Slit-leaved blackberry
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Slit-leaved blackberry ( Rubus laciniatus ) |
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| Willd. |
The slit-leaved blackberry ( Rubus laciniatus ), also known as the pointed blackberry , is a species of blackberry ( Rubus ) within the rose family (Rosaceae).
description
Vegetative characteristics
The slit-leaved blackberry is a summer and winter green pseudo-shrub and reaches a size (length) of 2 to 4 meters. There are offshoots formed. The strong and mostly strongly branched sapling is thorny, bald or hairy, but free of long, red glandular hairs. The spines are similar and sickle-shaped, often reddish in color at the base and measure 6 to 11 millimeters. Thornless varieties such as 'Thornless Evergreen' are known from culture.
The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. Stipules arise about 1 to 3 millimeters above the base of the petiole. The leaf blade is five-part and often somewhat leathery and coarse as well as glabrous or hairy on the underside, but not white tomentose. They have almost double-pinnate or deeply pinnate split leaflets.
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Generative characteristics
The flowering time is in the months (June) July and August. The panicle inflorescence is wide and has numerous short, curved spines. There are also slashed leaflets in the inflorescence.
The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are bent back and hairy gray-tomentose. The five petals are white or pink and the front is often incised. Numerous stamens present, which is longer than the stylus are.
The composite stone fruit is black, black-red or bluish when ripe.
ecology
Rubus laciniatus is a nanophanerophyte and hemicryptophyte .
The pollination is done by insects . Fruits develop after fertilization or through apomixis . The diaspores are spread by birds ( endochory ) or humans.
Occurrence and endangerment
The original range of the Rubus laciniatus is in the northern temperate areas of Europe. The climate is subject to oceanic influences.
As a neophyte , it occurs in the southern temperate zone of Europe as well as in the USA , Canada and Australia ( South Australia , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania ). Within Europe, today's distribution area includes areas in Austria , Germany , Switzerland , Spain , France , Italy , Belgium , England , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Denmark , Finland , the Netherlands , Romania , Sweden and Norway .
Rubus laciniatus probably came to the Berlin Botanical Garden from England. In Germany the species can be found as an established neophyte. It is widespread in northwestern Schleswig-Holstein ; scattered occurrences are known from southern North Rhine-Westphalia , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Brandenburg , Lower Saxony and southeastern Schleswig-Holstein. The slit-leaved blackberry is rarely found in Bavaria , Baden-Württemberg , Rhineland-Palatinate , northern North Rhine-Westphalia, Thuringia and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . Rubus laciniatus is "not particularly protected" in Germany according to the Federal Species Protection Ordinance (BArtSchV).
In Switzerland , the slit-leaved blackberry occurs occasionally in the wild. The main area of distribution here is in the colline to submontane altitude range in the north, north-west and west of the country.
In Germany, hedges, bushes, sunny forest edges as well as forest paths and clearings in deep to montane locations with a moderately warm climate come into consideration as locations. The soils are often relatively poor in nutrients and sandy. The nitrogen content of the substrate is low and nitrogen-rich soils are rarely populated. The slit-leaved blackberry thrives best on moderately moist (not wet, not regularly drying) soils. Rubus laciniatus is an acid pointer, but can occasionally also occur on neutral soils.
In North America, Rubus laciniatus is established in large parts of the northwest, from British Columbia in Canada south over Montana , Wyoming and Colorado to California , east to Idaho . In the east it occurs from New England west to Michigan and south to Missouri , Tennessee and South Carolina . Various habitats are populated, including conifer forests with Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ) or Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ), alder forests ( Alnus rubra ) or river fringes. In the accompanying vegetation, Rubus parviflorus , Rubus spectabilis , blueberries ( Vaccinium spec.), Rib fern ( Struthiopteris spicant ), Oxalis oregana and Maianthemum dilatatum are often found . Also on Hawaii culture is from Rubus laciniatus .
Rubus laciniatus can be found as a light plant in bright locations; the relative illuminance at the time of full foliage in the forest is rarely below 40%.
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Systematics
The first description of Rubus laciniatus was made in 1806 by the German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Hortus Berolinensis, sive Icones et Descriptiones ... , 2, 7, table 82. A synonym for Rubus laciniatus Willd. is Rubus nemoralis f. laciniatus (Willd.) A.Beek .
Rubus laciniatus is known only as a cultivated plant and was first depicted by Leonard Plukenet in his work Phytographia in 1661 . It is believed to have originated in England from Rubus nemoralis . There are close taxonomic relationships between these two species. These are also indicated by common features such as an occasional slit-leaved appearance in Rubus nemoralis , comparable to the less strongly slit-leaved forms of Rubus laciniatus (but not to the extent typical of Rubus laciniatus ). It is not clear whether Rubus laciniatus arose from a spontaneous mutation or hybridization of Rubus nemoralis with a closely related species.
The species Rubus laciniatus belongs to the series Rhamnifolii from the subsection Hiemales of the section Rubus within the genus Rubus
literature
- Eckehart J. Jäger (ed.): Excursion flora from Germany. Vascular plants: baseline. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Rubus laciniatus Willd., Schlitzblättrige Blackberry. In: FloraWeb.de. (last accessed on July 29, 2019)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Rubus laciniatus In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ a b Jäger et al .: Rothmaler - Excursion flora from Germany : Vascular plants: Atlas ribbon , spectrum academy. Ed., 2000.
- ↑ Species portrait ("nature walk"): Rubus laciniatus (accessed on July 28, 2019)
- ^ A b c d Thomas Meyer: data sheet with photos and identification key → Rubus laciniatus In: Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ). (last accessed on July 29, 2019)
- ↑ a b c Weber, HE On the origin, taxonomy and nomenclature of Rubus laciniatus (Rosaceae) in Willdenowia Vol. 23, H. 1/2, pages 75-81 (8 Dec. 1993)
- ↑ a b c Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: baseline. Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 .
- ↑ USDA Forest Service : Index of Species Information, Rubus laciniatus (accessed July 28, 2019)
- ^ A. Kurtto, HE Weber, 2009: Rubus. In: A. Kurtto, (Ed.): Rosaceae. : Datasheet Rubus laciniatus In: The Euro + Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . (accessed on July 28, 2019)
- ↑ Flora of Germany - A picture database: Rubus laciniatus (accessed on July 28, 2019)
- ↑ Rubus nemoralis: grove blackberry
