Iuliomagus (Schleitheim)
Iuliomagus (also Juliomagus ) was a Roman city in the province of Germania superior near the present-day village of Schleitheim , separated by the Wutach opposite Stühlingen , in the canton of Schaffhausen , Switzerland, north of today's Upper Rhine .
In the spa Juliomagus Remains of Roman bath (are spas ) to see and in the basement of a commercial building, an area of the market street. The finds made so far are in the Heimatmuseum Schleitheim and in the Museum zu Allerheiligen in Schaffhausen .
Geographical location
There is only one reference to the name Iuliomagus / Juliomagus: the Tabula Peutingeriana . This medieval copy of a Roman road map, which goes back to a late antique original, covered the whole of the then known world from Spain to China. All important transport connections and cities of the Roman Empire are drawn in, using older templates, which is why several places are listed that no longer existed when the map was created in the 4th century . The map also shows the approximate location and name of Iuliomagus . Based on this knowledge, the first systematic excavations were carried out in 1860, which finally led to the discovery of the Roman settlement. Iuliomagus is located on a Roman road leading from Vindonissa (Windisch) and Tenedo (Bad Zurzach) further north via Brigobanne (Hüfingen) to Arae Flaviae (Rottweil) .
history
As far as we know today, the small Roman town covered an area of about six hectares. It is believed that it was the main site of a civitas , but so far there is no evidence for this. In addition to small wooden buildings, a thermal bath, a Roman temple district , a residential and market area with a pottery and in the vicinity three manors have been found .
prehistory
The expansion of rule in the Roman Empire was directed for centuries to Mediterranean regions and powers and only in the last century BC. The north was included. The Alps had served as a protective wall, but the Romans had also seen foreign armies break through here several times and this potential threat was never forgotten.
The historical conflict potential in the north was from the 2nd century BC. In the increasing number of Elbe Germanic migrants who pushed towards the Rhine, Neckar and southern Germany. A worsening of the situation is observed since 80 BC. Chr .: "In Gaul , internal power struggles and disputes among the Celtic tribes escalate. [...] Inner-Gaulish conflicts and the increasing influence of Germanic groups lead to a destabilization of the entire region. Rome followed this development with particular attention and reacted in 58 BC . with an armed intervention. "
Caesar conquers Gaul
At the beginning of his campaign to conquer Gaul, Caesar used the exodus of Celtic tribes (Caesar names Gros Helvetier , plus Tulinger , Latobriger , Rauraker and Boier ) from the areas on the right bank of the Rhine south of the Main and Danube and the northern Alpine foothills to present-day Bavaria (Augsburg-Lech -Inn). He defeated these ethnic groups at the Battle of Bibracte (58 BC) - probably 2/3 of the emigrants were killed, even if the absolute numbers can hardly be determined. The survivors were sent back by Caesar to protect the borders on the Upper Rhine between the Rhine knee and Lake Constance and towards the Danube against the Teutons as residents of a 'buffer zone'. These remnants of the 'returned peoples' could hardly settle in the area, but will have concentrated in urban centers (oppida) and around hilltop castles. This is unlikely to have changed even after several generations.
The depopulation of this formerly Celtic cultivated land could have caused the Roman geographer and historian Claudius Ptolemy to refer to this region as the " Helvetian wasteland " around 130 AD .
Reign of Augustus
After Caesar's struggle for power (49 to 45 BC) and his assassination in 44 BC Octavian (from 27 BC: Augustus ) emerged victorious from the civil war over the succession of Caesar (44 to 31 BC). During this period and also afterwards, relative calm prevailed in the struggled Gaul and also on the Rhine border with Germania.
Augustus enlarged the empire especially in the east, won northern Spain, in Africa Egypt and Mauritania, created new provinces south on the Danube in the Balkans and secured campaigns against Dalmater and Salasser in 25 BC. The passes on the Little and Great St. Bernhard. 17 BC It seemed appropriate to the new emperor to proclaim the beginning of a " Pax Romana " - the Augustan peace - with large celebrations . It lasted exactly one year, “then uprisings broke out in long-subdued areas [...] and the Romans suffered the most shameful defeat where they least expected it: on the Rhine. [The Sugambres ] crossed the river to invade Gaul. The governor Marcus Lollius [...] went against them with a legion and was defeated. ”It meant shame that the standard, the ' legionary eagle ' had fallen into the hands of the Teutons - Augustus used the incident for his strategy and left personally from for three years to Gaul. Now the foothills of the Alps should also be secured so that there is no danger from there again.
Alpine campaign
After the western Rhine border was secured by the relocation of six legions stationed in the interior of Gaul between 16 and 13 BC. On the line between the mouth of the river and today's Mainz ( Mogontiacum ) ...
“... Augustus turned to two other theaters of war that were now strategically more important: the Alps and the Balkans. [...] In a large-scale pincer movement, [16–15 BC Two armies], each two to three legions strong (with auxiliary troops approx. 15,000 - 20,000 men) into the Alps before [...] Tiberius and his troops pushed through from the west to the Lake Constance area, while Drusus pushed through the Etschtal marched over the Reschenpass into the Inn valley. "
All the peoples of the region were subjugated, including the Celtic Vindelics .
After the armies had been united and the source of the Danube had been explored, the Upper Rhine line was set up as a temporary border in the western section. As one of the bases there served from 15 BC. Chr. Proven Römerlager Dangstetten (v to 9. Chr.). The Celtic oppidum in Altenburg-Rheinau was also destroyed during this period . In the war for Germania 12–9 BC that followed further north. BC the Romans pushed the border along the Main and up to the Weser.
After the defeat in the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9 , the Romans increased their troop presence and again achieved military successes in Germania, but gradually the realization took hold that this ultimately unmistakable territory could not be completely occupied, but that any policy could only be used for Safeguarding the ramparts of Gaul's necessary effort "had to take into account" and the result was a "return of the Roman German policy to its historical starting point [...] - the Alpine foreland".
"When Emperor Tiberius ordered the withdrawal of all troops to the left bank of the Rhine in AD 16 , this meant the definitive end of all attempts to advance the imperial border to the Elbe."
Around this time, the Legio XIII Gemina (13th Legion) built a base in Vindonissa , initially made of wooden structures . It is now considered likely that the XIII. Legion has already built the road that (later) led through Juliomagus.
Establishing Juliomagus
"From the Augustan legionary camp in Dangstetten, the military may have advanced northwards into the area between the Upper Rhine and the Upper Danube Valley." (Wieland, 1994).
The assumption that the immediately adjacent, fertile Klettgau plain up to the Wutach was developed from the Dangstetten camp can also be found in the local history. Because it would be astonishing if right here (near Dangstetten), where the largest legionary camp was located after the Alpine campaign, which lasted at least six years - until 9th BC. Chr. -, existed, no access to the environment would have taken place. It can hardly be assumed that the troops were inactive during this period.
Claus-Michael Hüssen assumes that the "camp near Hüfingen" ( Brigobanne ) was built before 45 BC. By a road built from Dangstetten (via a possible station at the Wutach crossing at the later Iuliomagus), because: “The fort line on the Danube begins with the camp at Hüfingen an der Breg ( Revellio , 1937), which covers the southern Black Forest and should probably monitor a connection to the Rhine Valley. The fort was founded at the location of the legio XIII Gemina (13th Legion) in Windisch- Vindonissa . ”Juliomagus was between Hüfingen / Brigobanne and the Rhine Valley.
The XIII. Legion was stationed in Vindonissa until 44/45 AD and it is considered certain that the emperor Claudius, who ruled from 41 AD, drove the road construction with great energy soon after he took office. Thus, under Claudius, roads were expanded in the neighboring region of Raetia - the Via Claudia Augusta from northern Italy to Augsburg to the Danube and the Donausüdstrasse, probably to Hüfingen, as well as the establishment of numerous military camps.
The road construction from Vindonissa to Tenedo (Bad Zurzach) via the place from Iuliomagus to Brigobanne (Hüfingen) and Arae Flaviae (Rottweil) was carried out as early as the 5th decade of the 1st century AD. According to the authors Revellio and Hussen by the 13th Legion.
This means that the street will be no later than 45 BC. Existed - that this already set the beginnings of Juliomagus has not yet been proven.
The foundation according to older tradition
“When Emperor Octavianus Augustus once decided to subjugate the wild Rhaetians in Tyrol and the Vindelicians in Hegau and on Lake Constance, his stepson Tiberius came with an army from Windisch, built the village of Forum Tiberii on the Rhine and delivered the Vindelicians from the island of Reichenau a decisive sea meeting and then marched to the Vindelician borders to the north-western point, where he saw the sources of the Danube with his own eyes. But he did not want to leave this northernmost region of the empire without leaving a monument to the Julian imperial family on his brands: he founded Juliomagus near Schleitheim in the year 15 after Christ. This spot remained for a long time a place of southern culture in the middle of the barbarian country; in Trajan's time one saw monuments and a kind of burial mounds with Greek inscriptions in these areas. "
Information from the archaeologists
The archaeologist Jürgen Trumm, who presented a systematic and comprehensive work on Roman settlement on the eastern Upper Rhine in 2002 - does not want to assume a settlement start for the area around Schleitheim-Juliomagus that occurs well before the start of Rottweil [Arae Flaviae , around 70 AD]. ”The date 70 AD refers to the proven road connection via Juliomagus to Hüfingen and Arae Flaviae in connection with the Roman Black Forest campaign. According to the Schaffhausen archaeologists Homberger / Höneisen, "the place seems to have originated around 70 AD."
In a later publication, however, Jürgen Trumm also agreed to the 'historian variant': “Based on the early military camps in Zurzach and Hüfingen, the civil settlement of the Klettgau could already have taken place in the late Iberian-Early Claudic period, as is increasingly likely for the Upper Rhine area to the west becomes."
Since it was for the period between the Alpine campaign of Augustus after 15 BC BC and the campaign of Gnaeus Pinarius Cornelius Clemens 74/75 AD, also known as the "Black Forest campaign", there are no records of events in the Upper Rhine region, the possible founding period is as it were until 45 BC. BC 'brought forward', but decisions can only be made about (further) found dates.
Research on the Roman origins of Rottweil also assumes that the road connection built as part of the Black Forest campaign came from Hüfingen and thus already existed from the Upper Rhine: “The area of Rottweil seems to have been chosen as the central location of this campaign. For this purpose a road was laid from Hüfingen (Roman BRIGOBANNE) in the south and from Strasbourg (Roman ARGENTORATE) in the west through the Kinzig valley to Rottweil. The first Roman castles were built in Rottweil at the intersection [...] of these streets. "
Black Forest campaign
While after the cessation of the Germania expansion by Tiberius in 16 AD the Roman interests and campaigns again concentrated on the east of the empire, there were increasing political disputes in Rome, which after the death of Emperor Nero in 68/69 AD. Chr. In struggles for the throne , from which Vespasian emerged as the new emperor. During these battles, the Roman military commanders “discovered that rapid troop movements from the Danube to the Rhine front were not yet possible. The relocated army divisions always had to make the detour around the knee of the Rhine near Basel or at best could take a shortcut on the road from Vindonissa via Hüfingen to Riegel and Sasbach on the Rhine. (G. Fingerlin in: RiBW 1986, 462 f.). [...] In the years 74/75 AD, Roman troops, led by the legate Gnaeus Pinarius Cornelius Clemens, occupied the area between Wetterau and the Black Forest. "
In this company, known as the "Black Forest Campaign", a road was built from Strasbourg ( Argentorate ) via Offenburg and the Kinzig valley via Sulz to the Rottweil (Arae Flaviae) founded in the process, and from Hüfingen the connection to the Donausüdstraße to Raetien was established. The latter connection is further confirmed: “Troop movements may also have been made from the Vindonissa military camp in northern Switzerland to the upper Neckar. There were old road connections here, which made a corresponding advance from the south possible (Planck 1975, 210). ”The“ old road connections ”mean the road through the Klettgau.
Dietz also explains this: "Rottweil-Arae Flaviae was founded at its [the Donausüdstrasse] intersection with the route coming from the south [the road through the Klettgau]." (Dietz, 4)
Regarding the Black Forest and “ Dekumatland ”, however, there is also the view of the ancient historian Heinz Bellen , who sets a later date of the conquest (84/85 AD): “ Domitian continued the initiatives of his father [Vespasian] and created for the Roman Germania spatially and administratively stable conditions. [... Thereby] the connection to the conquests of Pinarius Clemens was established, ie the area south of the Main and Neckar, the so-called Dekumatland (Tac. Germ. 29,3) was won. "
Settlement of the Klettgau / Wutach area
Since for the years from 17 to 75 AD north of the High Rhine between Tenedo (Bad Zurzach) and Brigobanne (Hüfingen) there is no "find horizon" that allows reliable statements about the development in Klettgau and also about Juliomagus, civilian ones can be made No evidence of activities - such as the construction of manors - during this period.
Due to the permanent uncertainties and the relocation of troops, it would be understandable if a settlement of the country between the Upper Rhine and Danube was not carried out with vigor after the Alpine campaign or only started a few decades later in the wake of the "Black Forest campaign" in 74/75 AD would.
After the Black Forest campaign and its development successes: the closer-meshed road construction with the main town Arae Flaviae (Rottweil) in the north and the imperial border, which was pushed even further to the Danube, the Roman settlement of the northern High Rhine region could begin, which then developed undisturbed by military events for almost 200 years . The settlement subsequently covered the regions up to the Main, to the Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes .
From 70 to 101 AD, the XI was headquartered in Vindonissa . Legion (Claudia Pia Fidelis) stationed. Vespasian had the 21st Legion (nicknamed “the predatory”), which had brutally attacked the population during the Helvetian uprising during the civil war (destruction of Aventicum ), replaced there. The XI. Legion was also involved in the Black Forest campaign (which was largely a road construction company) and in the founding of Arae Flaviae. Brick stamp of the XI. Legion were also found in house buildings in Juliomagus, so that the construction there had now demonstrably begun.
Arae Flaviae is proven as an administrative center (civitas) and there are also considerations about Juliomagus as a regional center:
Administrative center Juliomagus (?)
“The location of the southern border [of the Municipium Arae Flaviae] depends on the question of whether there was still a civitas with a center in Schleitheim on the Upper Rhine . In this case the border between the Danube and the Breg must be sought. If such a civitas did not exist, the border might have been in the area of the [...] monument assumed from the inscription of Wutöschingen . As such, this was certainly older than the Municipium , but its position should not have been chosen for no reason. If there was a civitas around Schleitheim, the border between this and a suspected civitas around Windisch [Vindonissa] could have run. "
Further passage of time
Jürgen Trumm, who evaluated the excavations around Schleitheim in literature and through the find registers, came to few conclusions concerning the history and significance of Juliomagus. He also assumes that his 14,000 km² “work area” with the core region of Klettgau , in the south of the province of Germania Superior , probably belonged to a civitas around Juliomagus in Roman times . (P. 228) Despite the relatively low research intensity - Trumm recorded “51 sites that can be referred to as manor houses (villae rusticae)” - but noticeably dense: “The villas had an average one Distance of 1.5 km to each other. "
Almost nothing is known about the other 150 to 200 years of Juliomagus' development. It becomes dramatically clear "that the state of research often in no way reflects the ancient conditions" (Trumm, p. 299).
The historian Klaus Grote states: "There is no evidence for the entire 2nd century (AD)" and points out that this could indicate a period without military conflicts.
"Riots in the germ.-gall. Raum, Zentrum Germania superior ”registered towards the end of the period, Heinz Bellen:“ The wax tablet from Rottweil (Arae Flaviae) dated August 12, 186 (Année épigr. 1959, 141) provides a clue for [.. their] termination. "
Alemanni
In the history of writing, the Upper Rhine region first came into contact again at the beginning of the 3rd century:
213 n. Chr. Met Emperor Caracalla "after heavy fighting near the limit at the bottom of Main for the first time with the previously unknown Germanic association together and could it [...] Keep away again from the Reich." 233 broke the Alemanni again through the border fortifications and they "then advanced over the Rhine and Danube deep into the Reich territory." This also directly affected the Upper Rhine area.
First the "soldier emperor " Maximinus Thrax (235/38) ...
“... then succeeded in restoring the situation in the Limes region. But after a few years new attacks by the Alemanni followed, and they will not have demolished until the Limes defense finally collapsed under Gallienus in 259/260 . "
The invaders, who advanced as far as Rome, suffered a heavy defeat on the way back near Milan, but "for the first time, Roman territory was permanently lost to a Germanic tribe" - also in the region north of the Upper Rhine. Only in the area of Augsburg ( Augusta Vindelicorum ) the Romans succeeded another victory . After the Alemanni and Franks broke into the west, into Gaul, “on a broad front” in 276 AD, the Emperor Probus (Emperor) [278 AD] advanced deep into the interior of Alamannia with large troops. As a realist, however, he built a line of defense “from the east bank of Lake Constance along the Iller to the Danube” and later a “line of resistance on the Upper Rhine [...] although the area north of it remained controversial for a long time. This was the starting point in the late Roman period. "
Stroheker cautiously formulated a fact that is discussed among historians and archaeologists for the region around Juliomagus.
Late Roman phase
Nevertheless, the "shorter connection from the Upper Rhine to the Danube countries, which was now lost to the Alamanni and (which) had also secured the apron of the heartland Italy", could no longer be regained. Admittedly, in 288 AD, Diocletian “moved from Raetia to the Danube springs and presumably subjected this area again to Roman rule”, but not much later (Diocletian's co-regent Caesar Constantius) had to “pass the Alemanni at Vindonissa (Windisch) on Up to 328 (it came under Constantine the Great ) to some new battles, which led to a further strengthening of the Rhine line. "
Under Emperor Valentinian I there were further Roman attempts to keep the Alemanni under pressure from Gaul and Raetia (where Valentinian's army master Theodosius directed the operations). Valentinian basically pursued a defensive strategy, which “since 369 has also deeply involved the hinterland. The line on the Upper Rhine was expanded to be particularly dense with watchtowers ( burgi ) [...] This defense system proved to be effective for a long time. "378, after an Alemannic invasion near Breisach , entered with Gratian " the last time a Roman emperor on the right bank of the Rhine. "
The Dekumatland - the Black Forest and the northern High Rhine region as far as Lake Constance - were spared from the great migration movements and their battles due to the difficult to overcome river line after the re-fortification of the High Rhine line at the end of the 3rd century, the settlement here is due to the gradual withdrawal of the Roman Citizens and a slow infiltration of Alemannic groups. This can be preferred here, which is also described generally: “Although the economic system of the villa rustica ended in the 5th century AD, a decisive break in the cultivation of the cultivated land cannot be proven everywhere. The Romansh population was not driven out or even exterminated. One can only observe that the temporally and regionally different immigration of Germanic tribes of different origins in the course of the early Middle Ages led to a gradual assimilation of the Romanians into a numerically superior Germanic population. "
It is possible that for a few decades after the Romans withdrew - perhaps even a hundred years - there was a relatively 'domineering' Alemannic settler period before large territorial powers emerged again. The next were the Franks under the Merovingian kings.
Historians agree that "the early Middle Ages replaced late antiquity in historiography." (Fischer, 210).
Middle Ages
In the older literature there is a transfer from the Middle Ages, based on the time after the Hungarian invasions in the 10th century, when after the destruction of the Klettgau villages in the Randental valley , villages were rebuilt and old wall sections were uncovered near Schleitheim:
“When the new buildings were constructed, the remains of earlier buildings were often found, which must have stretched an hour up the valley. Well-preserved fireplaces, beautifully inlaid colored floors, even marble slabs were uncovered and the Hofmeier explained that the remains of an ancient, perhaps even Roman, settlement were here. Some of the material found, such as door frames, steps, bricks with inscriptions, hewn sandstone slabs, stone well basins, was reused. In other places where the walls towered above the ground, but the location did not seem suitable for a new settlement, the same remained and it was left to time to continue the work of destruction gradually but surely. "
Excavations
The sites - with the exception of some more widely distributed manors - extend along the Zwerenbach and include public facilities such as the thermal baths and a temple district as well as a residential, industrial and market area along the former trunk road.
“Systematic excavations in the valley floor of the Zwerenbach, in Vorholz and on Lendenberg [manor farms] began around 1860. It was first the Historical Association of the Canton of Schaffhausen and later the Association for Local History in Schleitheim, [...] (see above) more recently the Office for Prehistory of the Canton of Schaffhausen (today: Cantonal Archeology Schaffhausen) to record the findings. "
Between 1871 and 1922, numerous other sites were recorded, without the function of building remains or systems being able to be determined with any certainty. Today you can see a large main temple and a smaller Gallo-Roman temple and possibly a villa.
Location thermal baths
“In the winter of 1974/75 a significant part of the thermal baths could be excavated. The company and foundation PRO IVLIOMAGO, which was founded to promote research into Roman Schleitheim, took over in 1976 to roof over part of the exposed building remains, to preserve it and to make it accessible to the public in the form of a thermal bath museum. "
The building complex includes all the rooms that belong to a Roman bathing facility - the warm area was underlaid with underfloor heating - and “gives the impression of an elaborate and spacious construction. [...] The baths of Iuliomagus reached their highest level of development [...] around the beginning of the 2nd century AD ”(Bürgi).
The investigated area of the thermal baths covers 1550 m² and was rebuilt again and again in the period of 'carefully dated' (Bürgi) 60 AD, with an expansion after 74 AD up to the last repairs shortly after 235 AD or extended. The information board on site suggests that construction began around AD 50.
"From the bulk of the finds from the excavations in 1974/75 ...", the factory-made ceramics allow "a reliable determination, dating and often even the assignment to certain factories and potters." In addition to small finds made of metal, bone and Glass (e.g. fragments from glazed window openings and from perfume bottles), remnants of a large lead tub with a diameter of 120 cm and a capacity of about 1000 liters were found.
The size of the facility suggests that the thermal baths were primarily set up for (marching through) troops - "No evidence can be given from the settlement area and the surrounding area for a military camp that has repeatedly been suspected at Schleitheim."
Location of the trunk road
The other area of discovery is located in the northwestern area of the Zwerenbach, an area that has been increasingly built over with a commercial area in recent decades. This was also the reason for the foundations of buildings on Roman Marktstrasse that were found in 2000. (Hallway: "Z'underst Wyler"). As early as 1995, when exploring this section, two building foundations were found, but they had not yet been identified in connection with a market area. A marketplace is now suspected in this area. Original wooden structures were found, which were later replaced by stone buildings or built over.
Initially, the Romans had diverted the Zwerenbach, which flowed further east at that time, to create the market and economic area and then built the 7–13 m wide and originally around 20 m long wooden post and post structures. After a fire in the early 2nd century, these were partially rebuilt in stone and equipped with cellars.
In 2009, building remains were restored under a commercial hall to which two reconstruction paintings have been applied. These can be viewed from the outside.
A special find is a clay tile with the stamp "LEG XI C ...", which can be added to "LEG XI CPF" (Legion XI Claudia Pia Fidelis = 11th Legion, the Claudian, conscientious, loyal). The 11th Legion was stationed in the nearby Roman city of Vindonissa in AD 70-101 .
Shortly before 2007, part of the Roman road in Schleitheim / Iuliomagus was examined and the first evidence of a cemetery on the southern arterial road of the settlement was discovered (2001).
New find evaluations
In recent research, based on a renewed evaluation of the existing finds, it is assumed that the Alpine foothills up to the Upper Rhine did not only start after the "Alpine campaign" in 15 BC. Was developed, but from the middle of the 1st century BC. BC was manned like a base and the crossing of the Alps by Tiberius and Drusus was based on long-prepared logistics when advancing to the Danube.
The thesis is made possible by today more precisely datable hinge arch fibulae ( Aucissa filbles , which held the heavy legionnaire's coat). The researcher Stefanie Martin-Kilcher wrote in 2015 about new dating in Vindonissa: “With the presence of the Roman military after the middle of the 1st century BC. BC is to be expected. ”She justifies this with the fact that a“ reconstruction from the late Celtic, fortified cities to the initially open provincial Roman cities and small towns since the middle of the 1st century BC. BC [...] as a result of the new [Roman] rule and politics (to be pursued) ”. This "reconstruction" could be from the new foundations of the Gallic War - especially the foundation of Augusta Raurica in 44/43 BC. - have gone out.
Another author also writes about Vindonissa that “smaller military units since the 2nd century BC. Chr. "And a military post in Constance" was founded around 20 (BC) ".
So far (later Vindonissa) a smaller Roman fortification was considered to be the foundation of the Alpine campaign in 15 BC. BC, which was only expanded to the center in 14 AD. No comparable discovery has yet been made in the discovery horizon of the Roman camp in Dangstetten, but “a point of discovery in Hüfingen on the upper Danube is noteworthy”: Finds were dated there (Rieckhoff 1975, No. 5) - “Variants of the hinged arch fibula (type Alesia): Dating of the Jezarine type approx. 60-40 / 30 BC. Chr. "
In addition to the more common "conversion of a southern men's coat into a local woman's dress", a grave object (documented in: "Ruckstuhl 1988") "emerged" as a "phenomenon in the recent transition period in the 5th century: young Germanic woman with a late Roman men's belt in Schleitheim SH ".
Saying and guessing
"An old, orally transmitted legend reports that a town called 'Staufen' used to stand on the site of Schleitheim, which stretched from Hohbrugg to the Rüdistalmühle, halfway to Beggingen."
“The search for the Roman locations of the Tabula Peutingeriana between the Black Forest and Rheinau on the basis of the routes, the terrain and the archaeological finds initially led to all sorts of contradicting and uncertain assumptions. Iuliomagus was started in Pfullendorf, Stühlingen and Hüfingen, but in 1844 Heinrich Schreiber first started in Schleitheim. "
The difficulties lay in the distance information in the tabula, as it was not known whether they were given in Roman miles or in Gallic denials in this region and also in the fact that the Romans did not - as today - measured the 'beeline', but uphill, downhill in steps.
Heinz Bellen reported about a "concession to Gauls and Celts" by the Romans, who wrote that the measure of length "Leuggen = 1 ½ Roman miles = 2.2 km" was introduced in 202 AD.
The local researcher and writer Alexander Würtenberger from the German Klettgau settled in his novel "Waldemar, der Alemanne" about the battles with the Teutons, the castle and civil administration of the city on the Staufenberg and the garrison on the old town plateau of Stühlingen.
There is only evidence of the Romans in Stühlingen with a mosaic find in the lower town and through the assumption that the cyclops foundations of the tower of the castle of Stühlingen came from a Roman watchtower.
Remarks
- ↑ With Caesar, as with other Roman historians, it can still be a question of the ancient custom of expressing losses of the opponent in numbers, which in the end should only mean "very many". A calculation says that the Helvetic trek would have to have been 130 km long with the road conditions.
- ↑ During the reign of Tiberius, the standards of the Varus legions were returned, but no further military operations in Gaul or Germania took place until the emperor's death in 37 AD. An army campaign by Emperor Caligula across the Alps in 39 AD seems to have had no particular significance - at least no success .
- ↑ Jost Bürgi uses the term. However, there is still uncertainty about the name of the campaign. It served to control the previously uncontrolled Dekumatland , in which remnants of subject peoples had settled in inaccessible forests and valleys and the necessary road construction from Tenedo (Zurzach) to the newly founded Arae Flaviae (Rottweil) with the also newly built West crossing there -East connection, the Donausüdstraße .
- ↑ Jost Bürgi uses the term. However, there is still uncertainty about the name of the campaign. It probably only served to build roads and to secure their surroundings and not to conquer the Dekumatland, which is generally equated with the Black Forest.
literature
- Heinz Bellen : The Imperial Era from Augustus to Diocletian. Updated, 2nd edition. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2010, ISBN 978-3-534-23739-5 , p. 106. (1st edition 1998 as part II of the 'Fundamentals of Roman History')
- Jost Bürgi, Radana Hoppe: Schleitheim - Juliomagus. The Roman thermal baths. Swiss Society for Prehistory and Protohistory, Basel 1985.
- Jost Bürgi, Radanna Hoppe, Hans Lieb: IVLIOMAGVS – Roman Schleitheim. The public thermal baths. (= Archaeological Guide of Switzerland. 11). PRO IVLIOMAGO, Stamm + co., Schleitheim, ed. 1989, OCLC 75170319 .
- Anke Burzler: The early medieval Schleitheim - settlement, burial ground and church. (= Schaffhausen Archeology. Volume 5). Schaffhausen 2002, ISBN 3-9521868-2-1 .
- Eckhard Deschler-Erb: Roman small finds and coins from Schleitheim - Iuliomagus. (= Contributions to Schaffhausen archeology. Volume 4). Schaffhausen 2010, ISBN 978-3-9521868-8-6 .
- One street - two countries - three museums. Documentation of the three museums Bad Zurzach / Küssaberg-Rheinheim / Schleitheim 2007.
- Martin Hartmann: The Roman legion camp of Vindonissa. (= Archaeological Guide of Switzerland. 18). Ed. Gesellschaft Pro Vindonissa, 1983. (Update René Hänggi, Thomas Pauli-Gabi 2003)
- Ralf-Peter Märtin : Chapter V: Rhine front. In: The Varus Battle. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008, quoted from: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag (revised) 2010, ISBN 978-3-596-17662-5 .
- Jürg E. Schneider, Walter Ulrich Guyan, Andreas Zürcher: Turicum - Vitudurum - Iuliomagus: three Vici in Eastern Switzerland: Festschrift for publishers Dr. Otto Coninx on his 70th birthday . Tages-Anzeiger publishing house, Zurich 1986, ISBN 3-85932-002-5 .
- Jürg E. Schneider, Walter Ulrich Guyan, Andreas Zürcher: Turicum, Vitudurum, Iuliomagus = Zurich, Winterthur and Schleitheim: three Roman settlements in eastern Switzerland . Supplemented special edition. Werd-Verlag, Zurich 1988, ISBN 3-85932-002-5 .
- Karl Friedrich Stroheker : The Alemanni and the late Roman Empire. In: Wolfgang Hübener (Ed.): The Alemanni in the early days. (= Publication by the Alemannic Institute Freiburg / Br .. No. 34). Konkordia Publishing House, Bühl / Baden 1974.
- Jürgen Trumm: The Roman settlement on the eastern High Rhine (50 BC to 450 AD). (= Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, material booklets for archeology. Booklet 63). Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8062-1643-6 .
- Gustav Adolf Lehmann , Rainer Wiegels (Hrsg.): Over the Alps and over the Rhine. Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen. Volume 37, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-035447-8 .
- Ludwig Wamser: The Romans between the Alps and the North Sea. (= Series of publications of the Archaeological State Collection Munich. Volume 1). Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2000, ISBN 3-8053-2615-7 , p. 1.
Authors in The Romans :
- Michael Erdrich: Roman policy on Germania in the 1st century AD
- Thomas Fischer: The Germanic provinces in late antiquity.
- Karlheinz Dietz : On the historical geography north of the Alps.
- Claus-Michael Hüssen : The Danube border from Tiberian-Claudian to early Flavian times.
- Egon Schallmayer : The Limes in Upper Germany and Raetia up to the end of the 2nd century AD.
Web links
- Official website of the Thermenmuseum Schleitheim-Iuliomagus
- Thermal Museum Juliomagus
- Cantonal archeology Schaffhausen: Schleitheim-Roman town Iuliomagus - house, shop, workshop, cellar
- Cantonal archeology Schaffhausen: Schleitheim-Roman town Iuliomagus - temple district
- Markus Höneisen: Iuliomagus. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Michael Erdrich: Römische Germanienpolitik in the 1st century AD. In: Ludwig Wamser (Hrsg.): The Romans between the Alps and the North Sea. (= Series of publications of the Archaeological State Collection Munich ). Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2000, p. 193.
- ↑ Ralf-Peter Märtin: Chapter V: Rhine front. In: The Varus Battle. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008, quoted from: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag (revised) 2010, p. 71 f.
- ^ Karlheinz Dietz : On the historical geography north of the Alps. In: Ludwig Wamser (Ed.): The Romans between the Alps and the North Sea. (= Series of publications of the Archaeological State Collection Munich ). Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2000, ISBN 3-8053-2615-7 , p. 2 f.
- ↑ Michael Erdrich: Römische Germanienpolitik in the 1st century AD In: Die Römer. P. 194.
- ↑ Quoted from: Claus-Michael Hüssen : The Danube border from Tiberian-Claudian to early Flavian times. In: Die Römer, p. 58.
- ^ Hussen: Danube border, p. 58.
- ↑ Professor Dr. Meyer in Frauenfeld: Skudilo , the ancestor of a Randen family , in: Ed .: Anton Pletscher (Friends of Local Lore): Old and New from Randen , Second Edition, Buchdruckerei JG Stamm, Schleitheim 1911, p. 22. In the "Preliminary remark" is pointed out that this edition is a new edition of the booklet 'Old and New from the Randen von Freunde der Heimatkunde' published in 1880, which is now accompanied by illustrations by artists, in a new edition. "
- ↑ Jürgen Trumm: Roman settlement on the eastern Upper Rhine (50 BC to 450 AD). Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, material booklets for archeology, Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, issue 63, p. 35.
- ^ Iuliomagus. In: One street, two countries, three museums. 2007, p. 33.
- ^ Jürgen Trumm: Roman villas in Klettgau. Institute for Prehistory and Early History Freiburg, 2007, p. 33, footnote 8.
- ^ Alfred Rüsch: Arae Flaviae - Rottweil - in Roman times. Text accompanying: MVNICIPIYM ARAE FLAVIAE - Archaeological Plan of Roman Rottweil, State Monuments Office Baden-Württemberg in connection with the city of Rottweil 1980.
- ↑ Egon Schallmayer : The Limes in Upper Germany and Raetia up to the end of the 2nd century AD. In: The Romans. P. 64.
- ↑ Quoted in: Schallmayer, Limes, p. 66.
- ↑ Heinz Bellen: The imperial period from Augustus to Diocletian. WBG, Darmstadt 2010, p. 106.
- ↑ CS Summer : MUNICIPIVM ARAE FLAVIAE - Military and civil center in Upper Germany on the right bank of the Rhine. The Roman Rottweil in the light of recent excavations. Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 73, 1992, p. 309.
- ↑ Trumm: Roman times settlement. P. 228 f.
- ^ Klaus Grote: Camp of German campaigns from 15 AD to the 1st century. In: Gustav Adolf Lehmann, Rainer Wiegels (Hrsg.): Over the Alps and over the Rhine. (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen. Volume 37). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2015, p. 221.
- ↑ Heinz Bellen: The imperial period from Augustus to Diocletian. Scientific Book Society (WBG), Darmstadt 2010, p. 170 f.
- ^ Karl Friedrich Stroheker: The Alemanni and the late Roman Empire. In: Wolfgang Hübener (Ed.): The Alemanni in the early days. (= Publication by the Alemannic Institute Freiburg / Br. No. 34). Konkordia publishing house, Bühl (Baden) 1974, p. 10.
- ↑ Strawker: Alemanni. P. 12.
- ^ Stroheker, p. 12.
- ^ Stroheker, p. 13.
- ↑ Thomas Fischer: The Germanic Provinces in Late Antiquity. In: Ludwig Wamser (Ed.): The Romans between the Alps and the North Sea. (= Series of publications of the Archaeological State Collection Munich ). Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2000, ISBN 3-8053-2615-7 , p. 207.
- ↑ Ed .: Friends of Local Lore: Old and New from Randen , Buchdruckerei JG Stamm, Schleitheim 1911. Personally named as editor: Anton Pletscher. In the preliminary remark, the reference to the first edition from 1880.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi in: IVLIOMAGVS - Roman Schleitheim. Archaeological Guide of Switzerland 11. 1989, pp. 8–13.
- ↑ Radana Hoppe in: IVLIOMAGVS. Finds. Pp. 11, 16-19.
- ↑ Valentin Homberger and Markus Höneisen: Iuliomagus - a Roman town. in: One street - two countries - three museums. 2007, p. 33.
- ↑ Inside panel residential and commercial district: sh.ch
- ↑ The Legio XI was "one of the two Dalmatian legions [the other the VII.] Which (were) relocated to Moesia and Germania between 60 and 70 AD." (Dtv-Lexikon der Antike: Dalamtien . Volume 1 ( 3079), Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1971, p. 259.)
- ↑ Martin Hartmann: History of Vindonissa. In: The Roman legionary camp of Vindonissa. (= Archaeological Guide of Switzerland. 18). 2003, p. 6.
- ↑ Stefanie Martin-Kilcher: Archaeological traces of the Roman occupation between the Alps and the Upper Rhine. In: Gustav Adolf Lehmann, Rainer Wiegels (Hrsg.): Over the Alps and over the Rhine. (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen. Volume 37). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2015, pp. 261 and 275.
- ↑ Michel Reddé: Findings and findings on the Roman military installations on the Upper Rhine in the Augustan and Tiberian times. In: Gustav Adolf Lehmann, Rainer Wiegels (Hrsg.): Over the Alps and over the Rhine. (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen. Volume 37). 2015, p. 307.
- ↑ Stefanie Martin-Kilcher: Archaeological traces of the Roman occupation. 2015, p. 253.
- ↑ Stefanie Martin-Kilcher: Archaeological traces of the Roman occupation. 2015, p. 247.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: History of research. In: Jost Bürgi, Radanna Hoppe, Hans Lieb: IVLIOMAGVS-Roman Schleitheim. The public thermal baths. (= Archaeological Guide of Switzerland. 11). Pro Iuliomago et al., Schaffhausen 1989, p. 7.
- ^ Württembergische yearbooks for statistics and regional studies. Part 1 - Memminger (v.), Württemberg (Kingdom). State Statistical Office, Verein für Vaterlandskunde (Stuttgart), p. 179. books.google.de
- ↑ Hans Lieb: Iuliomagus. In: Jost Bürgi, Radanna Hoppe, Hans Lieb: IVLIOMAGVS-Roman Schleitheim. 1989, p. 7.
- ↑ Heinz Bellen: The imperial period from Augustus to Diocletian. WBG, Darmstadt 2010, p. 194.
- ↑ Alexander Würtenberger: Old stories from the Upper Rhine . Zimmermann publishing house, Waldshut 1880.
Coordinates: 47 ° 44 ′ 30 " N , 8 ° 29 ′ 0" E ; CH1903: six hundred seventy-eight thousand three hundred fifty-seven / 288420