine crossing that was certainly used earlier. One can ask the question whether the camp was used solely for operations to the north, or whether the protection of the Rhine waterway with the Rhine crossing played an equally important role. ”And with regard to the nearby Vindonissa,“ Roman military [. .] from the 2nd decade BC Secured. Obviously, this [..] space was also used in connection with supply and logistics. "

Up to the level of Lake Constance, the Helvetic Alpine foothills were provided with a network of Roman bases one to two decades before the campaign, which ensured that at least the western military campaign ran smoothly; The Romans were also familiar with the geographical conditions and the Rhine crossing along the 'main road' to the north had been prepared for the long term.

Already during the campaign in 15 BC The Romans reached beyond the Upper Rhine - the two commanders Tiberius and Drusus met to explore the then unknown source of the Danube . According to archaeological findings, the Celtic town (oppidum) located in the nearby Rhine loop near Altenburg (D) and Rheinau (CH) was discovered around 15 BC. "Abandoned" - since no signs of battle were found, a withdrawal or expulsion by the XIX. (19.) Legion to be assumed. Local research also assumes something similar about the fortifications (ramparts) in Klettgau on the Rhine and Wutach - for example from the Semberg near Wutöschingen .

Phases of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany

There is no evidence of military or civil facilities in connection with the establishment of the Dangstetten camp, but historical research assumes that the old trade route past later Küssaburg was secured, at least as far as the 'Wutachlinie'. Also along the banks of the Rhine to Rheinau / Altenburg and west to Kadelburg / Ettikon. Since the Romans also operated by ship, of course, ferry traffic to the camp from today's Bad Zurzach was not a problem - the construction of a bridge and the emergence of the small towns Tenedo (Zurzach) and Juliomagus (Schleitheim) can only be archaeologically proven in later decades (due to the stone construction) . However, as logistical bases, they may have been created earlier.

For the Roman bridge structures Zurzach-Rheinheim see: Bridge construction

Lore

The Black Forest / Lake Constance area, between Tenedone and Juliomago

In Roman literature there are isolated references to geographical aspects, such as the " Agri decumates " (tenth country) mentioned by Tacitus or the "Helvetian wasteland" by Claudius Ptolemy , but except for the Alpine and Black Forest campaigns in AD 75. BC - no historical representation known.

It is assumed, however, that the information given by C. Ptolemy can be traced back to measurements made by the Roman army, which were used for the campaigns in Germania between 14 BC. And 16 AD and originated from the Roman garrisons on the Rhine. This could also include surveying teams in Dangstetten. Apparently Ptolemy had access to this data.

While the ruins near Rottweil could be identified as Arae Flaviae by means of an inscription , Tenedo (Bad Zurzach) and Juliomagus (Schleitheim / Stühlingen) could only be identified using medieval traces of a Roman road map ( Tabula Peutingeriana ).

Varus in Dangstetten

The commander of the western army group, Tiberius, and Publius Quinctilius Varus , who later became known through his defeat as a general in the Teutoburg Forest, were not only related, but were also entrusted with common tasks under Augustus: Varus accompanied 22 BC. "Tiberius and the emperor on their almost three-year trip to the Orient, which took them to Egypt, Asia Minor and the province of Syria. [...] After the end of the journey, 19 BC BC, Varus remained calm until he met Tiberius on January 1, 13 BC. Became consul . "Tiberius' commission as military leader of the Alpine campaign in 15 BC. Chr. Offered room for the assumption, but "whether Varus accompanied him, we can only speculate." (CP Thiede, 124).

Pendant named Varus

The reinterpretation of a find in the Dangstetten camp confirms the assumption, but does not verify it:

One of the most important and controversial finds is a lead disk with incisions, which identified the wearer as belonging to a gentleman:

Publius Quinctilius Varus can be reconstructed , the later military leader who perished with three legions in the Varus Battle . Some scientists therefore suspect Varus as the commandant of the Dangstetten camp.

Inscription of the lead pendant: Pri (vat) tus caloni (bus) ser (vus) P (ublii) Q (uinctilii) Vari leg (ati) L (egionis) XIX c (o) h (ortis) I - translation: Privatus bei den Transport servants, slave of Publius Quinctilius Varus, the legate of the 19th legion, belonging to the 1st cohort. (Information board in Rheinheim, with reference to Ulrich Nuber).

Further historical course

After conquering and securing the foothills of the Alps, the Roman leadership provided troops for the continuation of the major offensive against free Germania. [...] The focus of the attacks shifted to the north, where Drusus from 12 to 9 BC. From the Lower and Middle Rhine to the Elbe. Whether the 19th Legion, which was then located in Dangstetten, took part in the actions with a push from the Upper Rhine to the north or participated in the campaign against the Marcomanni , or whether Tiberius, who after the death of Drusus [9 BC] Chr.] Had taken command, it called is unknown. In any case, she was in the autumn of 9 AD on the Lower Rhine, where she and the 17th and 18th legions belonged to the Army Group of Varus, which was lost in the catastrophe of the battle in the Teutoburg Forest .

Territory occupied in the Alpine campaign (outlined in yellow) - expanded to the west in the Black Forest campaign (purple)

The pre-Alpine region itself was not endangered by the events in Germania - the immediate area north of the High Rhine was soon occupied, around 40 AD a base was set up near Hüfingen (Brigobane) and, with the 'Black Forest campaign', built on the east -West road along the Danube to Strasbourg the Roman city of Arae Flaviae was founded. Soon afterwards, the Limes was established and gradually moved further north, the Upper Rhine region had been a 'peaceful hinterland' for around 200 years and was developed, intensively populated and cultivated by the Romans by means of road construction. The original, Celtic-Germanic population remained as workers or slaves on the numerous manors, probably also as tenants in their own villages.

Status of the warehouse

“In the legionary camp [von Dangstetten], countless imports from the Mediterranean, some of the highest quality, came to light in hundreds of pits. The troops had budgets that enabled the officers, in particular, to live a very sophisticated Roman-style lifestyle: fine tableware and colorful glasses of excellent quality imported from Italy, delicate oil lamps for lighting, and anointing oils for personal hygiene. In some pits the remains of whole feasts and banquets seem to have been sunk, together with the emptied packaging - amphorae - of wines from Italy, Spain and the Greek East, with fish sauces and olive oil from southern Spain. Money didn't matter. The way the Romans dealt with household effects in general and imported goods in particular at the beginning of their rule and the decision of the archaeologists to publish the finds pit by pit resulted in a fantastic archive of economic and cultural history and insight into the history of a few years around 15 BC . BC. Because of this, however, Dangstetten cannot simply be compared with other places. "

Excavations

The excavations and later the restoration were financed with funds from the German Research Foundation . From the beginning it was clear that one would find a largely intact, not overbuilt warehouse here. That is why Fingerlin's finds were published in the context of their find. Any restriction would have left many questions unanswered, so it was decided to dig everything up. Because of the immense size of the area, manual digging was not efficient, which is why mechanical means had to be used. After the examination of tableware and animal bones had largely been completed, the analysis of the amphorae began in 2004. Institutionally, the study was promoted by the Institute for Archaeological Sciences at the Johann Wolfgang von Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main .

Findings

The exposure revealed that it was the remains of a 12 to 14 hectare Roman military camp for a crew of around 5000 to 6000 men. “After completion of the 4th excavation campaign [1971 ...] the main building and the Paradeplatz are clearly visible, which, like the town hall and market of a medieval town, are located in the center of the camp. Then the area of ​​the craftsmen, the 'fabrica' of the Legion, with numerous workshops of potters, blacksmiths, bronze casters and carpenters. The barracks of the foot troops and the riders surround this camp core like a protective ring. A wood-built earth wall, partly with a trench, formed the outer end. […] The discovery of numerous coins made it possible […] to classify the camp exactly in time: it was in the years 15 - 9 BC. BC occupied with troops and is thus the oldest evidence of the presence of the Romans on southern German soil. "

The potter's stamps are also an important instrument for dating: according to the origin and composition of the sigillata , the majority in Dangstetten are from 20 to 11 BC. To date.

Troop occupancy

Corresponding finds are evidence of stays by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd cohorts as well as the cavalry of the XIX. Legion , a Gallic auxillary cavalry and oriental archers.

In general, the Dangstetten camp is referred to as the "legionary camp" (of the XIXth Legion) - there is no evidence of other troops belonging to it, which would make a designation as a "vexillation camp" enforceable.

Finds

The excavation yielded a rich collection of finds that is unique in south-west Germany. More than 1200 pits of various kinds were uncovered inside the facility.

The finds are made up of pieces of military equipment, traditional costume, everyday items, oil lamps, clay dishes, glasses, parts of around 1,500 amphorae , including the numerous stamped sigillates from Italian and occasional South Gallic workshops , a pottery furnace for common utensils , as well as the rich collection of primers . Other metallic finds were fittings, tools and iron implements. One of the most valuable finds, however, is a completely preserved millefiori dish , which was made from white, yellow and dark purple glass using a very complicated technique.

Metal finds were
found classic militaria, including shoe nails and early imperial fibulae , also parts of harness and typical oriental arrowheads , as well as early imperial daggers as well as a phalera and a votive hand of the Sabazios cult.

Tableware finds (Katrin Roth-Rubi)
The ceramic finds mainly include terra sigillata , i.e. ceramics with a glossy coating and so-called fine goods, especially mugs and small bowls that can be formally assigned to terra sigillata. The stock of vessels in Dangstetten was primarily Italian, especially since the dishes used by the civilian population in the south corresponded to this.

1160 pieces of the smooth sigillata type were inventoried, 397 of them hollow vessels (cups, mugs, goblets) and 269 flat vessels (plates / plates). The ratio is roughly the same as that of holders (approx. 40% hollow vessels / 60% flat vessels). 14 fragments show relief remains, an extremely small amount of relief sigillata. It cannot be said with certainty whether the ratio of the preserved relief sigillata and smooth sigillata corresponds to the actual one. Presumably the precious dishes were better guarded and were less likely to break.

The relief representations belong to cycles of well-known Arretian workshops and mainly depict satyrs , feasts and Kalathisko dancers . These motifs are adopted as atticisms from Roman culture from Greek, they are not to be interpreted in the context of “wine, women and song” that the military likes to cover.

The early reliefs are shaped by Augustan classicism; Due to their artistic demands, they are aimed at an educated buyers. The fact that there are so few of them in Dangstetten is because it was a military camp. The dating is uncertain, but the pieces must have been around 20 BC. Have been in circulation. Since Dangstetten is a military camp that has only been busy for a relatively short period of time, the development of the so-called “fine goods” lies outside that of the local population, especially the Gallic upper class, who had been associated with Italy since Caesar. But it was fully developed when, thanks to the military, it reached the north of the empire.

According to Roth-Rubi, the finds show those forms that were an integral part of tableware during the transition to the imperial era in Italy. Of these prevail:

  1. tall, slender cup, spindle-shaped in the lower part; the lip sharply defined, small footprint. Decorated with point garlands or thorns.
  2. Ovoid cup, the wall constricted in the upper section, lip without profiling. Often covered flat with thorns, which can be arranged as a band.

Spindle-shaped cups would be a guide for a late Republican horizon, but these are missing in Dangstetten.

Amphorae
finds (Ulrike Ehmig) The formal and macroscopic properties of the Dangstetten amphorae were described in detail, so the finds could be grouped precisely. The typological determination of the amphorae also enables statements to be made about their content and origin. For example, wine came in containers of the Dressel 1 type and its successors (2-4) from Campanian, Etrurian and Tarraconian productions. Two thirds of the deliveries came from the Iberian Peninsula. Imports from Italy only made up a fifth of this volume. Most of the Eastern Mediterranean products come from Rhodes, with more than half of them, and there are also a small number of deliveries from North Africa and southern Gaul (Marseille). A third of the containers found were used to transport wine, slightly less for seasoning sauces, around a fifth for oil and a tenth for olives and fruit. The remaining approx. 6% of the 2208 amphorae remain with indefinite content.

More than every tenth amphora is of the Dressel 6A type; this means that a third of all wines delivered came from the Adriatic region.

Amphorae were found in large quantities in ancient times and were usually crushed and disposed of after emptying. The examination of the fragmentation allows conclusions to be drawn about the handling of waste in Dangstetten, especially since the amphorae were found in every second pit of the camp. The distribution allows the conclusion that waste was usually transported out of the warehouse, but the landfill is still unknown. Within the camp, it can be assumed that there are temporary collection points where the used amphorae were deposited.

Food supply
Most of the pits also contained animal bone finds. In total, a few m³ of slaughter and food waste were recovered, which, once the identification work has been completed, will allow a fairly comprehensive picture of the meat supply to the camp to be reconstructed. The archaeozoologist Hans-Peter Uerpmann researched the site and found not only pet bones but also bones of wolves , brown bears , aurochs , ibexes and numerous remains of red deer . The pigs were presumably obtained from the surrounding Celtic population; Birds and fish were also eaten by the soldiers.

Monument protection, preservation of findings and what is found

Although according to widespread information it no longer exists, the Roman camp Dangstetten ground monument is protected as a registered cultural monument within the meaning of the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Since there are scattered facilities - no Roman burial sites have been discovered in the region - research and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and random finds must be reported to the monument authorities.

Most of the finds, including the millefiori bowl, are now exhibited in the Colombischlössle Archaeological Museum in Freiburg. Further finds and reconstructions can be seen in the Höfli Museum in Bad Zurzach , in the Küssaberg Museum in Rheinheim and in the Klettgau Museum in Tiengen .

Remarks

  1. ↑ A vexillation is a unit dedicated to specific tasks. It can consist of individual contubernias, centurions, manipulas or cohorts or auxiliary units. These can be sub-units of a single or different legions. Vexillations always had their own standard and set up common camps. Centurions, tribunes or prefects can be considered as commanders. The encamped soldiers were often used as construction teams or guards, or as mobile combat troops.

literature

  • Ulrike Ehmig : Dangstetten IV. The amphorae. Investigations on the supply of a military installation in Augustan times and the basics of archaeological interpretation of finds and findings (= research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg. 117). Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2394-1 .
  • Gerhard Fingerlin: The gates of the early Roman camp of Dangstetten (Upper Rhine) . In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg. 3, 1977, pp. 278-285, doi: 10.11588 / fbbw.1977.0.24839 .
  • Gerhard Fingerlin : Küssaberg − Dangstetten. Camp for a larger unit of troops . In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , pp. 156-158.
  • Gerhard Fingerlin: Dangstetten I. Catalog of the finds (sites 1 to 603) (= research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg. 22). Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0775-5 .
  • Gerhard Fingerlin: Dangstetten II. Catalog of the finds (sites 604 to 1358) (= research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg. 69). Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1402-6 .
  • Gerhard Fingerlin: Roman and Celtic horsemen in the camp of the 19th Legion of Dangstetten on the Upper Rhine . In: Archaeological News from Baden. 60, Freiburg 1999, ISSN  0178-045X , pp. 3-18.
  • Franz Fischer : On the historical dating of early Roman military stations. Walenseetürme, Zurich-Lindenhof and Dangstetten . In: Franz Fischer, Rainer Wiegels (eds.): On the Upper Rhine and Upper Danube. Contributions to the prehistory and early history of southwest Germany (= Osnabrück research on antiquity and the reception of antiquity. 10). Leidorf, Rahden / Westfalen 2006, ISBN 3-89646-731-X , pp. 407-414.
  • Jürg Leckebusch : The origin of the Dangstetten saucepans . In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg. 22/1, 1998, pp. 377-427.
  • Hans Ulrich Nuber : P. Quinctilius Varus, Legatus Legionis XIX. For the interpretation of the lead disk from Dangstetten, district of Waldshut . In: Archaeological correspondence sheet. 38 (2008), No. 2, ISSN  0342-734X , pp. 223-231.
  • Katrin Roth-Rubi : The military camp of Dangstetten and its role for the later western border of Raetia . In: Claus-Michael Hüssen (Ed.): Late Latène and early Roman imperial times between the edge of the Alps and the Danube (= colloquia on prehistory and early history. 8). Habelt, Bonn 2004, ISBN 3-7749-3297-2 , pp. 133-148.
  • Katrin Roth-Rubi: world of images and propaganda in the early August camp of Dangstetten . In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): Limes XIX. Proceedings of the XIXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies held in Pécs, Hungary, September 2003 . University of Pécs, Pécs 2005, ISBN 963-642-053-X , pp. 919-930.
  • Katrin Roth-Rubi: Dangstetten III. The tableware from the military camp in Dangstetten (= research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg. 103). Theiss, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-2065-4 .
  • Hans-Peter Uerpmann : Slaughterhouse technology and meat supply in the Roman military camp of Dangstetten (Waldshut district). In: Ludwig Berger , Georg Bienz, Jürg Ewald, Marcel Joos (eds.): Festschrift for Elisabeth Schmidt. 1977, pp. 261-272.
  • Rainer Wiegels : Two lead stamps from the early Roman military camp in Dangstetten . In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg. 14, 1989, pp. 427-456.
  • Werner Zanier : The Alpine Campaign 15 BC And the conquest of Vindelikiens. In: Bavarian history sheets . 64, 1999, pp. 99-132.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Dieter Planck: 500 years of Roman research in Baden-Württemberg in: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube , accompanying volume for the exhibition of the state of Baden-Württemberg in the Stuttgart art building, publisher: Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen am Neckar 2005, p. 24. ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 .
  2. ↑ Liselotte Noth: Finds testify to an old army camp . In: Südkurier from December 19, 2009; Retrieved December 30, 2009.
  3. ↑ G. Fingerlin: Rheinheim - Dangstetten. A legionary camp from early Roman times , special print by Gebr. Tröndle Kieswerk, Rheinheim-Dangstetten, from Archäologische Nachrichten aus Baden, issue 6, April 1971, p. 4.
  4. ^ Fritz Schächtelin: The history association Hochrhein eV, Waldshut-Tiengen. The portrait of a South Baden history association. In: Heimat on the Upper Rhine. Yearbook of the district of Waldshut. 1992, p. 141.
  5. ↑ Martin Kemkes: From the Rhine to the Limes and back again. The Occupation History of Southwest Germany. In: Ed .: Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg: Roms Provinzen , 2005, p. 44.
  6. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: The Legions of Augustus , Volume 33, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 1986, p. 80. ISBN 3-8053-0886-8 .
  7. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: Die Legionen des Augustus , Volume 33, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 1986, p. 81.
  8. ↑ Stefanie Martin-Kilcher: Archaeological traces of the Roman occupation between the Alps and the Upper Rhine in: Gustav Adolf Lehmann / Rainer Wiegels: Over the Alps and over the Rhine , treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen , Volume 37, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2015, pp. 270 and 261. ISBN 978-3-11-040830-0 .
  9. ^ Andreas Kleineberg, Christian Marx, Eberhard Knobloch , Dieter Lelgemann : Germania and the island of Thule. The decryption of Ptolemy. (“Atlas der Oikumene”) , Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2010, pp. 22 and 25. ISBN = 978-3-534-23757-9.
  10. ^ Carsten Peter Thiede: Jesus and Tiberius , Luchterhand Literatur Verlag, Munich 2004, p. 122 f. ISBN 3-630-88009-6 .
  11. ↑ Hans Ulrich Nuber : P. Quinctilius Varus won… In: 2000 Years of Varus Battle: Imperium . Theiss, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8062-2278-4 , pp. 106-113.
  12. ↑ The secret of a lead disk (PDF, 680 kB), article in the Badische Zeitung of May 3, 2008 on the website of the Archeology Association in Baden eV; Retrieved December 30, 2009.
  13. ↑ Jost Bürgi: The Romans on the Upper Rhine , Society Pro Juliomago, 1984, p. 6 f.
  14. ↑ Stefanie Martin-Kilcher: Handel und Importe in: Ed .: Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg: Roms Provinzen , 2005, p. 430 f.
  15. ↑ G. Fingerlin: Rheinheim - Dangstetten. A legionary camp from early Roman times , special print Tröndle, Rheinheim-Dangstetten. From: Archäologische Nachrichten aus Baden, Issue 6, April 1971, pp. 7 and 1.
  16. ↑ Maureen Carroll : Romans, Celts and Teutons, Life in the Roman Provinces of Rome . 2001, p. 106
  17. ↑ Hans-Peter Uerpmann: Slaughterhouse technology and meat supply in the Roman military camp of Dangstetten (Waldshut district) . In: Ludwig Berger, Georg Bienz, Jürg Ewald, Marcel Joos (eds.): Festschrift for Elisabeth Schmidt. 1977, pp. 261-272.