Black spiders

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Black spiders
Common black spider (Z. subterraneus), female

Common black spider ( Z. subterraneus ), female

Systematics
Class : Arachnids (arachnida)
Order : Spiders (Araneae)
Subordination : Real spiders (Araneomorphae)
Family : Flat-bellied spiders (Gnaphosidae)
Subfamily : Zelotinae
Genre : Black spiders
Scientific name
Zelotes
Gistel , 1848

The species-rich genus of the black spiders ( Zelotes ) belongs to the family of flat-bellied spiders (Gnaphosidae), which in turn belongs to the order of the web spiders . The genus and its species are distributed almost worldwide. According to the common name, they are mostly almost or completely black-colored spiders, which, like most of the species in their family, are nocturnal and hunt other arthropods . Individual species of black spiders are also known as zealots .

features

Dorsal view of a female black spider

Black spiders have a body length of 1.8 to 12.6 millimeters, depending on their species and gender. These are small to medium-sized flat - bellied spiders (Gnaphosidae), which have a comparatively stocky habitus (appearance). Almost all black spiders have a completely dark brown to black color. The comparatively light dune black spider ( Z. electus ) is an exception .

Frontal view of a female black spider with clearly visible eyes and chelicerae

The carapace (back shield of the prosoma , i.e. front body) appears oval dorsally (from above) and is farthest between the coxae of the second and third pair of legs. It is also slightly invaginated (turned in) in the middle of the posterior margin and narrowed just behind the pedipalps (transformed extremities in the head area). The carapace is usually dark brown and black reticulated (with reticulated patterns). However, it can also be lighter and have long, upright, black setae ( chitinized hair) along the edges of the posterior declination. The cephalic area (lying on the head) is flattened and the long fovea ( apodem ) runs in the longitudinal direction of the carapace. As with all flat-bellied spiders, the eyes of the black spider are divided into two rows, one on top of the other, each containing four eyes. The lower of the two rows appears dorsally recurved (bent back), while the upper one runs straight from the same perspective. When viewed from the front, however, the lower row of eyes appears straight and the upper one slightly prokurv (bent forward). The lower median eyes are circular and dark, while the upper median eyes appear irregularly triangular and light. The two side eyes are oval and also light-colored. The lower median eyes are usually smaller than the other unequal eyes and are spaced from the lower side eyes by about the dimensions of their own diameter and by a dimension that is less than this diameter. The distance between the upper middle eyes and the upper side eyes also corresponds more or less to the own radius, which also applies to both side eyes. The median (middle) eye square between the four central eyes is usually longer than it is wide and wider at the top than at the front. The height of the clypeus (narrow section between the front pair of eyes and the edge of the carapace) is roughly identical to the diameter of the lower median eyes.

In most cases, the chelicerae (jaw claws) have a denticle (tooth-like structure) and three teeth on the promarginal (inside front) and one denticle and one tooth on the retromarginal (inside back) surface. The shops (transformed coxes of the Pedipalps) are short and rectangular in shape. They are depressed obliquely and posteromedially (back and center). In addition, the shops in the area of ​​the pedipalps appear narrowed. The labium ( sclerotized , i.e. hardened, plate between the stores on the front of the sternum) is broadly triangular and slightly rounded distally (away from the center).

Lateral view of a female black spider with the leg structures clearly visible here

The length formula of the pairs of legs from large to small is 4-1-2-3 in the black spiders as in many other spiders. The legs of the representatives of this genus are also spiked. The thorn is usually the following formation:

Pair of legs  Femur patella Tibia Metatarsus
1 d1-1-0, p0-0-1 - - v2-0-0
2 d1-1-0, p0-0-1 - - v2-0-0
3 d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1 r0-1-0 p1-1-1, v2-2-2, r0-1-1 p1-2-2, v2-2-0, rl-1-2
4th d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1 - p1-1-1, v2-2-2, rl-1-1 p1-2-2, v2-2-0, rl-2-2

Legend:

  • d: dorsal
  • p: posterior (back)
  • v: ventral
  • r: retrolateral

The legs of the vast majority of black spiders are dark brown in color, with the color in the area of ​​the tarsi (limbs) being the lightest. Sometimes the legs are generally lighter. The distal surfaces of the metatarsi (heel links of the tarsi) and tarsi have scopulae ( adhesive hairs ). Furthermore, the tarsi each have two claws and weak claw tufts. The trochanters ( thigh rings ) of the black spiders are not notched. The metatarsi of the third and fourth pair of legs wear combs, which are distal segments made up of two rows of long trichobothria (whisker hairs).

Another view of a female black spider with the spinnerets clearly visible here

The opisthosoma (abdomen) of the black spider usually has a dark gray basic color. In the males of the genus, as in many flat-bellied spiders, a scutum (sclerotized plate) is formed in the front area. At the rear end of the opisthosoma are the six spinnerets , of which the anterior (protruding) and at the same time the largest are also sclerotized. The distance between the spinnerets at their base is more than their own width.

Genital morphological features

Frontal view of a male of Latreille's black spider ( Z. latreillei ) with the recognizable bulbi

A single bulb (male sexual organ) of the black spider is provided with a simple, edge-shaped and terminally (at the end) applied apophysis (chitinized process), which is sometimes dorsally with the base of the embolus, which is italicized in the species of the genus (the last sclerite , i.e. hard part , of the globe) merges. The base of the embolus itself is comparatively large. In addition, an eyeball in the black spider has a median apophysis, a membrane-like conductor (ladder), the channels of which are sclerotized on the inside.

The epigyne (female sexual organ) can be built very differently. She often has a pair of bare and paramedian (next to the center) ladders.

Genera with similar species

Female of the common boot spider ( Trachyzelotes pedestris )

There are several genera within the family of flat-bellied spiders (Gnaphosidae), the species of which are similar to those of the black spiders . They share most of the similarities with the genus of the comb bones ( Drassyllus ), but differ from this by the noticeably enlarged posterior median eyes . In addition, in males the terminal apophysis of the crest bones on the bulb is bifid (split). In addition, this apophysis is separated from the cymbium (anterior sclerite of the globe) by a separate and prolaterally applied sclerite, unlike in the crestbones and the similarly very similar species of the genus Camillina , while this apophysis, especially in the crestbones, contains the entire tegulum ( middle sclerite of the globe). Some comb legs can only be distinguished from the black spiders to a limited extent by their clearly lightened tarsi and metatarsi, since this feature can also occur in representatives of the latter genus.

Another species similar to black spiders is the common boot spider ( Trachyzelotes pedestris ), which is the only species of the thus monotypical genus of boot spiders . The physique of the species is similar to that of the black spider, but it has shorter and stronger legs compared to the rest of the body. Another distinctive feature of the common boot spider are the legs, which are yellow to red-brown in color from the patellae (links between femora and tibia), a property that is never found in black spiders.

Distribution and habitats

Female black spider found in Schwetzinger Hardt ( Rhein-Neckar district in Baden-Württemberg )

The black spiders are distributed almost worldwide and sometimes even penetrate into the Arctic . With the exception of the Antarctic , the genus is present in all continents.

Many black spiders like to inhabit open, dry areas like this heather in the Amrum nature reserve on the island of the same name .

Like many other flat-bellied spiders, the majority of black spiders are xerothermenophilic ( prefer dry, warm habitats or habitats). However, some species, such as the common black spider ( Z. subterraneus ), are euryök (adapted to different habitats) and then also occur in more humid areas.

Way of life

Active female of Zelotes iriomotensis

Like the majority of flat-bellied spiders (Gnaphosidae), black spiders are nocturnal and share the fast and jerky locomotion with the other members of this family, often changing direction. The species spend the day like other flat-bellied spiders with this activity time in sack-shaped residential webs , which are rather tender in the black spiders .

Hunting behavior and range of prey

Like all flat-bellied spiders (Gnaphosdidae), the black spiders are active hunters who do not create a spider web to catch prey. The prey catch itself takes place like that of other species of the family and the black spiders track down prey with the help of the trichobothria (whiskers) and their perception of vibrations. Smaller prey objects are simply jumped at and made unable to escape or defend themselves with a poisonous bite offset by means of the chelicerae .

Larger prey objects, on the other hand, are immobilized with a spider thread attached by the spider to this and to the ground . In the meantime, the spider attaches a spider thread to the prey as it leaps into the ground and then circles it, producing more spider threads and increasingly restricting the prey's ability to move. If the prey object is sufficiently secured, the spider then gives it a poisonous bite and consumes it in the following moment.

The black spider's prey scheme consists of other arthropods of appropriate size. The open land spider ( Z. petrensis ) and the common black spider ( Z. subterraneus ) are known to prey on insects .

Life cycle and phenology

The life cycle of many black spiders , like that of most flat-bellied spiders (Gnaphosidae), is largely unexplored. The common black spider ( Z. subterraneus ) is an exception . In the species of the genus that occur in the temperate climate zones, it is influenced by the seasons, as is the case with other spider species that are widespread there. The phenology (activity time) of the adult individuals then amounts to warmer seasons and varies depending on the species.

The mating of the common black spider lasts for more than 20 minutes and the male changes the globe to be inserted into the epigyne of the female once. The mated female then makes a lens-shaped and pink-colored egg cocoon in summer, mostly under stones, which is guarded for some time before the young hatch. These then grow on their own and overwinter before they reach sexual maturity in the following year.

Systematics

Excerpt from A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. (1861/64) by John Blackwall

Classical systematics in the field of biology deals with the taxonomic (systematic) classification as well as with the biology and with the nomenclature (discipline of scientific naming) of living beings and thus also those of the black spiders. The type species of the genus is the common black spider ( Z. subterraneus ).

The scientific generic name is likely to be a modification of the Greek word zẽlos , which translated means "zeal". It is therefore very likely that the animals move quickly and jerkily. As a result, the term “zealot” is also found in the common names of individual species of black spiders.

Outsourcing

Time and again, sub-genera were separated from the genus of black spiders and raised to their own genera, for example the monotypical genus of boot spiders ( Trachyzelotes ), which currently only includes the common boot spider ( T. pedestris ). Other examples are the species of comb legs ( Drassyllus ) and the home ground spider ( Urozelotes ) whose species have been assigned as the Ordinary boots Spider by some authors sometimes into the 90s the black spiders.

species

The genus of black spiders comprises 393 species, but none of them has subspecies . The species and their geographical distributions are:

Synonymized species

80 former species, which were last among the black spiders, were synonymous with other species of the genus and thus lost their species status. These ancient species are:

  • Z. aculeatus ( Purcell , 1908) - Synonymous with Z. invidus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. adolescentulus Denis , 1952 - Synonymized with Z. callidus under Senglet, 2004.
  • Z. anchora Tucker , 1923 - Synonymous with Z. redunctus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. anchoralis ( Purcell , 1908) - Synonymized with Z. scrutatus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. antiope ( Simon , 1878) - Synonymous with Z. laetus under Levy, 1998c: 122).
  • Z. arzanovi Ponomarev & Tsvetkov , 2006 - Synonymized with Z. azsheganovae under Mikhailov, 2010.
  • Z. baram Levy , 2009 - Synonymous with Z. balcanicus under Senglet, 2012.
  • Z. bechuanicus ( Purcell , 1908) - Synonymized with Z. scrutatus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. bicolor ( Simon , 1908) - Synonymous with Z. scrutatus under Levy, 1998.
  • Z. bimammillatus ( Caporiacco , 1941) - Synonymized with Z. mediocris under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. brignolii Di Franco & Pantini , 2000 - Synonymous with Zelotes sardus under Senglet, 2004.
  • Z. bucharensis Charitonov , 1946 - Synonymized with Z. scrutatus under Chatzaki, Thaler & Mylonas, 2003.
  • Z. bursarius Miller , 1943 - Synonymous with the thumb black spider ( Z. atrocaeruleus ) under Miller, 1967.
  • Z. calvanisticus Chamberlin , 1924 - Synonymized with Z. monachus under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. chicano Gertsch & Riechert , 1976 - Synonymous with Z. lasalanus under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. circumspectus Simon , 1878 - Synonymous with Z. tenuis under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. cofiniotes Roewer , 1928 - Synonymous with Z. scrutatus under Levy, 1998.
  • Z. cronwrighti Purcell , 1907 - Synonymous with Z. gooldi under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. curinus O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1874 - Synonymous with Z. scrutatus under Levy, 1998.
  • Z. daidalus Chatzaki , 2003 - Synonymous with Z. shaked under Chatzaki & Van Keer, 2019.
  • Z. declinans ( Kulczyński , 1897) - Synonymous with Z. segrex under Senglet, 2004.
  • Z. demonaicus Lawrence , 1927 - Synonymized with Z. scrutatus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. denapes Platnick , 1993 - Synonymous with Z. caprearum under Trotta, 2020.
  • Z. denisi Marinaro , 1967 - Synonymous with Z. crininger under Senglet, 2011.
  • Z. donnezanus Denis , 1961 - Synonymous with Z. cyanescens under Senglet, 2004.
  • Z. elolensis Caporiacco , 1941 - synonymous with Z. laetus under FitzPatrick, 2007: 108).
  • Z. fallax Tuneva & Esyunin , 2003 - Synonymous with Z. rufi under Esyunin & Tuneva, 2020.
  • Z. fuliginoides ( Hewitt , 1915) - Synonymized with Z. fuligineus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. fuscotestaceus ( Simon , 1878) - Synonymous with Z. tenuis under Senglet, 2011.
  • Z. hewitti Tucker , 1923 - Synonymized with Z. humilis under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. ilotarum ( Simon , 1884) - Synonymous with Z. cingarus under Chatzaki, 2010.
  • Z. impexus ( Simon , 1886) - Synonymous with Z. scrutatus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. inauratus ( O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1872) - Synonymous with Z. laetus under Levy, 1998.
  • Z. inheritus Kaston , 1945 - Synonymous with Z. pullus under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. iustus ( Kulczyński , 1911) - Synonymous with Z. sarawakensis under latnick & Ovtsharenko, 1995.
  • Z. jezequeli Braun , 1963 - Synonymous with the dry slope black spider ( Z. similis ) under Thaler, 1981.
  • Z. kodaensis Miller & Buchar , 1977 - Synonymous with the forest-steppe black spider ( Z. puritanus ) under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. kukushkini Kovblyuk , 2006 - Synonymized with Z. fuscus (Thorell, 1875) under Marusik & Omelko, 2013.
  • Z. labilis Simon , 1914 - Synonymous with Z. segrex under Senglet, 2004.
  • Z. louronensis Denis , 1960 - Synonymized with the grass black spider ( Z. apricorum ) under Senglet, 2004.
  • Z. lugens Denis , 1941 - Synonymous with Z. callidus under Senglet, 2004.
  • Z. massiliensis Soyer , 1967 - Synonymous with Z. callidus under Senglet, 2004.
  • Z. milleri Wunderlich , 1969 - Synonymized with the stone black spider ( Z. aeneus ) under Wunderlich, 1974.
  • Z. montanus ( Purcell , 1907) - Synonymous with Z. fuligineus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. montereus Chamberlin , 1922 - Synonymous with Z. discens under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. montivagus Tucker , 1923 - Synonymized with Z. humilis under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. nannus Chamberlin & Gertsch , 1940 - Synonymized with Z. nannodes under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. omissus Chamberlin , 1936 - Synonymous with Z. perditus under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. oneili ( Purcell , 1907) - Synonymous with Z. scrutatus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. ornatus Tucker , 1923 - Synonymized with Z. lightfooti under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. pallidus ( O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1874) - Synonymous with Z. tenuis under Platnick, 1989.
  • Z. picinus ( O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1872) - Synonymous with Z. scrutatus under Levy, 1998.
  • Z. protestans Chamberlin , 1924 - Synonymous with Z. monachus under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. pseudoclivicola Grimm , 1982 - Synonymous with Z. gallicus under Senglet, 2004.
  • Z. pullatus Fox , 1938 - Synonymous with Z. tuobus under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. pyrethri ( Strand , 1915) - Synonymous with Z. tenuis under Levy, 1998.
  • Z. reconditus Simon , 1914 - Synonymous with Z. egregius under Senglet, 2004.
  • Z. reformans Chamberlin , 1924 - Synonymous with Z. laetus under Levy, 1998.
  • Z. ruscinensis Simon , 1914 - Synonymous with Z. callidus under Senglet, 2011.
  • Z. salensis Berland , 1936 - Synonymous with Z. laetus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. scutatus ( O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1872) - Synonymous with Z. scrutatus under Levy, 1998.
  • Z. semirufus ( L. Koch , 1882) - Synonymous with Z. callidus under Bosmans & Van Keer, 2012.
  • Z. serotinus ( L. Koch , 1866) - Synonymized with the black spider ( Z. longipes ) under Tullgren, 1946.
  • Z. sidama Caporiacco , 1941 - Synonymous with Z. scrutatus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. silvicola Denis , 1962 - Synonymous with Z. cyanescens under Senglet, 2004.
  • Z. similis hungaricus Kolosváry & Loksa , 1944 - Synonymous with the dry slope black spider ( Z. similis ) under Breitling, 2016.
  • Z. simoni ( Purcell , 1907) - Synonymous with Z. fuligineus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. simplex Denis , 1937 - Synonymized with Z. scrutatus under Levy, 1998.
  • Z. solitarius Lawrence , 1936 - Synonymous with Z. radiatus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. sumchi Levy , 1998 - Synonymous with Z. metellus under Senglet, 2011.
  • Z. teidei Schmidt , 1968 - Synonymous with Z. manzae under Wunderlich, 2011.
  • Z. tintinnus Paik , 1986 - Synonymous with Z. kimwha under Kamura, 2003.
  • Z. tolaensis Loksa , 1965 - Synonymous with Z. potanini under Ovtsharenko & Marusik, 1988.
  • Z. tristellus ( Tullgren , 1910) - Synonymous with Z. guineanus under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. tristiculus ( O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1874) - Synonymous with Z. laetus under Levy, 1998.
  • Z. ungulus Tucker , 1923 - Synonymous with Z. natalensis under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. vespertilionis Tucker , 1923 - Synonymized with Z. bastardi under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. violaceus ( CL Koch , 1839) - Synonymous with the common black spider ( Z. subterraneus ) under Tullgren, 1942.
  • Z. vryburgensis Tucker , 1923 - Synonymized with Z. scatleri under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. yutian Platnick & Song , 1986 - Synonymous with Z. mandus under Milasowszky, 2007.

Replaced homonyms

Four species of black spiders had previously identical names to those of other species. The now replaced homonyms were:

Species no longer recognized

The following 33 species last belonged to the genus of black spiders and are now known as dubium . The resolved types are:

  • Z. abbajensis ( Strand , 1906) - resolved under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. abditus ( Quantity , 1872) - Disbanded under Prószyński & Starega, 1971.
  • Z. adolescens Chamberlin , 1922 - Disbanded under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. agilis ( CL Koch , 1837) - Disbanded under Grimm, 1985.
  • Z. albobivittatus ( Strand , 1906) - Disbanded under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. ascensionis ( Strand , 1909) - Disbanded under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. ater ( Hentz , 1832) - resolved under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. ater ( Latreille , 1806) - Disbanded under Bonnet, 1957.
  • Z. collinus ( Kulczyński , 1898) - Disbanded under Grimm, 1985.
  • Z. dalotensis ( Strand , 1906) - Disbanded under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. directus ( Banks , 1898) - resolved under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. dorsiscutatus ( Strand , 1906) - Disbanded under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. fidelis ( Banks , 1898) - Disbanded under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. gentilis ( Banks , 1898) - resolved under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. griseus ( Banks , 1898) - Disbanded under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. indecisus ( Banks , 1898) - resolved under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. kochi ( Canestrini , 1868) - Disbanded under Brignoli, 1983.
  • Z. lugubris ( O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1874) - Disbanded under Grimm, 1985.
  • Z. madagascaricus ( Strand , 1907) - Disbanded under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. melancholicus ( Thorell , 1877) - resolved under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. multidentatus ( Strand , 1906) - Disbanded under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. nanus ( Thorell , 1875) - Disbanded under Grimm, 1985.
  • Z. neumanni ( Strand , 1906) - Disbanded under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. pallipes ( CL Koch , 1836) - Disbanded under Roewer, 1955.
  • Z. paludis Chamberlin , 1922 - Disbanded under Platnick & Shadab, 1983.
  • Z. petiverii ( Scopoli , 1763) - Disbanded under Bonnet, 1957.
  • Z. prognathus ( Canestrini ) - Disbanded under Brignoli, 1983.
  • Z. quadridentatus ( Strand ) - Resolved under Nentwig et al., 2020.
  • Z. schoaensis ( Strand , 1906) - Disbanded under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. setiger ( L. Koch , 1875) - Disbanded under Platnick & Murphy, 1984.
  • Z. tullgreni Caporiacco , 1947 - Disbanded under FitzPatrick, 2007.
  • Z. varius ( CL Koch , 1836) - omitted by Roewer.
  • Z. zonatus ( Holmberg , 1876) - dissolved under López Carrión & Grismado, 2014.

Never recognized species

One species of black spider did not meet the requirements for species status when it was first described and is considered a noun nudum . The type is:

  • Zelotes nipponicus Kishida - Repealed under Yaginuma, 1983

Internal system

The closer relationship of individual species of black spiders within the genus to one another can be explained using synapomorphic characteristics (common in several species). In the absence of complete investigations in the Old World, the species of comb legs ( Drassyllus ) found there were also counted among the black spiders earlier for this reason.

So far it has been possible to subdivide individual species of black spiders occurring in America into three supergroups, which in turn can be divided into further species groups. The supergroups are named after the common black spider ( Z. subterraneus ) and the species Z. funestus and Z. duplex . The supergroup of the common black spider includes the species group of the same species as well as the species Z. hentzi , Z. tuobus and Z. katholicus and Z. talpa , the latter species forming a single group for itself. The supergroup of Z. funestis includes those of Z. petrophilus , Z. gynesthus , Z. mayanus and Z. jamaicensis, in addition to those of the same species . The supergroup of Z. duplex includes, in addition to the species group mentioned, that of Z. laccus and that of the forest-steppe black spider ( Z. puritanus ). The following cladogram illustrates the relationship between the groups mentioned:

  Black spiders ( Zelotes ) 
  Supergroup of the common black spider ( Z. subterraneus ) 




 Species group of Z. tuobus


   

 Species group from Z. hentzi


   

 Species group of the common black spider


Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3


   

 Species group from Z. catholicus



   

 Z. talpa



  Supergroup of Z. funestus 



 Species group of Zelotes funestus


   

 Species group of Z. petrophilus


   

 Species group of Z. gynesthus


Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3

   

 Species group of Z. mayanus


   

 Species group of Z. jamaicensis





  Supergroup from Z. duplex 

 Species group of Zelotes duplex


   

 Species group of Z. laccus


   

 Species group of the forest steppe black spider ( Z. puritanus )


Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3

Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Norman I. Platnick, Mohammad Umar Shadab: A revision of the American spiders of the genus Zelotes (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 174 , no. January 2 , 1983, ISSN  0003-0090 , p. 104 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Zelotes at the Wiki der Arachnologische Gesellschaft e. V., accessed on April 17, 2020.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Norman I. Platnick, Mohammad Umar Shadab: A revision of the American spiders of the genus Zelotes (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 174 , no. January 2 , 1983, ISSN  0003-0090 , p. 174 .
  4. ↑ Norman I. Platnick, Mohammad Umar Shadab: A revision of the American spiders of the genus Zelotes (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 174 , no. January 2 , 1983, ISSN  0003-0090 , p. 100 .
  5. ↑ a b Heiko Bellmann: The cosmos spider guide . Kosmos, 2016, ISBN 978-3-440-15521-9 , pp. 246 .
  6. ↑ a b Jonas O. Wolff, Milan Rezác, omas Krejci, Stanislav Gorb: Hunting with sticky tape: Functional shift in silk glands of araneophagous ground spiders (Gnaphosidae) . In: Journal of Experimental Biology . tape 220 , no. June 21 , 2017, p. 2252 , doi : 10.1242 / jeb.154682 . , accessed on April 17, 2020.
  7. ↑ Nicolaj Klapkarek: Zelotes petrensis (CL KOCH, 1839). In: Nature in NRW. State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia, accessed on April 17, 2021 .
  8. ↑ Nicolaj Klapkarek: Black flat-bellied spider - Zelotes subterraneus (CL KOCH, 1833). In: Nature in NRW. State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia, accessed on April 17, 2021 .
  9. ↑ a b c d e Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog - Zelotes . Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  10. ↑ Pedro Villarreal: A Review of the Genus Zelotes (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) . June 2015, p. 4-5 . , accessed on April 17, 2020.
  11. ↑ Pedro Villarreal: A Review of the Genus Zelotes (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) . June 2015, p. 5 . , accessed on April 17, 2020.
  12. ↑ Pedro Villarreal: A Review of the Genus Zelotes (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) . June 2015, p. 6 . , accessed on April 17, 2020.

literature

Web links

Commons : Black Spiders  - Collection of images, videos and audio files