Summer Adonis

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Summer Adonis
Summer Adonis (Adonis aestivalis)

Summer Adonis ( Adonis aestivalis )

Systematics
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Adonideae
Genre : Adonis ( Adonis )
Type : Summer Adonis
Scientific name
Adonis aestivalis
L.

The Adonis aestivalis ( Adonis aestivalis ), also blood eye , blood droplets , summer drop of blood , fire florets or Little Devil eye called, is a plant of the genus of Adonis ( Adonis ) in the family of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It is widespread in Eurasia and North Africa. The generic name Adonisröschen ( Adonis ) refers to the red-flowered variant of the summer Adonisröschen , see generic article. The Summer Adonis was voted flower of the year 1984 .

description

Habit, leaves, flowers and young collective fruits
Adonis aestivalis
Nutlets, × 15
illustration

Appearance and foliage leaf

The summer adonis grows as an annual herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 20 to 50 (to 100) centimeters. A tap root is formed. The stems, which are sparsely hairy at the base, are branched or unbranched.

The alternate arranged on the stem, often concentrated in its upper portion leaves are long-stalked to more or less sessile. The leaf blade has a length of about 3.5 centimeters for the lowest leaves, up to 6 centimeters for the top leaves and is two to three times pinnate. The leaf surface is glabrous on both sides or sparsely hairy on the underside of the leaf. On the uppermost leaves, the leaf blades are simple and linear to lanceolate-linear with a width of 0.4 to 0.8 millimeters.

blossom

The flowering period extends from May to June. The flowers are terminal and solitary. The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical with a diameter of 1.5 to 3.5 centimeters . The five sepals that are pressed against the petals are membranous, narrow rhombic to narrowly ovate or broadly obovate and have two thirds of the length of the petals. The six to eight more or less upright, more or less flat petals have a length of 10 to 17 millimeters. The color of the petals is very variable: from bright purple to vermilion or rarely orange to pale yellow, often with a dark to black spot at their base. There are about 30 stamens with initially purple-black, later olive-green anthers. The 30 to 40 free carpels are narrowly ovate.

fruit

The long-stalked, 20 to 30 mm long, 7 to 10 millimeter wide, cylindrical common nut fruit clearly towers above the leaves and contains 30 to 40 nuts. The bald nuts are 4 to 6 millimeters long, egg-shaped and have an upright 1.5 to 2 millimeter long beak.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 32.

ecology

The summer adonis is a summer annual therophyte . Self-pollination is successful.

Occurrence

The Summer Adonis is widespread from Western, Central and Southern to Eastern Europe , in North Africa , from Asia Minor to Central Asia and in the northwestern Himalayas . It is a temperate-continental to east-sub-Mediterranean floral element .

Due to the use of herbicides and intensive cultivation of the fields, it has fallen sharply in Central Europe and has become very rare; it hardly occurs there in larger stocks , but mostly singly and inconsistently. In areas with limestone it is still scattered. In Germany , the summer Adonis has appeared as a grain " weed " since the Middle Bronze Age and used to be common. In Germany, Adonis aestivalis is only found scattered to widespread in the central area, beyond that it is very rare or absent completely. In Austria and Switzerland it is rare and in some areas is very endangered.

This lime-loving species usually settles on the edges of fields. It inhabits grain fields , less often root crops and wasteland . In Central Europe it is a character species of the Caucalido Scandicetum from the Caucalidion association. In Central Europe it rises to an altitude of around 1000 meters. The summer Adonis flower thrives best on nutrient-rich, calcareous , shallow, warm, mostly dry, mostly stony loam , loess or clay soils . Its roots can extend up to 80 centimeters into the earth.

Systematics

Adonis aestivalis was first published in 1762 by Carl von Linné in the second edition of Species Plantarum .

Medical significance and toxic effects

Pharmacologically interesting ingredients are: strophanthin , adonitoxin , vernadigin , and the cymarin - strophanthidin . These are very cardiac cardenolides , i.e. cardiac glycosides . However, these are less effective than the glycosides of the Spring Adonis .

Because of these ingredients, horses that ate the plant are said to have died.

Common names

For the summer Adonisröschen, the following names are or were, in some cases only regionally, in use: Ackerröslein ( Tübingen ), Adonis , Adonisröslein, Blutströpfle ( Bern , Graubünden , Toggenburg ), Brown Girl ( Silesia ), Brunette, Brunetröslein, Düwelsoooge ( Unterweser ), field anemone, field rose, Feuerrösel (Silesia), Fewerröslein, Fuerooge ( East Frisia ), Hadderbleam ( Transylvania near Schäßburg ), wäld Kokeschbleamen (Transylvania), Kooltje Finir (East Frisia), Korallenblümpehl (Silesia) , Marune Mägenblümlin ( Ulm ) , Margenrösel (Silesia), Marienröschen ( Württemberg ), Marienröslin (Silesia, Swabia ), Negenknei ( Göttingen ), Pink Camomiles (Silesia), Red Camomiles, Black- Brown Girls ( Hesse ) and Devil's Eye ( Thuringia , Bern).

photos

Summer Adonis ( Adonis aestivalis ):

  • Flower underside

  • Orange-blooming variant

  • Yellow flowering variant

  • Adonis aestivalis var. Citrinus

  • Left fruit of Adonis aestivalis , right of A. flammea

swell

literature

  • Fu Dezhi, Orbélia R. Robinson: Adonis aestivalis. . In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 391 (English). , PDF file (section description).
  • Bruce D. Parfitt: Adonis aestivalis. . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 186 (English).
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 52 .
  • Margot Spohn, Marianne Golte-Bechtle: What is blooming there? The encyclopedia: over 1000 flowering plants from Central Europe. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10326-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 422.
  2. ↑ a b c Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  3. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Editio Secunda. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1762, p. 771, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A11179%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D771%26date%3D1762 .~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D .
  4. ^ Adonis aestivalis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ↑ On the toxicity of Adonis aestivalis at giftpflanze.com .
  6. ^ Artur Burger, Helmut Wachter : Hunnius. Pharmaceutical Dictionary. Founded by Curt Hunnius, 6th, completely revised and greatly expanded edition. De Gruyter, Berlin and New York 1986, ISBN 3-11-007029-4 , p. 16.
  7. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, pages 10-11, online.

Web links

Commons : Sommer-Adonisröschen ( Adonis aestivalis )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files