St. Maria (Thalkirchen)

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Maria Thalkirchen from the north. With choir, main house and the octagonal west extension
Maria Thalkirchen from the west in the historic village complex of Thalkirchen

The Catholic parish and pilgrimage church of St. Maria in Munich - Thalkirchen is one of the pilgrimage churches in the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising . St. Maria Thalkirchen (Fraunbergplatz 1) is located in the old village center of Thalkirchen on a small elevation above the former flood bed of the Isar . It was the mother church and one of the temporarily three churches of the old parish of Sendling and has been a separate parish again since 1903.

The current appearance of the originally Gothic church is characterized by a baroque redesign in the late 17th century and a neo-baroque extension from 1907/08.

Building history and architecture

Originally there was a Romanesque predecessor building at the site of today's church, of which only individual elements can be seen on the tower and the eastern nave wall. The tower must have been late Romanesque up to at least the second floor, as shown by a round arch frieze with a German ribbon underneath. The wall technology and the formal language of the window frames that have been preserved speak for a building from the first half of the 13th century. The gable in the attic of the newer choir has been preserved from the nave of that time and shows that the original choir was very small and shifted to the north.

The Gothic church was built in two phases. The elongated choir with three bays dates from before 1400, a plaque on the outer wall mentions around 1390 as the construction time without evidence. Its construction is linked to a legendary vow of Count Wilhelm and Christian von Fraunberg zu Haag . It connected to the original nave and took up its width. Today's nave was built later, stylistically it can be attributed to the late Middle Ages and the second half of the 15th century due to its high, compact shape. The nave has a very steep roof, also steep and pointed arches and traces of a painted frieze that are only visible in the attic. The almost square room was originally supported and divided by a central column, as was common in rural churches of the time. At the same time the sacristy was added and the tower raised. The late Gothic St. Mary's altar, manufactured around 1482, could have been commissioned to complete the Gothic building.

Damage in the Thirty Years War is assumed, but there is no evidence of building archaeological evidence. It is therefore unclear whether the baroque reconstruction from 1695–98 was used to restore the church, which had been damaged in the war, or whether it was a reconstruction in line with changing tastes. In the meantime, Martin Gunetzrhainer had already been paid in 1693 for an unspecified work at the church. The major renovation took place under the direction of the court painter Johann Andrae Wolff and was based on the consent of Elector Max Emanuel on May 27, 1695. According to the invoices received, it was completed in 1698, but the inscription on the choir arch indicates as early as 1696. This conversion determines the current baroque appearance of the two eastern structures inside and outside.

The tower was raised by "more than 50 shoes " from one storey plus the tower hood , the windows were extended downwards, the struts of the choir and the new tower storey were given unusually large volutes . Inside, the central column of the nave was removed and the ceiling was re-hung as a flat vault with a central fresco. Two oratorios were added to the north side of the choir and the entire interior was decorated with stucco . The stucco consists of flat pilasters on the pillars, as well as acanthus tendrils in the indicated capitals and rows of laurel ornaments along the vault borders. The church remained almost in the same condition for the next 200 years, in 1754 minor repairs to the masonry were necessary at an unknown location, which can only be proven by the invoice received.

In the course of the incorporation of Thalkirchen into Munich on January 1, 1900, St. Maria Thalkirchen became an independent parish again on April 3, 1903. The building no longer met the expanded needs of the community. That is why the architect Gabriel von Seidl was commissioned to design an extension. From 1907 to 1908 he built an irregular hexagon, which adjoins the nave in the west and opens to it through three arches. Above it rises a central dome with a lantern over a tent roof. The height of the roof takes up the level of the choir again. A new organ gallery was created inside, which is reached through a small stair tower. The vault of the extension is again painted with a ceiling painting in the same format as in the nave. A new entrance portal with an oval outside staircase is in front of the extension. The gable of the portico with a figure of Joseph, the dome and the windows of the Seidl building are borrowed from the neo-baroque period.

The sacristy was last expanded in 1938. There was no damage to the church during World War II, but the parish archive was largely destroyed, and the parish registers in particular were burned.

Furnishing

The interior
The Gothic miraculous image
The high altar by Ignaz Günther

The furnishings of the church contain major works of late medieval art in Upper Bavaria and rococo. In addition to the central baroque redesign, the main altar and other parts of the church furnishings have been rebuilt and supplemented many times over the centuries.

From the Romanesque period and the church after the construction of today's choir, no elements of the furnishings have been preserved.

Around 1482, a late Gothic winged altar was made to complete the nave . Only figures and reliefs of him are preserved today. Its core were three figures, the seated Maria with the child, as well as a Korbinian and an Ulrich von Augsburg . The picture of the Virgin Mary is signed, it comes from the early work of the Ulm carver Gregor Erhart, son of Michel Erhart . According to this and according to the style, all three figures are attributed to the workshop of Michael Erhart, but this was also criticized. In particular, a closeness to the apostle figures in the Blutenburg of the master of the Blutenburg apostles, who is not known by name, and the Passau carver Martin Kriechbaum are certified. According to a historical illustration, the Madonna was originally depicted as the Queen of Heaven . She wore an elaborate crown and a crescent moon lay at her feet. Four relief panels from the altar wings from Thalkirchen are in the Diocesan Museum Freising . Both the figures and the reliefs could only be seen on feast days when the altar was opened. The no longer existing pictures on the outside of the wings, which determined the everyday appearance of this altar, came from Jan Polack .

In 1698 the late Gothic altar was dismantled when the baroque style of the church was completed. Not much is known about the design of this first baroque altar. Two pairs of pillars, which were later reused and are therefore preserved, date from this period.

The redesign from 1759 to 1769 in the Rococo style by Ignaz Günther is decisive for the current appearance of the main altar . In 1759 Günther took the Madonna with the child and created a rich altar structure around her. He placed a gold-colored glass pane behind the figure, through which it is made to glow like a nimbus . This impression is reinforced by the halo with little angels and putti. A taller angel hovers from the left. He wears a lily as a symbol of purity like a herald's staff in his right hand, which makes him an ambassador. With his left hand he crowns the Madonna with a wreath of flowers. God the Father sits above it with a scepter. The altar is crowned by a canopy with twisted columns, also by Ignaz Günther.

In 1769 the tabernacle was completed by an indefinite goldsmith named Heiß and Ignaz Günther created two busts. The Saints Joachim is on the left, the Saint Anna right. In addition, Günther created gates of an altar ambulatory on which the two Gothic figures from the Erhart workshop were placed. In 1769 at the latest, Ulrich von Augsburg, whose attribute is the fish, was rededicated by adding a key to Saint Benno , with fish and key, since Benno is Munich's patron saint.

The main altar was dismantled in 1959 and its elements were distributed throughout the church. In 1981 it was restored to its condition in 1769.

The side altars are composed of elements from 1698 and 1760, the altarpieces are by Josef Hauber and from 1798. The figures of Peter and Paul on the rococo canopies date from the time of the high altar of 1696. According to another opinion, this is temporal Assignment questionable.

Other furnishings include the pulpit around 1700 with a figure of Christ as Salvator mundi on the lid and a crucifix and a painful Maria , which are dated to 1744. An Antonius altar in the same style was made by Johann Büchsenmann in 1911 for the neo-baroque extension .

Both the nave and the western extension each have a round ceiling fresco. In the nave, Johann Andrae Wolff created a representation of the Assumption of the Virgin . In the extension building, Kaspar Schleibner depicted the Adoration of the Magi .

The rafters on the Isar have been among the participants in the pilgrimage to Thalkirchen since the beginning . The Thalkirchen raids were the last obstacle in the river before Munich, so it became a tradition to stop for a prayer in front of the danger spot in Thalkirchen. After the economic decline of the rafting industry, the last guild master Josef Dosch handed over the flag and two guild poles with figures of saints of Nepomuk and Nikolaus to the church in 1926. In 1990, after a long break, the tradition of the Thalkirchner Flößerwallfahrt was revived; it has taken place every 5 years since 1993.

Around the church is the former cemetery with an old wall and historical gravestones and wrought iron crosses. It was closed in 1908 after the forest cemetery opened. A Lourdes grotto with a statue of Mary was built in the former cemetery . All the preserved tombs date from the period after 1850, but 23 tomb slabs from earlier periods have been preserved, which are attached to the interior of the church or to the outer walls.

history

The cross particle from Thalkirchen
Votive picture of the vow of the Counts of Fraunberg zu Haag in 1372, painted for the 400th anniversary

After Großhesselohe , the narrow valley of the Isar widens like a funnel as the left high terrace recedes. St. Maria Thalkirchen stands in the valley that has been opened up on the first largely flood-free Bühel , which gave rise to the name Kirche im Tal. The founding of the church probably came from Schäftlarn Monastery , which she also looked after in pastoral care. The church could therefore go back to the arrival of the Premonstratensians in Schäftlarn in 1140, who were brought in specifically for pastoral care in the region. An early medieval wooden building is possible, but not verifiable.

In 1200 an Adalbero von Thalkirchen is mentioned in a document, in 1249 Heinrich in Thalkirchen is named as a pastor and in 1268 Otto von Baierbrunn sold his property in Thalkirchen and Obersendling to Sighart the Sentlinger. 1315 lists the diocesan directory of Bishop Konrad III. in Freising “Thalchirchen” as the mother church for six branches: Solln , Pullach , Neuhausen , Schwabing , Mitter- and Untersendling as well as “Kamnaten”, today's Nymphenburg , and Beuerberg . Since all these places are older than the founding of the city of Munich in 1158, the church is the original parish of all parishes on the left of the Isar in today's urban area of ​​Munich and the southern area.

According to legend, the two Counts Wilhelm and Christian von Fraunberg zu Haag made a vow to “build an existing chapel from the ground”. They would have been found by persecutors from Augsburg in the course of a feud in the Isar floodplains and, thanks to the help of Our Lady, were able to save themselves from danger. The earliest version of this story is contained in the Bayrisch Stammen-Buch (1558) by the historian Wiguleus Hund . The votive pictures painted in the church for the 400th anniversary indicate the year 1372 for this vow. The choir of today's church comes from this construction project.

Duke Albrecht III. donated a cross particle set in silver in the middle of the 15th century and thus laid the basis for the pilgrimage to Thalkirchen. In 1482 a new high Gothic altar was built, for which a figure of Mary was made, which is attributed to the Ulm carver Michel Erhart or his workshop. Elector Maximilian I reported that he had already made several pilgrimages to Thalkirchen as Crown Prince around 1590.

Whether and to what extent the Church suffered from the Thirty Years' War is not clearly established. Bogner wrote in 1982 that the Swedes destroyed the church to the ground in 1632 and that the reconstruction proceeded only very slowly. In 1991 Bernhard M. Hoppe found severe damage and had the restoration postponed until the end of the 17th century due to lack of money. Both see this restoration only in the baroque renovation from 1695. Peter B. Steiner assumes in 2007 that the church may have suffered badly during the war. Extensive destruction cannot be proven in architectural archeological terms and is therefore not even mentioned in the monument topography. In addition, in 1656 the court musicians from Munich founded the “Marian honor and ornamental alliance” and undertook to make an annual pilgrimage to Thalkirchen and to have the church decorated at their own expense, which is why services and pilgrimages must have been possible in the meantime. The baroque renovation took place 1695–98 under the direction of the Munich court painter Andreas Wolff.

The Counter-Reformation brought the boom in the veneration of Mary in old Bavaria , so that the character of the pilgrimage to Thalkirchen changed from a particle of the cross to a veneration of the miraculous image of Our Lady. From 1695 to 1698 the baroque reconstruction took place, which defines the church outside and inside to this day and which also adapted the appearance of the church to the veneration of Mary.

By the 16th century, several communities from the Thalkirchner Sprengel became independent. Due to the location of the Thalkirchner vicarage above the slope edge in Mittersendling, there is not always a sharp separation in documents between Sendling and Thalkirchen, which led to a lot of confusion. In the middle of the 16th century Thalkirchen was referred to as a branch church of the Sendling community and the old parish church of St. Margaret . But the dispute over the supremacy between Thalkirchen and Sendling dragged on for a long time: In 1720 it was said that the main church of the Sendling community was Thalkirchen, but in 1738 the pastor of Sendling only held masses in Thalkirchen less than once a month. In 1774 the diocese administration in Freising determined that Thalkirchen was the parish or mother church, but in 1790 Sendling finally became the parish church and Thalkirchen became a branch.

The location of Thalkirchens at a practical distance for a day pilgrimage from Munich promoted the further upswing of the pilgrimage in the 18th and 19th centuries. In preparation for its 100th anniversary, Pope Benedict XIV raised the "Marian Honor and Decorative Alliance" to a brotherhood in 1754, and it still exists today. 1780 awarded Pope Pius VI. a perfect indulgence for the church , which believers can obtain by going on a pilgrimage to Thalkirchen in the thirty-something between August 15th and September 12th. Restaurants and amusement facilities settled around the church, so that the religious character was no longer always in the foreground on trips to Thalkirchen in the 19th century.

In the course of the incorporation of Thalkirchens into Munich on January 1, 1900, the church was also upgraded. Maria Thalkirchen has been an independent parish again since 1903. 1907-08 the building was extended by the builder Gabriel von Seidl with the domed west building in the neo-baroque style. Seidl's plan dates back to 1905 and was only implemented after a heated public debate. Georg von Hauberrisser and Carl Hocheder spoke out in favor of neo-Gothic design and a rectangular floor plan for the extension. The construction work was carried out by Leonhard Moll and ultimately cost 102,263 marks.

The new parsonage was built on Fraunbergplatz in 1927, and the parish center and hall has stood behind it since 1975.

literature

  • Denis A. Chevalley, Timm Weski: State Capital Munich - Southwest (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Hrsg.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume I.2 / 2 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-87490-584-5 , p. 197-200 .
  • Josef Bogner: Thalkirchen and Maria Einsiedel . In: Oberbayerisches Archiv , Volume 107, 1982, pp. 235–288
  • Bernhard M. Hoppe (ed.): Maria Thalkirchen - History of a Munich parish and pilgrimage site . Erich Wewel Verlag, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-87904-174-1
  • Peter B. Steiner: Parish and pilgrimage church Maria Thalkirchen . 3. Edition. Schnell und Steiner publishing house, Regensburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-7954-4716-8

Web links

Commons : St. Maria Thalkirchen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Josef Bogner: Thalkirchen and Maria Einsiedel . In: Oberbayerisches Archiv 107, 1982, pp. 235–288, 257
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Steiner 2007, pp. 4–9
  3. ↑ a b c Chevalley, Weski 2004, p. 197
  4. ↑ a b c Chevalley, Weski 2004, p. 198
  5. ↑ a b Josef Bogner: Thalkirchen and Maria Einsiedel . In: Oberbayerisches Archiv 107, 1982, pp. 235–288, 259
  6. ↑ a b c Josef Bogner: Thalkirchen and Maria Einsiedel . In: Oberbayerisches Archiv 107, 1982, pp. 235–288, 264
  7. ↑ Helga Lauterbach: From raft masters and rafting customs - history and religious customs of the Isar and Loisach rafters . Erich Wewel Verlag 1992, ISBN 3-87904-181-4 , p. 54
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Steiner 2007, pp. 14-17
  9. ↑ German biography: Erhart, Michel
  10. ↑ a b c d Chevalley, Weski 2004, p. 199
  11. ↑ Thalkirchen Maypole Association: Flößerwallfahrt
  12. ^ Gerhard Grimm: Maria Thalkirchen. To the cemetery and school history. In: Bernhard M. Hoppe (Ed.): Maria Thalkirchen - history of a Munich parish and pilgrimage site . Erich Wewel Verlag Munich, 1991, ISBN 3-87904-174-1, pp. 95-98
  13. ↑ Unless otherwise stated, the early history of the church is based on: Bernhard M. Hoppe: The history of the parish and the pilgrimage to Maria Thalkirchen in: Bernhard M. Hoppe (Hrsg.): Maria Thalkirchen - history of a Munich parish and pilgrimage site . Erich Wewel Verlag Munich, 1991, ISBN 3-87904-174-1, pp. 21-28
  14. ^ Josef Bogner: Thalkirchen and Maria Einsiedel . In: Oberbayerisches Archiv 107, 1982, pp. 235–288, 261, 236
  15. ^ Josef Bogner: Thalkirchen and Maria Einsiedel . In: Oberbayerisches Archiv 107, 1982, pp. 235–288, 258
  16. ↑ Bernhard M. Hoppe: The history of the parish and the pilgrimage to Maria Thalkirchen in: Bernhard M. Hoppe (Hrsg.): Maria Thalkirchen - history of a Munich parish and pilgrimage site . Erich Wewel Verlag Munich, 1991, ISBN 3-87904-174-1, pp. 21-28, 23
  17. ↑ Bernhard M. Hoppe: The history of the parish and the pilgrimage to Maria Thalkirchen in: Bernhard M. Hoppe (Hrsg.): Maria Thalkirchen - history of a Munich parish and pilgrimage site . Erich Wewel Verlag Munich, 1991, ISBN 3-87904-174-1, pp. 21-28, 26
  18. ^ Josef Bogner: Thalkirchen and Maria Einsiedel . In: Oberbayerisches Archiv 107, 1982, pp. 235–288, 262
  19. ↑ Peter B. Steiner: The wonderful picture of grace from Maria Thalkirchen. Art and piety of a Munich city pilgrimage . In: Bernhard M. Hoppe (Ed.): Maria Thalkirchen - history of a Munich parish and pilgrimage site . Erich Wewel Verlag Munich, 1991, ISBN 3-87904-174-1, pp. 55-75, 74

Coordinates: 48 ° 6 ′ 0.8 ″  N , 11 ° 32 ′ 40.9 ″  E