Sea frosts of Lake Constance
During the frosts of Lake Constance (freezing over of Lake Constance ), it is covered with a layer of ice that also carries people . The last part that freezes over, the Obersee , can then be crossed on the ice from one bank to the opposite bank. An extremely cool summer, long-lasting easterly winds and very cold weather in autumn and winter are required for the development of a Seegfrörne (the Bodenseealemannic expression for the High Alemannic Seegfrörni ) of Lake Constance. Then Lake Constance can completely freeze over in January or February. The verifiable sea frosts for the particularly voluminous Lake Constance are an important climate archive for cold anomalies in Central Europe , with which climate models can also be calibrated.
The last time Lake Constance was completely frozen in the winter of 1962/63.
Special features of a sea frost
Physical conditions
From a water depth of 50 meters and more, Lake Constance to the bottom of the lake has a temperature of around 4 ° Celsius. Water at 4 ° Celsius has the highest density and sinks to the bottom of the lake. The overlying water layers from the surface to a depth of 50 meters have lower densities due to the density anomaly of the water and can also cool down to lower values. Ice, on the other hand, has a lower density than water and floats on top. An ice sheet can form on the surface .
Sequence of a sea frost
The prerequisite for a sea frost is that winter begins early, cold air flows in from the east, there is only weak air movement, the water level is low, the air from November to February / March is several degrees below the long-term average and there is no sunshine. The course of the sea frost of 1963 shows that ice formation begins in the Untersee . It starts there in the shallowest part, the Gnadensee with a depth of 22 meters, extends to the Zeller See with a depth of 26 meters and takes hold of the part through which the Rhine flows at a depth of 46 meters. After about two weeks, the ice forms in the Überlinger See and after another week in the Obersee. Depending on the time course and the water depth, the Untersee has ice thicknesses of up to 1 meter, the Überlinger See up to 30 cm and the Obersee up to 20 cm. First, the crossing of the Untersee from Hemmenhofen to Steckborn was approved on January 17, 1963 at the Seegfrörne from 1963 . Then on February 1st, the Überlinger See between Überlingen and Dingelsdorf was crossed by young people. On February 6th, young people from Hagnau explored the passage of the Obersee from Hagnau to Münsterlingen for the ice procession.
Ice movements
With falling temperatures, especially at night, the ice surface shrinks, which leads to cracks in the ice and also to crevices with open water between the previously connected ice surfaces. These wounds (also called wounds) can run for kilometers along the break. When temperatures rise, especially when the cold at night to warm during the day with solar radiation, the ice cover expands and towering ice sheets and walls of ice form. These movements of the ice are accompanied by violent pops. There are also circular holes about one meter in diameter from springs on the lake bed in the middle of the ice. Gas bubbles can also rise there.
Open positions in Lake Constance
Under the Rhine bridge at Konstanz and between Friedrichshafen and Romanshorn (deepest and widest point of the lake as well as ferry traffic) the lake remains without ice for the longest. This is where the belchen and swans gather .
Bearing capacity of the ice sheet
The participants of a circumnavigation of the lake on ice skates during the Seegfrörne of Lake Constance in 1880 recorded their experiences for future generations:
“As far as the load-bearing capacity of the ice is concerned, if the ice is only 4 cm thick, it bears the weight of a single man; at 8 cm, infantry can pass over it in a row, but in broken stride. For cavalry and light field pieces, a thickness of 11-16 cm is assumed and at 40 cm and beyond the ice withstands the pressure of the heaviest loads. "
“Ice expeditions, which are provided with a stick, rope, compass and horn, hardly any misfortune can happen. That is why we want to put down this warning of ours in memory for the future. "
While crossing from Langenargen to Rheinspitz on the Old Rhine in Switzerland during the Seegfrörne in 1963 , two friends heard a half-hour noise propagating from east to west, but still reached the Swiss bank unharmed:
“A tremendous clap of thunder shook the ice, which had previously been preceded by a howl and crash. We suddenly noticed how the ice was beginning to bulge and sink below us. The ice cover shook, underneath the water rustled and gurgled, growing stronger and stronger. A second clap of thunder and roar at a volume as if jet fighters were sweeping over us. We thought our last hour had come and ran like the devil was after us. "
A skater who circled the Obersee of Lake Constance in 1963 summarized his experiences as follows:
“… You have to be a little careful with some ice fountains. It's also easy to get your feet wet there because the layers of ice slide on top of each other and the water gushes out in the depression. You have to watch out for the small cracks where the skate can easily get caught. ... "
Ice masters checked the load-bearing capacity of the ice sheet as follows:
“If the blow with the ice hammer leaves a hole, the strength required for inspection has been reached. If the ice splinters in a star shape, you still have to wait. "
Situation of the waterfowl
The waterfowl ( seagulls , coots , swans and rare wild ducks ) push towards the ever smaller open watering holes, freeze and find no more food. During the Seegfrörne of 1963, the water birds in the area around Constance were fed, rescued and housed by animal lovers, the Constance Animal Welfare Association, the water protection police , the voluntary fire brigade, technical aid organization , the police, the Constance Civil Engineering Office, the ferry crews and business people. The Jägerervereinigung Konstanz supplied the birds with food from airplanes, the Bundeswehr from helicopters.
End of a sea frost
A sea frost is ended by a thaw, westerly winds or foehn storms . The cities with Rhine bridges (Konstanz, Stein am Rhein , Diessenhofen , Schaffhausen and Neuhausen with the Rhine Falls ) must take precautions for the ice going down the Rhine . In mid-January 1963 the surface water in the middle of the Obersee was 3.6 ° Celsius, until mid-April 1963 the temperatures in the whole of Lake Constance remained below 4 ° Celsius.
Climatic fluctuations
General climatic fluctuations with characteristics such as the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age with particularly cold weather periods from 1570–1630 and from 1675–1715 are not suitable as an explanation for the sea frosts on Lake Constance. Regional temperature studies show temperature drops from the middle of the 13th century and in the 14th century (see, among others, Niculussi, Patzelt: Klima im Alpenraum . ).
Traditional sea frosts
A sea frost is currently assumed for the first time for the year 875. Traditional or documented sea frosts of Lake Constance took place according to Meichle in the following years:
- 875, 895
- 1074, 1076
- 1108
- 1217, 1227, 1277
- 1323, 1325, 1378, 1379, 1383
- 1409, 1431, 1435, 1460, 1465, 1470, 1479
- 1512, 1553, 1560, 1564, 1565, 1571, 1573
- 1684, 1695
- 1788
- 1830, 1880
- 1963
The sea frost from the 9th to the 13th century cannot be proven by documents from contemporaries or contemporary witnesses. Later sea frosts are described long after the event. It was not until 1830 that detailed and timely documentation existed. The Lindau home nurse Werner Dobras writes:
“So we have to be content with only looking at the first sea frosts we know as numbers. There are no records from contemporary chroniclers for the years 875, 895, 1074, 1076, 1108, 1217 and 1227. "
Meichle names the following chroniclers of historical sea frosts: Hans Stetter (late 14th century, Constance), Gebhard Dacher († 1472, Constance), Joachim von Watt (called Vadian 1484–1551, St. Gallen), Jakob Reutlinger (1545–1611, Überlingen ), David Hünlin (1720–1783, Lindau), Johann Friedrich Spät (18th century, Constance), Gustav Schwab (1792–1850, Stuttgart), Joseph Laible (Constance). In the Catholic parish church of St. Georg von Wasserburg (Lake Constance) , the sea frosts from 1573, 1830 and 1963 are documented on panels on three of the four main pillars. Seegfrörnen documents a marble stele in the shore area of Lochau / Hörbranz in the years 1830, 1880, also 1929 and 1963.
Documented sea frosts of Lake Constance
Sea frosts from 1076 (partially)
" Annô Christi 1076. would it be such a cold winter / that from St. Martini day [11. November] hiked across the Rhine on foot until April / and the vines completely spoiled. "
Sea frosts from 1277 (partially)
The Konstanz chronicler Gebhard Dacher cites his predecessor Hans Stetter with a quote about a sea frost in 1277, according to which it was such a sharp and cold winter, Lake Constance was so frozen over that a cat and a dog could have run over it, and this condition lasted until February 14th.
“ Item and the winter afterwards, which was so hot and cold that of the Bodense mita others was frozen over, that ain cat and ain dog would have passed over it, untz [until] sant Valentine's Day [14. February]. "
“ Annô Christi 1277. the city of Constantz was shaken on the 14th of June and the 14th negative days with 12th strong earths / whereupon a sharp winter / in which vastly the whole Boden lake would be frozen over / and after this one so fertile Year followed / that a courage kernel or wheat was changed to 12. Kreutzer / a courage rye the same amount a courage to erbs was made 8th kr. A pound of pork meat was changed to 3rd and a pound of beef meat was changed to 1 penny / the measure of the best Constantzer wine was changed 3rd and the lower umb 1st Pf. Was sold / which lasted for cheap for the 2nd year. "
Sea frosts from 1325/1326
This sea frost began at the end of 1325.
“ Annô Christi 1325. was on S.Luciæ day [13. December] such a cold / that the Rhine was completely frozen over / and one then wandered back and forth on horseback and on foot. "
Two manuscripts provide details on the further course of the Seegfrörne in early 1326.
“ January 30th: tanta congelacio aque et frigus erat, quod homines super glacies transeuntes de litore at litus supra et infra pontem Reni civitatis Constantiensis, per etc. itur Petridomum. ludos suos exercebant cum lapidibus. Cumque homines trahentes nave de Husen versus Munsterlingen et ad litus ante de blaichi pedibus transierunt et de Walenhusen versus Uberlingen satis secure, quia hiems dura fuit et aspera. "
“The freezing of the water and the cold was so great that the people who walked across the ice from bank to bank above and below the Rhine bridge in the city of Constance, through which one arrives at Petershausen , played their games with stones. At that time, too, people moved with boats on foot from Petershausen to Münsterlingen and to the banks of the Bleiche and from Wallhausen to Überlingen with sufficient safety because the winter was hard and harsh. "
" February 2nd. Anno ab incarnatione domini 1326 congelata sunt aque majoris laci Allemanniae in tanta spissitudine et vigore it quod mulit homines peditando transirent lacum de opido Ueberlingensi ad portum translacinum et econverso, et etiam linga in vehiculis traherent homines usque in Uendeber. "
“On February 2, 1326, the water of the larger Alemannic lake froze to such an extent that many people crossed the lake on foot from the city of Überlingen to the port on the other side of the lake, and people also crossed wood on carts moved to Überlingen for sale. "
Sea frost from 1378
According to the chronicle of Seckelmeister Stetter around 1400, there was a weak ice cover on February 24, 1378 between Egg , Meersburg , Hagnau and Buchhorn (today Friedrichshafen).
“ Item to Sant Matheusabent (February 24th) because Lake Constance froze over from Egg untz to Merspurg and towards Hagnow untz to Buchhorn. And weret the four day, the ain katz or ain dog whale on the food has gone and what is Costentz in the instead of so warm, that it didn't freeze at all. "
"On Matthew evening [24. February] the Bodensee froze over from Egg to Meersburg and Hagnau and Buchhorn [Friedrichshafen]. It took four days for a cat and dog to have walked on the ice, and it was so warm in the city of Constance that it didn't freeze much there. "
“ Annô Christi 1378. February 27th, the Boden lake froze over from Eck to Mörspurg / also to Hagnau and Buchhorn / and then it would be warm in the city of Constantz / that nothing could be seen frozen. In that year the trees were in full bloom on April 6th / and regardless of April 6th and 7th it was often snowing / the melted snow froze on that too / so it would be a year richly blessed in wine and grain. "
Sea frost from 1435 (complete)
" Anno 1434 on the day after Andres [1. December] as much as ain big snow, that he was thicker what ainer long elen and that lay untz Mathiae ap. [24. February] and went there from right in 14 days. But on sant Mathiestag the ys in Obersee was so vastly frozen that you went there if you wanted to, and on the day by ten umb den imbis [lunch] there was an island [ice floe], the whale half a mil long what, and the wind drifts towards Lindow werts. And the island does the Ehinger ze Guttingen vil harm to pfäln. It was also von Merspurg wol sixteen so willful that the sy to the ismere furen and daruff acted as verr (distant, far) and long, as sy woltent. "
In a Weingartner manuscript it is mentioned that the lake could be walked from Fussach to Lindau and from Arbon to Langenargen . On February 23, 1435, the ice broke in wind and rain.
From February 10 to 23, 1435, the entire Lake Constance was frozen over and was accessible.
Sea frost from 1465 (partially)
In a chronicle of Constance, the contemporary witness Gebhard Dacher describes that he crossed the Überlinger See from Dingelsdorf to Überlingen at the beginning of February 1465 :
“ When one pays of the birth of Christ 1465 jare on sant Agnesentag and aubend [20. And January 21st] it was vastly cold, that Lake Constance from the Aichorn to Regikoven froze as six vinger thick and that one walked there from Überlingen to Dingelsdorf and Walhusen . One went and raised over the yss and I went to Gebhart Dacher from Dingelsdorf to Überlingen on the yss and lake on the next interest day [Tuesday] before sant Valentine's day [12. February] in the jar, as obstat. "
Sea frosts from 1470 (partially)
The Konstanzer Chronik mentions that the Untersee froze over and that it snowed heavily before, on and after February 24, 1470.
Sea frost from 1517 (partially)
The Überlinger chronicler Reutlinger describes that the son of the bailiff of Dingelsdorf, who crossed the Überlinger See from Dingeldorf to Überlingen and back, got under the ice on the Dingelsdorfer Ufer and drowned.
Sea frost from 1560 (complete)
The lake was crossed from Romanshorn to Buchhorn (now Friedrichshafen) and Lindau. On February 11, 1560, the vine people from Haltnau near Meersburg took the route across the ice to Konstanz-Staad.
Sea frosts from 1564 to 1565
These sea frosts are mentioned in Dobras without further descriptions.
Sea frost from 1571
Sea frost from 1573 (complete)
“ 1572/1573 we had one of the hardest winters, in which the lake froze over at the beginning of the following year to such an extent that on the 3rd of that year [1573] many people from Bregenz went to the market on the ice to Lindau, even though the lake was there not yet frozen down. This only took place when the cold got worse, so that one went from Romishorn [Romanshorn] to Buchhorn as well as from Constance the next way over the ice. The people of Bregenz danced on it at the old carnival, burned sparks on it and jumped around in rows. Man and woman went from Bregenz in white clothes to the Mehrerau monastery , but got so lost on their return when the fog had fallen in that they almost came to the pallisades on the ice in front of Lindau. They had drums, pipes and two flags with them. Realizing the error, they returned. At that time one rode from Bregenz to Überlingen. On the 23rd Hornung, the boatmen and fishermen from Fussach began to chop up the ice again through the lake to Lindau, with which work they spent 3½ days until they reached Lindau on the Inselhorn. They drove home on the same street in an easterly wind with the sail up. But your efforts were in vain. Because the lake that had been thrown up frozen over again the next night, so much that one could walk over it again the following day. Many people were torn to pieces by the wolves or found dead in the severe winter cold of that time. When the price rises afterwards, one feeds on the grass in the field, of which several deaths were found that still had them in their mouths. "
The church book of Stein am Rhein documents that the cold from November 1572 to March 1573 caused an ice cover to form on the lake, which thawed again by March 24, 1573. The Lindau town clerk reported in the Bertlinschen Chronik that in January 1573 many people crossed ice from Bregenz to Lindau and back. At the beginning of February the lake froze over completely, and there were reports of passages between Romanshorn and Buchhorn, from Konstanz to Lindau and a ride across the ice from Bregenz to Überlingen. In this sea frost, the distances between Rorschach and Langenargen, from Lindau to Bregenz or Fussach, from Buchhorn (Friedrichshafen) to Romanshorn (with rope or with steps) were determined.
The wind broke the ice on Epiphany and at least three people drowned.
Sea Frost 1624
During the frozen sea of 1624, the frozen lake could be crossed from Konstanz to Uhldingen , Meersburg and Münsterlingen.
Sea frost from 1695 (complete)
In the Schnellschen Chronik of the Lindau city archive it is reported that in 1695 one could walk, ride and transport goods from Lindau to Bregenz, Hard , Fussach, Arbon, Rorschach on the ice. The St. Gallen Chronicle of Johannes Fehr reports that at the end of January 1695, the frozen lake between Rorschach and Langenargen was crossed. From March 26, 1695, the lake between Rorschach and Lindau was again navigable by ship.
“ On February 5, 1695, the lake froze over completely. The schoolmaster from Altnau took his students for a walk across the ice to Langenargen, where they were all fed by the Count of Oetingen. At Arbon there was a free shooting on the lake on February 15, and citizens measured it as far as Langenargen. It was used in March. On March 14th, a large stone, called the sow, which had been situated not far from the Arbon city wall since time immemorial, rose by itself, and was thrown 25 paces into the country together with the ice surrounding it. He was 5 shoes high, 6 wide, 8 long and weighed 150 cents. Such phenomena are now known as the effects of the ground ice. "
After the 5th – 7th February 1695 one could go from Konstanz-Staad to Meersburg, from Hagnau to Münsterlingen. Goods were transported from Lindau to Rorschach on sleds.
Seegfrörne 1708/1709 (partially)
Lake Constance was "largely" frozen over in 1708/1709. As far as is known, the requirements are not sufficient for a sea frost.
Seegfrörne 1785 (almost)
“On May 25, 1785, some members of the Arbon council left for Mörsburg early in the morning in town shops. The air was cool and the lake bright. They were sailing at Romishorn when, at sunrise, the lake was suddenly covered with an ice crust before their eyes and they had to land at Romishorn, where they took a forecastle with 6 men in front of them broke the ice. Finally, as they approached Meersburg, it melted from the stronger rays of the morning sun. "
Sea Frost 1788
“ … It was so cold that the wooden corridors of the city wall from the Schiesstätte [Döbeleplatz] to the lake were broken off and their wood was left for the poor to fire. The cart of wood was worth 11 florins instead of 4 florins. The snow was 7 feet high, and you walked across the frozen lake to Kreuzlingen . The ships lay firmly in the ice, deer and birds succumbed in abundance to the cold. "
Sea frost from 1796 (complete)
The crossing of the lake from Konstanz to Meersburg and from Wasserburg to Rorschach is mentioned in chronicles.
Sea frost from 1814
The local bailiff of Wangen Stephan Dietrich reports that in February 1814 the residents of the Untersee had to chop a canal into the ice from Ermatingen to Stein am Rhein so that the allied German army could be supplied by ship from Lindau.
Sea frost from 1830 (complete)
It was cold from November 29, 1829, and the lake froze over on January 30, 1830. According to the diary of the Lindau optician Martin Koch, goods were transported on the ice from Fussach to Lindau from February 3, 1830. In a "certificate" Franz Ainser is confirmed that he walked from Hagnau to Constance over the frozen lake on February 3, 1830. On February 3, 1830, two Hagnau residents explored the route over the ice to Altnau in preparation for the ice procession. The Hagnauer Museum displays handwritten documents and certificates about crossings in a showcase . The announcement of the Grand Ducal Office of Meersburg dated February 5, 1830 on the possible prevention of accidents on the frozen Lake Constance is also issued there. On February 6, 1830, pedestrians from Untersee arrived in Lindau via Constance. On February 6th, 1830 there were routes from Bregenz to Lindau, Rorschach, Arbon, Konstanz, which were used by thousands. Horses and sleighs could also be seen. When the lake from Hagnau to the Swiss bank was accessible by sledge, grain was transported from Baden to Switzerland. On February 7th, Koch went across the ice from Lindau to Rheineck and back. From February 15, 1830, a canal from Lindau to Fussach was cut into the ice for ships. On February 8th, 9th and 22nd there was a strong south-westerly wind, on March 2nd the ice broke and the floes drifted under the Constance Rhine bridge down the Rhine for 18 hours. The ice sheet was covered with water at the beginning of March by the inflowing water. The painter Nikolaus Hug (1771–1852) from Constance documented the port of Constance near Seegfrörne in 1830 in a colored copper engraving (8.1 × 14.1 cm).
Sea frost from 1880 (complete)
The months of August, September and October 1879 brought high temperatures. From November 3rd it got cold, in mid-December the temperature was −16 ° Celsius. During the 33-day cold spell on Lake Constance in November / December 1879, the temperatures in the Alps at 1,600–2,000 meters were mild. The extreme heat given off by the lake resulted in rising haze ("sea smoking"). On December 29th there was a temporary thaw with thick fog. From January 4, 1880, the cold set in again. On February 1, 1880, it was still possible to take the steamboat "Mainau" from Hagnau to Meersburg, ice stools clattered against the walls of the ship during the journey, and there was thick fog. On February 3, 1880, steamboat trips to and from Meersburg were suspended. On February 6th, the Friedrichshafen Steamship Inspectorate stopped shipping passenger steamboats. The ferry trip from Friedrichshafen to Romanshorn ended on February 7th . On February 6th, two men broke in on the bank near Meersburg. On February 8, 1880, Lake Constance was completely frozen over. The route Lindau – Bregenz and Lindau – Fussach was used by crowds. The ice thickness near Friedrichshafen was 8-10 cm on February 8 and 14 cm on February 15. There were ice passages from Überlingen to Dingelsdorf, from Unteruhldingen or Meersburg to the island of Mainau and to Constance.
L. Ehinger and Otto Pfeifer from Meersburg crossed the lake in the afternoon of February 8th, 1880 with 5 to 7 cm ice thickness from Meersburg from the direction of Staad and Switzerland. The ice surface was mirror-smooth in places, but mostly sprinkled with ice crumbs. The sun and moon were visible through the thick fog and served as orientation. Parallel to the Swiss bank there was a crack in the ice 1.5 meters wide, which could be overcome at one point by an ice bridge. They reached Kurz-Rickenbach (between Kreuzlingen and Bottighofen ). On February 9th, they started their way back from Little Venice (border between Kreuzlingen and Konstanz) along the shore to Konstanz-Staad. From Staad they walked over the cracking ice with cracked ice sheets in a foehn wind, jumped over a two-foot-high crack and reached Meersburg again at Ramsbach (Gehauweg).
The full-width crossing of the Obersee was only possible on February 7th from Hagnau to Altnau and back on February 8th. On February 9th, this was no longer possible because of open water surfaces, because on February 9th at around 9:00 a.m., a weak foehn came up, long streaks of water formed, the ice burst with a bang, ice islands formed. Two Meersburg citizens, Theodor Mors and August Pfeifer, used a gondola to rescue eight people from Kreuzlingen from a floating ice floe. In total, about 10 people drowned because of the deceptive ice cover. Ice skaters rode parallel to the shore from Friedrichshafen to Meersburg and Überlingen, from Ludwigshafen to Konstanz, from Konstanz to Romanshorn.
The members of the Frankfurt Ice Skating Club went on their ice skates from Bregenz to Lindau on February 8, 1880, crossing a Wune (crevice with open water). In the fog they ran from Lindau to Fussach and in the evening from Fussach back to Lindau. On February 9, 1880, at 10 o'clock in the sun, they ran back to Fussach. There was a wide open space in front of the mouth of the Rhine. They crossed the Rhine in a fishing boat and took their skates to Rorschach, where the ice cover had only strengthened overnight. From there they drove back in their own tracks, then across the lake to Lindau. From Lindau they drove to Wasserburg and in the evening back to Lindau. On February 10th, when the thaw set in, they ran from Lindau to Wasserburg, at Langenargen over the open Argen on a long board, then to Friedrichshafen, where the ice was not yet stable due to the ferry traffic. From Friedrichshafen, a crack in the ice had to be overcome at the royal castle. Then they drove past Immenstaad and Hagnau to Meersburg, where the ice was no longer trodden by the population, from Meersburg towards Überlingen, over on weak ice (due to the current from the Obersee) to the island of Mainau and in the evening to Constance. On February 11th, they made a farewell trip from Constance along the Swiss bank. On February 12, the lake in the middle was still frozen, and there were already vacancies near the shore.
Shipping was gradually resumed: on March 20th for the Obersee except Bregenz, Wasserburg and Kressbronn , on March 21st for the Obersee except Bregenz. The port of Bregenz could not be called again until March 1st.
Sea frost from 1929 (partially)
Due to freezing temperatures in January and February 1929, parts of Lake Constance froze over. However, on February 13, 1929, a group of eight skaters from Hard could not reach the seaport near Lindau. Five people from the group were rescued in Reutenen near Wasserburg , three children were frozen to death. There are pictures of people on the frozen lake in 1929 from Reichenau and Bregenz.
Sea frost from 1963 (complete)
In November 1962 the temperatures fell to -7.5 ° Celsius, in December to -13 ° Celsius. On January 15, 1963, paths across the ice at Untersee were released, and on January 17, 1963 the path from Hemmenhofen to Steckborn . On February 1, 1963, shipping on the Überlinger See, on February 5, 1963, the shipping on the Obersee and on February 6, 1963 the ferry connection Meersburg-Konstanz-Staad ceased. The Konstanz ferry shuttled between Konstanz-Staad and Meersburg without interruption at the Seegfrörne of Lake Constance in 1963 in order to keep the fairway free for as long as possible. On February 6, 1963, two groups of Hagnauer independently of each other managed to reach the Swiss lake shore on the frozen lake. Commuters from Meersburg to Constance had to take the bus to Überlingen and from there take the train around the Überlinger See to Constance or could get to Constance by ice skating over the ice. Immediately after the ferry connection from Konstanz-Staad to Meersburg was closed, the broken ice on the ferry route was not yet stable. Instead, the detour via ice from Staad towards Mainau and next to the ferry channel over to the western entrance of Meersburg was an alternative. The "Hänsele" of the Überlinger fools guild practiced their carnival customs on the Überlinger See in front of the backdrop of the lake promenade. This scene was captured in a photo by Siegfried Lauterwasser . After the Überlinger See the Obersee froze over. In the middle, a small part remained free of ice. The lake was accessible from Lindau to Bregenz, there was a regular muffled rumble, the ice cracked and thick cracks formed. From February 7th to March 10th 1963 the lake could be crossed on foot, by bicycle or by car. Meichle documented more than twenty ways to cross the frozen Lake Constance. Most of them ran between Switzerland and Germany.
Werner and Willy Häusler kept the diary of the large ice over the Seegfrörne of Lake Constance 1963 for the period from the beginning of 1963 to April 7, 1963. Certain parts of the Untersee were on January 14, 1963 at -22 ° Celsius and an ice cover thickness of 12 up to 14 cm released for entry. On January 15, 1963, the passages from Reichenau to Allensbach and from Hemmenhofen in Germany to Steckborn in Switzerland were opened on the Untersee . On January 18, the Untersee was cleared for walking and ice skating when the ice sheet was up to 20 cm. This enabled border traffic on the ice between Switzerland and Germany on the Untersee. On February 1, 1963, shipping on the Überlinger See was stopped. A passage for pedestrians was opened between Bodman and Ludwigshafen when the ice was 12 to 14 cm thick. On February 5, a passage between Dingelsdorf and Überlingen and another at Überlinger See were approved. After the Hagnauer crossed the Obersee on February 6th, the crossings for friendly exchange between schoolchildren, officials, associations and fool's societies with the neighbors on the opposite side of the lake continued until March 7th. Most of the crossings with tens of thousands of passers-by from Switzerland, Austria and Germany took place on the weekend of 2/3. March 1963. Gliders landed on the ice off Überlingen on a February Sunday. Sport planes took off and landed on the ice, including on the riverside area east of Friedrichshafen and near Lindau. The ship traffic between Konstanz and Meersburg ceased on February 5, 1963, the ferry traffic between Konstanz-Staad and Meersburg on February 7 and the ferry traffic between Friedrichshafen and Romanshorn on February 9.
From March 8, the ice thickness became weaker. Ferry traffic between Konstanz-Staad and Meersburg was resumed on March 15th, ship traffic between Konstanz and Meersburg on March 17th, and ferry traffic between Friedrichshafen and Romanshorn on April 7th, 1963.
A skater from Constance circled the Obersee clockwise on two days. He started in Konstanz-Staad in the afternoon on wavy ice to Meersburg, from there to Hagnau. From Immenstaad to Friedrichshafen he ran near the shore because the lake was still open. In Fischbach ice barriers were piled up Eriskirch the lake was further out frozen, but still open. From Langenargen via Nonnenhorn the lake was completely frozen and easy to skate on with ice skates. In Lindau, snow on the ice hindered ice skating. He spent the night in Lindau. The next day he started from Lindau in the direction of Rorschach in light morning fog and oriented himself southwards to the sun. Due to the strong temperature difference between night and day, small cracks had formed in the ice, which made skating difficult. At the Altrhein near Rheineck the ice was brittle and rising swamp gas kept the ice cover open. Fishermen showed him the way around the mouth of the Old Rhine. From Rorschach to Romanshorn, snow on the ice hindered ice skating. At Romanshorn he went ashore and bypassed the harbor because of the still fragile ice cover from the ferry traffic. As far as Uttwil , frozen drift ice made it difficult to skate. He returned to Constance via Altnau.
There were also numerous accidents: some motorists who tried to cross the lake despite the ban broke in. There were also five deaths. On February 10, a 69-year-old man broke his bicycle on the way back from Altenrhein to Wasserburg on thin ice and was found dead the following day. An innkeeper from Bad Horn in Switzerland tried to cross the lake on a moped. He was missing. On February 22nd, near Friedrichshafen, an ice floe several hundred meters long, on which a 13-year-old and a 15-year-old student were located, came loose. The next morning they were found dead on the ice of a floating ice floe off the banks of Güttingen .
The end of the sea frost of 1963 came with a warm foehn storm. This pushed the ice together. Meter-high icebergs formed. The ice floes disappeared shortly afterwards. It took several weeks for all of the ice to melt.
Ice procession Münsterlingen - Hagnau
Since 1573, whenever the political conditions and the load-bearing capacity of the ice allow a larger crowd, the bust of St. John (Apostle) has been carried over the ice in a solemn ice procession from the Swiss monastery of Münsterlingen to Hagnau on Lake Constance in Germany back at the next sea frost. In Catholic parishes, John is considered a wine saint and has his feast day on December 27th. The wooden bust was dated to the beginning of the 16th century by Albert Knoepfli , Frauenfeld.
The history of the ice procession from 1573 to 1830 is documented on the pedestal of the bust of John the Evangelist. The frozen sea and ice procession of 1830 was described by Heinrich Hansjakob in his book Schneeballen vom Bodensee . The ice procession is shown as a detail in the “Snowball Column” memorial in the center of Hagnau. Pictures of the ice procession of 1963, during which the bust was carried from Hagnau to Münsterlingen, are contained in the book Seegfrörne by Werner Dobras and in the book Über eisige Grenzen by Diethard Hubatsch. The history of the ice procession and the crossings of the lake between Münsterlingen and Hagnau are documented in the Hagnauer Museum in Hagnau am Bodensee. Meichle pointed out in 1963 that he had not found documents on the Seegfrörnen before 1830 either in the Hagnau municipal archive or in the General State Archives in Karlsruhe.
“The origin and background of this long-handed custom remain in the dark. So far, no explanation has been found in the preserved documents from the 16th to 18th centuries why it was decided - in mutual agreement on both sides of the river - to carry a bust of St. John over the ice cover, there and back. It also remains open when the first of these processions actually took place. "
Münsterlingen - Hagnau 1573
This is the first transfer of the bust across the frozen Lake Constance that has been documented, on the base of the bust of Johannes. When the lake was frozen over, the bust was brought from Münsterlingen to Hagnau on February 17, 1573 and placed there in the town hall. At that time, the Reformation had been introduced in Thurgau, Switzerland , so it could not have been a large procession.
Hagnau - Münsterlingen 1695
According to sources research by Meichle, the bust of Johannes was brought in a procession from Hagnau to Münsterlingen in 1695. "After 100 years it [the bust] was brought back here [to Munsterlingen] near a lake overflowing."
No ice processions in 1788 and 1796
On the base of the Johannes bust is documented that the Johannes bust "An (n) o 1796 but at the time of the French War was put back and renovated by FX Faivre for the 2nd time." Meichle interprets these lines in such a way that "put on hold" means that the bust was not carried in a procession to the opposite bank in a procession, despite the sea frost, but was retained in Münsterlingen: the first time in 1788 because of the insufficient load-bearing capacity of the ice and the second time in Year 1796 because of the "French War". RS Zimmermann confirms in his report on the Seegfrörne of 1830, quoted by Meichle, that the last ice procession had taken place 136 years earlier.
Münsterlingen - Hagnau 1830
Exploring the passability
During the night of February 1 and 2, 1830, a huge block of ice with a boulder was thrown onto land with a “roar and thunder”. On February 3, 1830, the Hagnauer Blasius Wetzel and Karl Ehrlenspiel were the first to cross the lake from Hagnau to Altnau . On February 4th and 5th, several Swiss school classes from Thurgau villages came to Hagnau. The lake was crossed with horses and sleighs. Safe passages were marked with pine veins.
Ice procession
On February 6th at 12:00 p.m., the Hagnau pastor, Vogt and chaplain , 100 schoolchildren and their parents in folk costumes crossed the lake in a procession, visited the Altnau people and in the afternoon led the bust of Johannes from the Münsterlingen women's abbey to Hagnau, where it was at 6 : 00 o'clock in the evening with bells ringing. The bust was placed in the Hagnau town hall. From February 8th and 9th, 1830, the thaw set in, and on February 9th the last crossed the lake between Hagnau and Münsterlingen. This was the third time in three hundred years that the bust had been handed over to be carried across Lake Constance in an ice procession.
Memory of the ice procession in 1830
In the book Schneeballen , Hansjakob recalls the ice procession of 1830 as described by the Hagnauer . The ice procession is vividly depicted in Gerold Jäggle's “Snowball Column” monument in the center of Hagnau. There are several drawings of the ice procession of 1830 in the archive of the Heimat- und Geschichtsverein Hagnau am Bodensee e. V.
No ice procession 1880
At the beginning of February 1880 there was another sea frost, but none of the Münsterlingers came to pick up the Johannes bust in Hagnau. The then village pastor Heinrich Hansjakob had the bust of Johannes fetched from the Hagnau town hall in 1880 and placed in the church.
Exploring the passability
On February 7, 1880 at 10:25 a.m., a group of Hagnauers set out across the frozen lake to Altnau. As a safeguard, the leader pulled a hop pole behind him on a three meter long rope. He was followed by another man with a 10-meter ladder. They were armed with a compass and spare clothing. Seven more followed at a distance on a 50 meter long rope. Everyone carried a pole with a hook to test the load-bearing capacity of the ice. The ice was black and thick fog obscured the view. A man broke in at three different places while crossing and was saved by the others thanks to the safety precautions. Half an hour before the Swiss bank ran an open canal twenty meters wide. No other transition could be found. Skippers from Altnau and Landschlacht helped with a gondola that was brought from the Swiss bank. So the Hagnauer managed to cross the ice-free canal, and after six hours they reached the Altnauer Ufer. They celebrated the successful crossing with the Altnau City Council and the Altnau Singers' Association and became friends.
On February 8th at 10:30 a.m. they made their way back, accompanied by eight Altnauer and two from Kesswil . The ice cover of the lake had grown stronger overnight, but they had to walk down an open area again and could get over it at the narrowest point with a ladder. They reached Hagnau again after three hours around 2 p.m.
On February 9th, the people of Thurgau could not return the same way because there were widely open areas. They finally managed to reach their hometowns via Meersburg and Constance, partly on the ice and partly in the country.
Memory of the first crossing in 1880
The crossing in 1880 by nine Hagnau boys (Andreas Preyßing, Anselm Meichle, Polykarp Freyheit, Stephan Dimmeler, Ferdinand Model, Rupert Erlinspiel, Stephan Erlinspiel, Gebhart Preyßing, Johann Gyger) was documented in a verse by the minister priest Brugier von Konstanz. The verse was carved on the boulder from 1830. The boulder was hurled from the lake bed to the surface by the forces of the ice during the sea frost of 1830:
"
- When the ice broke in thirty
- I fled my water grave
- Rest 'at the village brook fifty years',
- Who now gave me the place of honor?
- Read here the nine, the undaunted,
- Who dared to cross the lake this year. - "
This boulder is in the green area at the ship landing stage in Hagnau. The inscription was renewed, the text is documented by Hansjakob.
Hagnau - Münsterlingen 1963
Exploring the passability
The two groups from Hagnauer, who explored the transition in fog on February 6, 1963, were equipped differently for the crossing. The first group around Klaus Winder , later called the Güttingen group , with Berthold Arnold, Konrad Maier and Manfred Maier started at 9:30 a.m. In a television interview, the participant Arnold described that the group had only formed spontaneously in the morning and that the men discussed the aids sledge, compass, binoculars, trumpet, a long ladder, a long fishing rope and spare underwear for one man and included them took. The visibility was half a kilometer in fog. The group was caught by the Hagnau skater Hermann Urnauer. Josef Ritter joined them on the lake as a scattered man. Manfred Meier (17 years old), the man with the lowest weight, led the way on skis, the others followed, each 10-15 meters apart and secured by a 40-meter rope. Josef Ritter pulled a 15-meter-long ladder behind him in order to be able to rescue a break in the ice. The fog grew thicker, the ice bounced and cracked. At first the ice sheet was covered with hoarfrost, then bare, then a 200-meter-long expanse of water appeared, which they bypassed to the east. In foggy conditions, the compass was used for orientation (compass course 210). Then they saw the poplars from Güttingen on the Swiss bank. They reached the Swiss bank after about two hours and entered the tavern at five to twelve. The hosts, the Egloffs, from the “Zum Schiff” inn in Güttingen welcomed the group and welcomed them to lunch. Then a reporter for the Swiss daily Blick and District Administrator Raggenbass from Kreuzlingen appeared.
The second group around Walter Stark , later called the Altnau group , was formed the evening before from the participants in a singing lesson and started on February 6, 1963 at 10:30 a.m. Other participants were Anton Preysing, Heinz Ganser, Franz Müller, Bernhard Gutemann, Walter Kress, Albert Berger, Oskar Ehrlinspiel. Walter Stark used a bicycle to explore the route and often drove a hundred meters ahead. The group carried a small plastic boat that was pulled or pushed on four boarded sledges. A pair of water skis, five pairs of snowshoes , ropes, clothes and laundry were transported in the boat . The Fischer Winder gave them a compass with the direction of travel 210. An eight-meter-long ladder was drawn on nailed boards. They also took in someone who was scattered, the fishmonger Precht on ice skates, and after a good two hours they arrived in Altnau at 1 p.m. The ice crunched and bounced, the ice was only 2.5 to 3.5 cm thick, the sun was faintly visible in the fog. Ice walls one meter high, two to three meters wide and 20–30 meters long kept appearing and were an indicator of a solid ice cover. The boat broke into the ice once, but was heaved back onto the ice. Then they saw a row of poplars on the Swiss bank, asked two men with dogs for directions and walked about a kilometer west and parallel to the bank to Altnau. They reached Altnau at 1:15 p.m., were greeted by the Vice-Mayor of Hagnau, who had come by minibus over the Meersburg – Konstanz ferry, and went to the “Zur Krone” inn. District Administrator Raggenbass arrived there later and invited them to dinner. Both groups took the return trip with a bus that used the Konstanz-Staad ferry connection to Meersburg, which was still passable.
On February 9, 1963, 60 students and three teachers crossed the lake from the Swiss side and returned a framed picture of Christ to the Hagnau School.
Ice procession
The Hagnau – Münsterlingen ice procession on February 12, 1963 was framed by several thanksgiving services. In a short prayer in the monastery church of Münsterlingen at 9 a.m., the Catholic priest Karl Hofmann addressed the faithful of both Christian denominations and called for prayer during the procession for world peace and ecumenism . From the former location of the old monastery church, the procession then moved in heavy snow, past Altnau towards Hagnau. The procession started with around 300 people, and then grew to around 2,500 people from Altnau and Münsterling and 800 schoolchildren. Due to the limited load-bearing capacity of the ice, they were distributed over an elongated train. At the head was the rider Georg Starkr from Fischbach near Friedrichshafen ("Rider from Lake Constance") on a Haflinger horse in memory of the ballad The Rider and Lake Constance , acolytes with cross and flag, school children tied together with a rope, then Dean Alphons Gmür von Kreuzlingen and the Protestant and Catholic clergy from Münsterlingen. The ice procession was accompanied by firemen, two doctors and ice overseers. At the end of the procession, three barrels of Seegfrörniwy from the Scherzingen winery were brought on a sledge as a gift. At around 11:30 am the ice procession appeared as a contour in the fog in front of Hagnau. The Münsterlingers arrived in Hagnau after two and a half hours and were welcomed by Mayor Ainser, the local council, Dean Höfler, Berthold Margrave of Baden , Hagnau women with traditional costumes and thousands of people at the ringing of bells .
After an ecumenical thanksgiving service with sermons and prayers in the Hagnau parish church, Vespers and wine followed as a guest of the Hagnau community in the Hagnauer Hof. The bust was given to the parish priest of Münsterlingen, Karl Hofmann, at a closing prayer at 3 p.m. In the afternoon at 3:45 p.m., the late Gothic bust of John was brought past a kilometer-long trellis by spectators in good visibility with bells ringing and gunfire from Hagnau to Münsterlingen. The procession arrived there at 6:30 p.m. and was greeted by District Governor Raggenbass. Then the bust was brought to the Münsterling monastery church. At the end of the procession, the believers sang “ Great God, we praise you ”. The ice procession was also documented in a short film and in a radio recording.
Since 1963 the bust has been in the parish church of the former Benedictine monastery in Münsterlingen until the next Seegfrörne. The copy of the bust is at the entrance to the church. It is only placed on the altar during services on Saturday and every fourth Sunday of the month. The original of the bust is kept in the safe and has slight signs of use:
"A bit of paint has clearly flaked off the nose, there is a flaw on John's red shirt collar, a corner on the base is damaged."
Memories of the ice procession of 1963
A plaque on a boulder at the Osthafen below the town hall documents the ice procession of 1963:
“DURING THE SEEGFÖRNE 1963, TWO GROUPS OF HAGNAU CITIZENS CROSSED THE FROZEN BOTTOM LAKE FIRST ON 6 FEBRUARY.
IT WAS: BERTHOLD ARNOLD - KONRAD MAIER - MANFRED MAIER - JOSEF RITTER - HERMANN URNAUER - KLAUS WINDER - ALBERT BERGER - OSKAR EHRLINSPIEL - HEINZ GANSER - BERNHARD GUTEMANN - WALTER KRESS - FRANZ MÜLRK - ANZ MÜLRK - WALTER PREYSING
DURING THE FOLLOWING FOUR WEEKS, THOUSANDS CHANGED FROM SHORE TO SHORE. THE HIGH POINT OF THE SEEGFÖRNE WAS THE ICE PROCESSION ON FEBRUARY 12, 1963. IT GUIDED THE BUST OF JOHN, CARRIED OVER THE LAKE TO HAGNAU IN 1830, OVER THE CHURCH TO MÜNSTERLINGEN. "
To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the ice procession, the commemorative exhibition About icy borders took place in the Hagnau Museum in Hagnau from February 16, 2013 to the beginning of February 2014 . The copy of the bust of Johannes was made available to the Hagnau exhibition by the Münsterlingen community. After the exhibition was over, she was brought back to the monastery church in Münsterlingen. The book by Diethard Hubatsch was published as an accompanying document to the exhibition: About icy borders .
More friendship customs
Immenstaad am Bodensee - Münsterlingen : Since 1664, the tithing of a district of Immenstaad was givento the Münsterlingen monastery in kind, including hens . When the lake was frozen over, the Immenstaaders set off with the hens on sledges across the ice to Münsterlingen, but the hens froze to death. The Immenstaader Narrengesellschaft Hennenschlitter e. V. was founded in 1902/1903 and called itself Hennenschlitter in 1950 based on this story. On February 8, 1963, 24 members of the “Hennenschlitter” association brought their gifts across the frozen lake on the route Immenstaad, Hagnau, Münsterlingen. They were welcomed on the lake by the Münsterlingers, entertained in Scherzingen in the Gasthof “Hecht”, accompanied by Münsterlingers on their way back at 4pm and celebrated with the Swiss in the evening in Immenstaad at the Gasthof “Seehof”.
Bottighofen -Hagnau am Bodensee: The crowd of fools “Löliclique Bottighofen” visited the “Owl Fool Society” in Hagnau on February 10, 1963 and presented the Hagnau family with a lucky pig, celebrated with the Hagnau family in the “Scharfen Eck”, and presented a certificate to the Hagnau friends set out on the march back.
Altnau –Hagnau am Bodensee: The Altnau school youth were the first to visit the Hagnau in 1830. Therefore, the ice procession of 1830 with 100 Hagnau school children initially led to Altnau. There an image of the Savior was given to the school in Altnau. This picture was brought to the Hagnau students by 60 Altnau school children with three teachers on February 9, 1963, hung in the schoolhouse and is now in the Hagnau Museum.
Meersburg - Konstanz : On the occasion of the Seegfrörne in 1963, the friendly exchange between the “Große Konstanzer Narrengesellschaft Niederburg e. V. ”from 1884 and the“ Narrenzunft Schnabelgiere Meersburg e. V. “sealedwith a trophy . This was carried on March 3, 1963 by the people of Constance across the frozen lake to Meersburg. At the next sea frost he will be brought back to Constance.
reception
It is documented that on January 5, 1573, the Alsatian post bailiff Andreas Egglisperger crossed the frozen Lake Constance to Überlingen on his horse . This event with a happy ending inspired the Swabian poet Gustav Schwab in 1826 to write his ballad Der Reiter und der Bodensee with its famous bad ending. Schwab himself experienced a sea freeze in 1830 and wrote the poem Der Spuk auf dem Bodensee about it .
The same event was documented by the Konstanz painter Wendelin Moosbrugger in three or four landscape paintings.
The fountain near the lake promenade at the ship landing stage in Überlingen reminds the Lake Constance rider by the sculptor Peter Lenk .
The writer Christof Hamann published the novel Seegfrörne in 2001 .
Radio documentation
- Kurt Felix : Bodensee-Gfrörni. In: Schweizer Radio, 1963. URL = http://www.kurt-paola-felix.ch/1_3_audio/1963_bodenseegfroerni.mp3 ( Memento from January 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (original descriptions of the 1963 Hagnau – Münsterlingen ice procession, feeding and rescue of the Belchen and swans).
Film documents
- Enjoy Lake Constance. Talk show with film documents. Shown on SWR / SR TV on April 21, 2013, from 8:15 pm to 9:45 pm. (This includes original recordings of the Hagnau – Münsterlingen ice procession near Seegfrörne in 1963 and an interview with Arnold, who explored the passage between Hagnau and Güttingen with his group).
- Across icy borders - the Seegfrörne on Lake Constance. Documentation. Shown on "SWR TV in Baden-Württemberg" on December 29, 2014, from 6:15 pm to 6:45 pm. (The film brings the adventure of 1963 to life with contemporary witnesses and rare documentaries. The many initiatives on the German and Swiss sides show how the grown relationships are being deepened.)
literature
- Kurt Brunner: The Seegfrörnen of Lake Constance - A documentation in pictorial representations . In: Writings of the Association for the History of Lake Constance and its Surroundings . No. 122 . Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2004, p. 71-84 ( digitized version ).
- Jan Buisman: Duizend jaar weer, wind en water in de lage land . Uitgeverij Van Wijnen, Franeker 1995, ISBN 90-5194-075-0 .
- Werner Dobras: When the whole of Lake Constance is frozen over . Verlag Stadler, Konstanz 1984, ISBN 3-7977-0112-8 .
- Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting story of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 (Changed new edition of When the whole of Lake Constance is frozen over ).
- Werner Häusler, Willy Häusler: Seegfrörne 63. The diary of the big ice. Verlag der Schwäbische Zeitung, Leutkirch and Seekreis Verlag Konstanz 1963. (Photos and diary of Seegfrörne 1963).
- Diethard Hubatsch: Across icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 .
- Friedrich Kiefer: Natural history of Lake Constance . 2nd Edition. Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1972, Seegfrörne, p. 68-69 .
- Joseph Laible: History of the city of Constance and its immediate surroundings. Published by Ernst Ackermann, 1896.
- Wilhelm Martens: History of the City of Constance . Gess, Konstanz 1911, p. 7-9 .
- Friedrich Meichle: Frozen sea and ice procession in the past and present . In: Writings of the association on the history of Lake Constance and its surroundings . No. 81 , 1963, ISSN 0342-2070 ( online ).
- Karl Stadelhofer: Notes about the freezing over of Lake Constance in 1880. (Showcase in the Hague Museum. Karl Stadelhofer was a citizen in Meersburg).
- Volker Steinijans: A probabilistic model for the occurrence of sea frosts . In: Writings of the Association for the History of Lake Constance and its Surroundings , 95th year 1977, pp. 153–162 ( digitized version )
- Albert Steudel: The frozen Lake Constance of the year 1880. In: Writings of the association for the history of Lake Constance and its surroundings. Volume 11, 1882, pp. 22-32. ( Digitized version )
- The big ice . In: Südkurier (Ed.): Südkurier-Sonderheft . Südkurier, Konstanz 1963 (and original reprint 2013).
Fiction
- Christof Hamann: Seegfrörne. Steidl Verlag, 2003
Web links
- After fifty years: reports, pictures and exhibitions on Seegfrörne 1963 at suedkurier.de
- Seegfrörne - memories of a unifying natural event on the border area lake
- Report about the sea frost from 1963 (with pictures) on " one day "
Individual evidence
- ↑ Werner Häusler, Willy Häusler: Seegfrörne 63. The diary of the big ice. Verlag der Schwäbische Zeitung, Leutkirch and Seekreis Verlag Konstanz 1963. (Photos and diary of Seegfrörne 1963). P. 4.
- ↑ The Chronicle of the Great Ice. In: The big ice cream . In: Südkurier (Ed.): Südkurier-Sonderheft . Südkurier, Konstanz 1963 (and original reprint 2013). , Pp. 2-5
- ^ Albert Steudel: The frozen Lake Constance of the year 1880. In: German ice sport. Journal for the Interests of Ice Sports, Volume VIII, No. 3 of November 10, 1898, pp. 21–23, No. 5 of November 24, 1898, pp. 36–39, here p. 38.
- ↑ On the way with the ice cream maker In: The big ice cream . In: Südkurier (Ed.): Südkurier-Sonderheft . Südkurier, Konstanz 1963 (and original reprint 2013). , Pp. 26-29
- ↑ Werner Häusler, Willy Häusler: Seegfrörne 63. The diary of the big ice. Verlag der Schwäbische Zeitung, Leutkirch and Seekreis Verlag Konstanz 1963. (Photos and diary of Seegfrörne 1963). Pp. 32-33, 51.
- ^ Kurt Felix: Bodensee-Gfrörni. In: Schweizer Radio 1963 URL = Archived copy ( Memento of the original from January 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . (Original descriptions of the ice procession 1963 Hagnau – Münsterlingen, feeding and recovery of the belchen and swans)
- ↑ German ice sports. Journal for the Interests of Ice Sports, Volume 8, No. 3 of November 10, 1898, pp. 21–23, No. 5 of November 24, 1898, pp. 36–39, here p. 23.
- ↑ (communicated by Max Wirth). In: German ice sports. Trade journal for the interests of ice sports, Volume 8, No. 10 from January 5, 1899, pp. 78–80, No. 11 from January 12, 1899, pp. 87–89, here p. 89.
- ↑ Volker Geiling: He will never forget the sea frost. In: Südkurier from January 24, 2013. (The quote in Südkurier from Julius Pietruske's diary was taken over.)
- ^ Christian L. Reindl: Ice skaters around the Obersee. In: The big ice cream . In: Südkurier (Ed.): Südkurier-Sonderheft . Südkurier, Konstanz 1963 (and original reprint 2013). , P. 32
- ↑ Annina Baur: February 6, 1963. Ice as far as the eye can see. In: Eva-Maria Bast, Annina Baur, Julia Rieß: Konstanzer Kalenderblätter. Überlingen 2016, ISBN 978-3-946581-04-8 , pp. 27-29.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 145, 169 .
- ↑ Hans Schuhmacher: The animals' need was great. In: The big ice cream . In: Südkurier (Ed.): Südkurier-Sonderheft . Südkurier, Konstanz 1963 (and original reprint 2013). , Pp. 10-11
- ↑ Werner Häusler, Willy Häusler: Seegfrörne 63. The diary of the big ice. Verlag der Schwäbische Zeitung, Leutkirch and Seekreis Verlag Konstanz 1963. (Photos and diary of Seegfrörne 1963). Pp. 51, 53.
- ↑ Werner Häusler, Willy Häusler: Seegfrörne 63. The diary of the big ice. Verlag der Schwäbische Zeitung, Leutkirch and Seekreis Verlag Konstanz 1963. (Photos and diary of Seegfrörne 1963). P. 60.
- ↑ Friedrich Kiefer: Natural history of Lake Constance . 2nd Edition. Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1972, Seegfrörne, p. 69 .
- ^ Kurt Nicolussi: Climate development in the Alps during the last 7000 years. University of Innsbruck, Institute for Geography.
- ↑ Spread the word. Did you know that ... In: Südkurier from December 1, 2010.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 145-170 .
- ↑ The years 875 to 1830 are mentioned, but not documented in Albert Steudel: Der gefrorene Bodensee des Jahres 1880. In: Deutscher Eissport. Trade journal for the interests of ice sports, Volume VIII, No. 3 from November 10, 1898, pp. 21-23, No. 5 from November 24, 1898, pp. 36–39, here pp. 38–39. Used, changed and supplemented, but not all documented by Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 145-170 . Used by Friedrich Kiefer: Natural history of Lake Constance . 2nd Edition. Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1972, Seegfrörne, p. 68-69 . Converted to the table by: Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting story of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 2, 8–9 (table: years with sea frosts on p . 2 and section Die Seegfrörne from 875–1963 on p. 8–9).
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Die Gfrörne from 1963. In: The beautiful Allgäu. January / February 2013, pp. 67–69.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 146-147 .
- ↑ a b Volker Steinijans: A probabilistic model for the occurrence of sea frosts . In: Writings of the Association for the History of Lake Constance and its Surroundings . No. 95 . Bodenseegeschichtsverein, Friedrichshafen 1977, p. 153 .
- ↑ a b c d Colloquially also: Spethsche Chronik.
- ↑ a b c d Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 147 .
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 9 .
- ^ Philipp Ruppert: The old Constance in writing and pen - The chronicles of the city of Constance . Münsterbau-Verein, Konstanz 1891, p. 182 .
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 10 .
- ^ Ph. Ruppert: The old Constance in writing and pen. The chronicles of the city of Constance. Münsterbau-Verein, Konstanz 1891, pp. 182-184.
- ↑ a b Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting story of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 11 .
- ^ Philipp Ruppert: The old Constance in writing and pen - The chronicles of the city of Constance . Münsterbau-Verein, Konstanz 1891, p. 252 .
- ↑ a b c Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 12 .
- ↑ The Seebote No. 9 of January 21, 1855 mentioned as source in: Margret Meier, Peter Schmidt: Meersburger Fasnacht in the course of time from 1360. Narrenzunft Schnabelgiere Meersburg e. V., Bodensee Medienzentrum, Tettnang 2013, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 149-150 .
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 12-14, 22 . .
- ↑ Werner Häusler, Willy Häusler: Seegfrörne 63. The diary of the big ice. Verlag der Schwäbische Zeitung, Leutkirch and Seekreis Verlag Konstanz 1963. (Photos and diary of Seegfrörne 1963). P. 61, quoted there from Jakob Reutlinger.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 150 . Origin report Laible
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 23-24 .
- ↑ “Souvenir plaque to the Seegfrörne 1695 by Jo. Michael von Brugger from Immenstaad. ”Shown in: Diethard Hubatsch: Across icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , p. 68.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 150 .
- ↑ Werner Häusler, Willy Häusler: Seegfrörne 63. The diary of the big ice. Verlag der Schwäbische Zeitung, Leutkirch and Seekreis Verlag Konstanz 1963. (Photos and diary of Seegfrörne 1963). P. 62, quoted there from a picture in Constance.
- ↑ See reports of the German Weather Service from 1708/09 -pdf, p. 27, column 2
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 150-151 . Meichle Seegfrörne and Ice Procession, digitized ( Memento of the original from February 13, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 151 .
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 27 .
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 28 .
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 151 . Origin report Laible
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 17-20.
- ↑ Showcase in the entrance area of the hagnaumuseum. Visit to the museum in July 2012.
- ^ Bote for Tyrol and Vorarlberg, February 6, 1830, p. 45. Quoted in: Maria Schlandt (Hrsg.): Lake Constance in old travel pictures. Prisma Verlag Gütersloh, approx. 1977, ISBN 3-570-09423-5 , p. 36.
- ^ Heinrich Hansjakob: Snow balls, third row. 1893. New edition 1911 published by Adolf Bonz & Comp. Stuttgart. New edition 2002 by Waldkircher Verlagsgesellschaft, Waldkirch, ISBN 3-87885-190-1 , p. 446. (Events during the time as pastor of Hagnau 1869-1884).
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 32 .
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 151 . Origin report Laible
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 153 . Waldschütz origin report
- ↑ Städtische Wessenberg-Gemäldegalerie Konstanz (Ed.): Art teacher at the Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gymnasium. Exhibition for the 150th school anniversary. (Exhibition catalog, exhibition from September 26 to October 25, 1980, Edgar Bruker editors).
- ↑ Die Seegfrörne from 1880. In: Museumsverein Meersburg (Ed.): Meersburger traces. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen, 2007. ISBN 978-3-86136-124-4 , pp. 245-250.
- ↑ Die Seegfrörne from 1880. In: Museumsverein Meersburg (Ed.): Meersburger traces. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2007, ISBN 978-3-86136-124-4 , pp. 245-250.
- ^ Albert Steudel: The frozen Lake Constance of the year 1880. In: German ice sport. Journal for the Interests of Ice Sports, Volume VIII, No. 3 of November 10, 1898, pp. 21–23, No. 5 of November 24, 1898, pp. 36–39, here pp. 21–23, 36.
- ↑ Franz Wirth: An ice trip over Lake Constance. (Communicated by Max Wirth). In: German ice sports. Journal for the Interests of Ice Sports, Volume VIII, No. 10 from January 5, 1899, pp. 78–80, No. 11 from January 12, 1899, pp. 87–89.
- ^ Albert Steudel: The frozen Lake Constance of the year 1880. In: German ice sport. Journal for the Interests of Ice Sports, Volume VIII, No. 3 of November 10, 1898, pp. 21–23, No. 5 of November 24, 1898, pp. 36–39, here p. 38.
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 39-43 .
- ↑ From the 1963 special edition in Südkurier Das große Eis , quoted in Seegfrörne 50 years ago . In: Südkurier of January 17, 2013
- ↑ Cf. Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting story of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 46 .
- ↑ Annina Baur: July 16, 2011. Third Life of the Historical Ferry. In: Eva-Maria Bast, Annina Baur, Julia Rieß: Konstanzer Kalenderblätter. Überlingen 2016, ISBN 978-3-946581-04-8 , pp. 102-105.
- ^ Lindau in winter. Documentation. Film author Birgit Eckelt, Germany 2006. Shown in the third TV program of the BR on January 30, 2011 from 3:15 pm to 4:00 pm.
- ↑ Readers remember the big ice cream. In: Südkurier of January 22, 2013.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 156-157 .
- ↑ Readers remember the big ice cream. In: Südkurier of January 22, 2013.
- ↑ The Chronicle of the Big Ice In: The Big Ice . In: Südkurier (Ed.): Südkurier-Sonderheft . Südkurier, Konstanz 1963 (and original reprint 2013). , Pp. 2-5
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Homeland and history association Hagnau am Bodensee (HGV). Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, p. 119.
- ^ Christian L. Reindl: Ice skaters around the Obersee. In: The big ice cream . In: Südkurier (Ed.): Südkurier-Sonderheft . Südkurier, Konstanz 1963 (and original reprint 2013). , Pp. 30-32
- ↑ Marcel Jud: When there wasn't a single ship left. In: Südkurier , January 2, 2020, p. 23.
- ↑ Information boards in the entrance area of the hagnaumuseum. Visit to the museum in July 2012.
- ↑ Friedrich Kiefer: Natural history of Lake Constance. 2nd, revised and expanded edition. 1972. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen, section Seegfrörne , pp. 68-69.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 162-163 .
- ↑ Snowball from Lake Constance. New edition. Waldkircher Verlagsgesellschaft, Waldkirch 2002, ISBN 3-87885-190-1 , pp. 165-173.
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 15-19 .
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 65-102.
- ^ Website of the Hagnauer Museum, Seegfrörne exhibition space
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 164 .
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 70-71.
- ↑ a b c Inscription on the base of the bust of Johannes.
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 71-72.
- ↑ a b Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting story of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 16 .
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 165 .
- ↑ "Winter map vedute 1695 (Historical Museum in Arbon Castle)". It depicts the 1695 ice procession from Hagnau to Münsterlingen. Pictured in: Diethard Hubatsch: Across icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , p. 69.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 152.165 .
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 17-21.
- ^ Heinrich Hansjakob: Snow balls, third row. 1893. New edition 1911 published by Adolf Bonz & Comp. Stuttgart. New edition: Waldkircher Verlagsgesellschaft, Waldkirch 2002, ISBN 3-87885-190-1 , pp. 167–172. (Events during the time as pastor of Hagnau 1869–1884).
- ↑ Karl Appelrath: Some historical data about the freezing of Lake Constance. In: The weather. Monthly for weather studies, year 1941, Berlin 1924, pp. 157–158.
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 15 (text under the picture of the ice procession from 1830, drawn by Hagnau council clerk Franz Josef Model).
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 73-76 with illustration of two drawings from the ice procession in 1830.
- ^ Heinrich Hansjakob: Snow balls, third row. 1893. New edition 1911 published by Adolf Bonz & Comp. Stuttgart. New edition: Waldkircher Verlagsgesellschaft, Waldkirch 2002, ISBN 3-87885-190-1 , pp. 167–169.
- ^ Heinrich Hansjakob: Snow balls, third row. 1893. New edition 1911 published by Adolf Bonz & Comp. Stuttgart. New edition: Waldkircher Verlagsgesellschaft, Waldkirch 2002, ISBN 3-87885-190-1 , p. 166, 169–171. (Events during the time as pastor of Hagnau 1869–1884).
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 20–33.
- ^ Albert Steudel: The frozen Lake Constance of the year 1880. In: German ice sport. Journal for the Interests of Ice Sports, Volume 8, No. 3 of November 10, 1898, pp. 21–23, No. 5 of November 24, 1898, pp. 36–39, here p. 23.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 154-155 .
- ↑ Enjoy Lake Constance. Talk show with film documents. Shown on SWR / SR TV on April 21, 2013, from 8:15 pm to 9:45 pm. (This includes original recordings of the Hagnau – Münsterlingen ice procession near Seegfrörne in 1963 and an interview with Arnold, who explored the passage between Hagnau and Güttingen with his group).
- ↑ Contemporary witness reports about the first crossing of the frozen Lake Constance on February 6, 1963 between Hagnau and Güttingen or Altnau , website accessed on March 3, 2012.
- ↑ Janina Eisele: The big ice cream. In: Südkurier of February 2, 2013, weekend, p. 1.
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 34-40.
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 40-44.
- ↑ Sylvia Floetemeyer: 40 years ago: The procession on the ice. In: Südkurier from February 7, 2003 ( Memento of the original from April 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 157-162 .
- ↑ Information boards in the entrance area of the hagnaumuseum. Visit to the museum in July 2012.
- ↑ Werner Dobras: Seegfrörne: the exciting history of the Seegfrörne from 875 to today . 2nd revised edition. Stadler, Konstanz 1992, ISBN 3-7977-0266-3 , p. 16-19, 55 .
- ↑ Tobias Engelsing : Wooden Evangelist on smooth ice. In: Südkurier of February 12, 2003.
- ^ Friedrich Meichle: Seegfrörne and ice procession in the past and present . 1963, p. 166-168 .
- ↑ Werner Häusler, Willy Häusler: Seegfrörne 63. The diary of the big ice. Verlag der Schwäbische Zeitung, Leutkirch and Seekreis Verlag Konstanz 1963. (Photos and diary of Seegfrörne 1963). Pp. 23, 26-28, 54-55.
- ↑ Information boards in the entrance area of the hagnaumuseum. Visit to the museum in July 2012.
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 76-102 with a report by the Thurgauer Zeitung of February 13, 1963.
- ↑ Winter trip to Lake Constance. Travel report SWR 2012. Shown in SWR on December 25, 2012, 7: 00–7: 45 pm. (only short sequence).
- ^ Kurt Felix : Bodensee-Gfrörni. In: Schweizer Radio, 1963 URL = Archived copy ( Memento of the original from January 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . (Original descriptions of the ice procession 1963 Hagnau – Münsterlingen, feeding and recovery of the belchen and swans)
- ↑ Philipp Zieger: A warm-hearted listener. In: Südkurier of January 17, 2013, p. 27.
- ↑ Uwe Petersen: bust changes the seaside. In: Südkurier of February 10, 2014.
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 .
- ↑ Narrengesellschaft Hennenschlitter e. V. Immenstaad
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 51–54.
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 54-57.
- ↑ Diethard Hubatsch: About icy borders. Seegfrörne 50 years ago. Hagnau history and stories. Verlag Robert Gessler, Friedrichshafen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86136-176-3 , pp. 58-64.
- ^ Margret Meier, Peter Schmidt: Meersburger Fasnacht in the course of time from 1360. Narrenzunft Schnabelgiere Meersburg e. V., Bodensee Medienzentrum, Tettnang 2013. pp. 165–166, 189.
- ^ Great Constance Narrengesellschaft Niederburg e. V. from 1884
- ↑ The fool's guild Schnabelgiere e. V., Meersburg
- ↑ The Rider and Lake Constance
- ↑ The Rider and Lake Constance by Gustav Schwab at Wikisource.
- ↑ The Spit on Lake Constance by Gustav Schwab at Wikisource.
- ↑ Michael Bringmann, Sigrid von Blanckenhagen, Kunstverein Konstanz (ed.): The Mosbrugger: the Constance painters Wendelin, Friedrich and Joseph Mosbrugger. Konrad, Weißenhorn 1974, ISBN 3-87437-100-X , p. 67 ff.
