Stanislaus Saurbeck

Father Stanislaus (Michael Saurbeck). Portrait by an unknown artist

Stanislaus Saurbeck (* 1595 in Wutöschingen as Michael Saurbeck ; † October 5, 1647 in Feldkirch ) was a German Capuchin . As Father Stanislaus, he was best known for his active part in the successful resistance of the city of Überlingen in the Thirty Years' War in 1634 and in 1647 through his negotiations to save the city of Feldkirch - both times to ward off conquest or destruction by the Swedish army of the general Gustav Horn .

Early on, he “had a name as an eloquent preacher and was called the ' Elias of his time'.” His missionary work in the Bregenz Forest made him the “Apostle of the Bregenz Forest ”.

Life

In studying the sources, the Saurbeck biographer Father Edilbert Geiger determined, in addition to the year of birth 1595, the origin of "a family that was serfs to the then Count von Sulz ."

Childhood and youth

The names of the parents are not known, but descendants of the family, who were able to break free from serfdom , can be found in the sources in the "passage of the centuries". The Chronicle of the Swiss Capuchin Province reports that Michael Saurbeck "was brought up from childhood in all forms of Christian virtues and good civil righteousness."

He attended “the Latin school during his youth ” and was “knowledgeable in the use of weapons.” A report from the Swabian Church History on Saurbeck states: “With the skillful use of weapons, the daring warrior combined an unusual physical strength, paired with a tremendous arrogance so that everyone feared him. "

Saurbeck studied at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau - “In 1611 a plague-like epidemic broke out in Freiburg; therefore the university temporarily relocated its operations to Villingen . [...] He studied philosophy and temporarily completed his studies with the academic degree: Magister der Freie Künste (artiumque Liberalium Magister). "

Change in the path of life

City of Ensisheim in the epoch of P. Stanislaus, 1663

In 1618 the Thirty Years' War began and after a self-examination, Saurbeck turned away from a career as a soldier and chose the "spiritual soldier class".

After prayer and meditation, Maria (“Our Lady of Good Advice”) appeared to him in a dream, in which she presented him with various religious dresses to choose from and, after his hesitation, pointed out that of the Capuchins: “Michael Saurbeck went to the Capuchin Provincial and [...] Fr. Alexander Rucklin from Altdorf in Switzerland had no reservations about giving a candidate the dress of the order ”, which was recommended in this way. "So it happened that Michael Saurbeck came to the Noviatskloster of the Swiss Capuchin Province in Ensisheim in Alsace on October 3rd, 1618 and on October 9th he was given the capuchin order and got a new name : Stanislaus ."

Rapperswil Abbey

His teacher in Alsace was Father Archangelus, Baron von Stein, from Uttenweiler. “On October 9, 1619, he took the three religious vows.” He remained in Ensisheim until June 1620 and then began studying theology in the Capuchin monastery in Baden , Switzerland. “At Pentecost 1625 Stanislaus was ordained a priest . It was [..] the Bishop of Basel who ordained the priesthood. "

From 1625 to 1627 Stanislaus lived in Rapperswil Abbey on Lake Zurich and took on numerous pastoral tasks in the area.

Activity in Überlingen

The superiors of the Order Province transferred Father Stanislaus Saurbeck to the Überlingen Monastery in 1627 and made him the novice master . He trained 48 novices for the order. From 1632 Saurbeck also held the office of Guardian . As a preacher and pulpit speaker in the Münster zu Überlingen, he also proved himself in times of war.

Thirty Years War (1618 to 1648)

The religious disputes in Christianity after the Reformation of Martin Luther led in the early 17th century through numerous smaller armed conflicts to a European war in which the religious image was based on political interests. “After the outrage of the Bohemian estates against Emperor Ferdinand II , the war began in 1618, in which initially only the Protestant princes and cities united in the union and the imperial cities united in the Catholic league faced each other, but this was due to the interference of Sweden and France assumed ever greater proportions. ”For a decade and a half, southern Germany was spared acts of war,“ before the first enemy troops, the Swedes, defeated General Count Horn in 1632 after their victory in the Battle of Lützen and their horrific atrocities march Upper Rhine and in Breisgau on the Upper Rhine showed and invaded Klettgau under the Scottish Count Hamilton . "

In the Landgraviate of Klettgau - the home of Michael Saurbeck - the Count of Sulz ruled , whose Catholic and imperial sentiments were known to the Swedes. “The Swedes came to the Klettgau as early as 1633.” Despite the request “of the mayor and the councilors of the city of Zurich on February 19, 1633 [...] to hold back by force in the Klettgau, the Swedes raged on the Upper Rhine in 1633 in the Klettgau and throughout the Hauensteiner Land . "

The events in his home town of Klettgau will not have remained unknown to P. Stanislaus Saurbeck and have probably been one of the reasons for his consequent actions.

From 1627 the priest lived and worked in Überlingen on Lake Constance.

"There he served the city well during the siege by the Swedes in 1634 by offering moral support to the Überlingers through his sermons."

- Helmut Maurer / Hans Ruppaner: Parish of St. Johannes d. T. Schwerzen , 1992, p. 69.

General Horn before Überlingen

Location of some of the places conquered by Horn in 1633/34

After leaving the plundered Klettgau in September 1633, the Swedish army moved under Horn and Carl Gustav Wrangel before Constance , where it marched over Swiss territory in violation of neutrality. With the help of the imperial flotilla , the attack on Constance could be repulsed. The Swedes broke off the siege on October 5th and moved north - their presence in Pfullendorf from January to March 19, 1634 is documented. Pfullendorf had been occupied by the Swedish since July 6, 1632 - Horn's army presumably spent the winter there.

According to this, the storming of the imperial cities of Kempten [according to various information on March 20 or 31, 1634] and Biberach on March 25, 1634 [this verifies the first date in Kempten] and Memmingen on April 13, 1634 is documented.

Geiger, Stanislaus , p. 5, confirms this at the beginning of the siege of Überlingen: "General Gustav Horn and his army had already forced Kempten, Memmingen, Biberach and Meersburg to surrender."

Lake Constance, Überlingen on the left on the north bank, Konstanz below, Bregenz on the eastern end

“On April 23, 1634 the siege of the city of Überlingen began. General Horn let it run against the city walls with such force that the thunder of the guns and the many catapults against the walls amounted to a continued earthquake. "

- Father E. Geiger: Father Stanislaus Saurbeck : Schruns / Vorarlberg, around 1980, p. 5 f.

"Within the city there was also Father Stanislaus Saurbeck, novice master, cloister chief and Sunday preacher in the Überlinger Münster." The city representatives refused the request for the handover.

Influence of Fr. Stanislaus
In the tradition, the role of the priest is emphasized in various sources, who was already active at the beginning of the siege: Stanislaus Saurbeck prepared. ”The priest also made a promise to the citizens of the city“ and they would be freed from the Swedes in a very short time. ”

“Although the Swede fought like a lion and tried to unnerve the besieged people with the thunder of the guns, all efforts of the enemy were in vain. The Swede had to give up the siege ring around the city on May 16, 1634 and leave the city of Überlingen. "

- Historia Prov. anter. AUSTR., P. 216. In: Geiger, p. 14 f.

Überlingen; Topographia Germaniae , Matthäus Merian , 1643

Lifting the siege
In addition to the defense on the land side, Überlingen had the advantage of direct access to the sea, which was ruled by an imperial flotilla:

The imperial flotilla was strengthened and provided troops and supplies to the besieged city by water. The Swedish positions around Überlingen were shelled by about 20 warships, the Swedes brought some boats overland via Schaffhausen into the lake for relief despite official Swiss neutrality. As a result, the Thurgau lakeshore was blocked by imperial hunting ships. In addition, a large cargo ship equipped with cannons in Constance was brought to Überlingen, whereupon the Swedes broke off the siege. What was decisive, however, was that the city had defied the siege on the land side.

The effect of the preacher, who was considered to be a “brilliant pulpit speaker”, is also made plausible by the fact that “city representatives” did not yet appear “publicly” at that time. In other words, the only authority that could reach the citizenship as a whole was the church - in this case the Capuchins with Saurbeck as the “Sunday preacher in the Überlinger Münster ”. This outstanding role of the priest was confirmed by the highest authority:

“The news of the liberation of the city of Überlingen spread widely. The deed of the simple Capuchin was on everyone's lips; Most of the estates, even the illustrious Emperor Ferdinand II showered Father Stanislaus Saurbeck with praise. "

- Historia Prov. anter. AUSTR., P. 216. In: Geiger, p. 15.

The unredeemed vow
"Unfortunately, the city of Überlingen did not fulfill the vow conditions to a sufficient extent" and Stanislaus' efforts to redeem it remained in vain. Finally, he prophesied future disaster for Überlingen: “'You have the French in front of the city gates, they will throw you and your children who are inside you to the ground and plunder them. Foolish people, you do not want and do not want, but know that in the divine counsel, you treacherous, vengeance on the part of the French is already imposed on you. ' This prediction [...] came true: On January 29, 1643, the French troops conquered the city ​​of Überlingen, plundered it and returned to Tuttlingen laden with rich booty . ”It was not until November 1643 that Überlingen was able to get back through the imperial army to be recaptured. The vow was not redeemed for the first time until 10 years later, in 1644.

Überlingen still celebrates the saving of the city and the vow with an annual Swedish procession in July in the old town. However, the feast is celebrated with the date 1634, the 'faithlessness' being mentioned as little as Father Stanislaus.

See: Afterlife

Bregenz 1643 from the Topographia Germaniae

Father Stanislaus in Bregenz

In 1635 Stanislaus was transferred to Bregenz on Lake Constance - here "he was supposed to found a Capuchin monastery on behalf of the provincial council."

“After the princess, Archduchess Claudia in Innsbruck, had given her consent to the construction of the monastery and the construction site [...] had been determined, Abbot Plazidus Vigell of the Mehrerau monastery on Lake Constance consecrated the foundation stone in the spring of 1636; [...] Father Stanislaus Saurbeck from Wutöschingen was the engine and construction supervision. On October 9, 1639 the abbey church in Bregenz was consecrated [...]. "

- History of the Tyrolean Capuchin Order Province, Innsbruck 1915

"P. Stanislaus was one of the first Capuchins who [...] also evangelized the entire Bregenz Forest from Bregenz. "

Missionary work in the Bregenzerwald

The Bregenzerwald region ("Talschaft und Hochwald") was originally a wilderness that was undeveloped for a long time. The region already had a bad reputation in the 16th century chronicles. Two Jesuit missions (1598 and 1601) - "called by the people 'preachers of penance'" - had only limited effectiveness. “A thorough renewal and moral transformation in the whole of Bregenzerwalde” only took place on the initiative of Father Stanislaus. The traditions emphasize his person.

Bregenzerwald region in Austria

Peasant Republic
“Towards the end of the 11th century, the first families from the Alemanni tribe settled this valley with its dark forests. Gradually, this valley experienced a larger population increase and developed into a rare 'peasant republic' that lasted from 1390-1807. This political social structure had an almost independent administration and jurisdiction. There was always a freely elected 'farmer' in government with enormous authority. "

The chroniclers explain the “(deep) level of the moral and religious life” of the residents, “although they were descended from Catholic parents” with the customs and manners of “pagan forefathers” which they had retained like “blatant superstitions ” . As raw, wild and immoral as they were in their behavior, the women are said to have been excellently dressed as shameless and angry. "

Activities of the Capuchins
In their insatiable thirst for souls, the Capuchins “hurried from hut to hut, from village to village, taught the people through conversations, Christian doctrines and sermons, and did not rest and rest before the ice cover collapsed and the rough and cold tempers were warm were. "And" through the effectiveness of their divine word, catechetical lessons and entirely apostolic way of life they achieved that that people was led back to the observation of the Christian law. "

As a result of the missionary work, “a small Capuchin monastery was founded in the valley. On July 12, 1655, the abbot of Mehrerau , Heinrich Amberg, laid the foundation stone for the monastery, and on October 22, 1656 the monastery church was consecrated by Prince-Bishop Johann von Praßberg . "

“In addition to these missionary trips in the Bregenzerwald, the indefatigable man of God Stanislaus found enough time to reform, religiously elevate and improve the women's monastery of St. Anna in Bregenz, whose religious discipline left much to be desired at the time, so thoroughly and consistently that it was religiously improved Such a lax monastery received a tremendous boom, so that it soon became a model monastery. "

- Edilbert Geiger, life sketch P. Stanislaus , p. 9.

Completion of the monastery building in Bregenz

On October 8, 1639, the new monastery and church in Bregenz was consecrated.

Starting point for pilgrimages
After the inauguration, Stanislaus made the monastery church available to the pilgrims to Maria Bildstein in Vorarlberg to hold a "regular service". After an apparition of Mary in connection with a plague in 1629, the farming village of Maria Bildstein had increasingly become a destination for pilgrims, but only had a chapel built in 1630. Stanislaus' merit - according to one chronicler - was to have paved the way for the later splendid blossoming of the Marian shrine with the construction of the large baroque pilgrimage church [from 1663] by Maria Bildstein with the pilgrim care in Bregenz . "

Father Stanislaus in Feldkirch

Stanislaus was elected to one of the four provincial councils of the Capuchins in 1639 and was sent to Feldkirch in the same year. There he worked in the city and its surroundings from 1639 to 1641 and a second time from 1644 to 1647.

Upgrading of the Altenstadt women's monastery
The prince-bishop Johann V. Flugi von Chur in Switzerland decided in 1639 after a visit to the women's monastery of St. Dominikus in Altenstadt / Feldkirch , to give the monastery a higher order status:

“With the desired help from Father Stanislaus Saurbeck [...] the new monastery statute for the 2nd order of St. Dominikus . ”The revaluation on January 7, 1640 had been prepared by the prioress Maria-Constantia Bissinger [term of office 1637 to 1674] using her private assets.

Founding of a monastery in Wangen / Allgäu
During his first term in office in Feldkirch, the city council decided on November 14, 1640 to build a Capuchin monastery at the request of the residents. Stanislaus was sent to Wangen by the provincial council. Construction was promised in September 1641 and then carried out.

Biographical gap 1641/42

Since Stanislaus' first term of office ended in 1641, based on the sources, it can only be assumed that he “worked in the Montafon / Vorarlberg valley in a similar way to the Bregenz Forest .” The Große Walsertal was also part of his sphere of activity. In Feldkirch, however, he still seemed to have worked in the “office of preacher”, because in 1643 “the residents of the city of Feldkirch were in great dismay because of the sudden incursion of the French troops under the leaders Rantzau and Guebriant .” November 1643, on the feast of St. Katharina , publicly in the pulpit, [... that the] advancing enemy would be crushed. At this time it also happened that the imperial general Johann von Werth was able to completely defeat the French unexpectedly at the city of Tuttlingen.

From 1644 Stanislaus was again the monastery supervisor (Guardian) in Feldkirch.

Capuchin monastery Bludenz 1645
“The creation of the Capuchin monastery in Bludenz / Vorarlberg is largely due to the efforts of Father Stanislaus. [...] Already on October 8, 1645 the cross was erected and the foundation stone was laid in Bludenz; on August 28, 1651, the monastery church was consecrated by Prince-Bishop Johannes V. Flugi , diocesan bishop of Chur in Switzerland. "

The city of Feldkirch, saved from destruction, 1650

The Swedes before Feldkirch

In 1647 the Thirty Years' War, which was drawing to a close, caught up with Stanislaus again.

At the beginning of January the Swedish general Wrangel conquered Bregenz and his castle and devastated Vorarlberg. On January 18, the Swedes faced Feldkirch. The mayor, town clerk and Father Stanislaus opposed them to negotiations. It can be assumed that Stanislaus was informed about the overall military situation at that time and that this “master of diplomatic skills” was able to reach an agreement. Here, too, he internally demanded religious obligations - vows - which were obviously obeyed.

The Swedes, who had difficulties with the siege of Lindau , agreed to an agreement: In exchange for "contributions [compensation] in considerable amounts" they renounced the "destruction of the city and all pillage in the whole area." Through which they negotiated By paying in three installments, time could be gained or bridged until the general withdrawal of the Swedes from the Lake Constance area and Vorarlberg at the beginning of March 1647.

Death of Father Stanislaus

It was the last great deed of the priest, soon afterwards he fell ill - at the age of 52 - and after a period of resistance he accepted the knowledge that he would die. He promised his confreres that he would take part in the feast of the “Holy Father of the Order, Francis of Assisi ” and died the next day, October 5th, 1647. He died “a holy and edifying death” and upon the news “an unmanageable number of people died all social classes in the Capuchin monastery Feldkirch ”to say goodbye.

Lore about the time of death

• “A person possessed by a demon was brought to the dead Capuchin 's corpse using force. This person began to scream and roar like an animal in front of the corpse; After many prayers from the people present, the carers succeeded in causing the demon to leave the person with fits of rage and for the person concerned to go home completely healthy in body and soul. "

• “The spiritual mother of the Capuchin Order of Feldkirch, Mrs. Sophia Reinold, née Pappus in Feldkirch, wife of the mayor of Feldkirch, was seriously ill in her apartment at this time. When it was already believed that she was already dead, Mrs. Reinold rose from the sickbed and asked the bystanders: What about Father Stanislaus Saurbeck? The bystanders wanted to appease the dying matron and said: He is doing very well! But Ms. Sophia Reinold said very clearly: I know that Father Stanislaus has died because he was already with me in heavenly splendor and assured me: Victory - Victory - Victory! Farewell, Frau Sophie, I am now ascending to heaven. Just a few more days and you will follow me into eternity. On October 13, 1647, Ms. Sophia Reinold died a peaceful and blissful death. "

Father Stanislaus - Michael Saurbeck - was buried in the crypt of the Capuchin monastery in Feldkirch .

A “drop of bitterness” in history was the fact that the Father's beatification or canonization did not succeed - shortly before, Pope Urban VIII had laid down “new, strict regulations” for this procedure , plus an “enormous financial one Burden for the procedure ", so" that the Capuchins lacked both the courage and the financial documents. "

Contemporary

"Even the confreres and contemporaries of Fr. Stanislaus it was a riddle [...] that a single religious could accomplish such a large amount of tasks and achievements without collapsing under this burden." Responded to a corresponding question from a religious he the answer:

"God has given me the special gift that I immediately forget all business as soon as I have done them, so that they do not cause any further stress, restlessness or distraction."

- Stanislaus after : Geiger, p. 19.

The Catholic kindergarten in Wutöschingen, 2017

Afterlife

It was thanks to the long-time pastor and clergyman Ernst Vögt to have resurrected the memory of the once famous citizen's son from Wutöschingen.

The kindergarten (built in 1983) in Wutöschingen is named after Michael Saurbeck with "Father Stanislaus". A bronze plaque on the Catholic Church and a note on a boulder on the grounds of the town hall also keep his memory.

In general, Father Stanislaus is forgotten - he is not mentioned in the city histories of Überlingen, Bregenz or Feldkirch, and his achievements - such as the founding of monasteries - are no longer known in modern histories; even in the Capuchin order or in the regions he was instrumental in missionary work (Bregenzerwald) his name cannot be found.

In connection with the procession taking place today in Überlingen to commemorate the rescue from the Swedes at the time, neither the delay in redeeming the vow nor the role of Father Stanislaus is mentioned:

Historical Swedish procession Überlingen 2020

In Überlingen it is still kept secret today that the vow was by no means kept in the beginning

• “Historical events are not forgotten in Überlingen. The traditional Swedish processions are based on the fulfillment of a vow from the Thirty Years War. "

• “In Überlingen the citizens vowed that when the Swedes finally leave, a solemn procession will be held for all eternity. They kept their promise - to this day - twice a year! In the so-called Swedish procession they have been walking through Überlingen in solemn costumes with the silver 'Swedish Madonna' since 1635 to commemorate these Swedish attacks and sieges. "

Remarks

1. ↑ Klaus Herm: Father Stanislaus Saurbeck - a Wutöschinger citizen son. In: Wutöschingen - once and now , 2006. S. 195. Elias (Elija) is a symbol of steadfastness in times of oppression and idol worship. Since Elijah did not die but was raptured, he repeatedly appears as a mediator between God and man. His return as the forerunner of the Messiah is expected. ( Based on : The scientific Bible lexicon on the Internet : Elias . Access: January 5, 2020).
2. ↑ “During the sad time of the Swedish War, u. A. also Field Marshal Gustav Horn on his march to Ravensburg in January 1634 in the city of Pfullendorf. [...] It stayed that way until March 19, when the Swedes withdrew and left only 4 cows standing. ”(K. Walchner: Geschichte der Stadt Pfullendorf. Constanz 1825. S. 87 ff. See: Much evil around Aepfel - Horn in Pfullendorf )
3. ↑ In the further course of the war, the Swedes built their own flotilla, but despite various successes, it was never able to gain the upper hand on Lake Constance. After Sweden lost the Battle of Nördlingen on September 6, 1634, which meant the end of Swedish supremacy in Germany, the leadership evacuated the occupied places on Lake Constance, sunk all Swedish ships and withdrew the troops. General Horn was taken prisoner near Nördlingen and was imprisoned at Burghausen Castle. He was not released until 1642 and returned to Sweden.
4. ↑ After the building approval “the provincial administration issued a document in which the construction of the monastery was officially approved and P. Stanislaus was expressly appointed first ' superior ' or head of the monastery.” The original of the document is printed in: Geiger, p. 28.
5. ↑ With their date of inauguration [9. October 1639] the history of the Tyrolean Capuchin Province comes into conflict with the presentation in the Bregenz monastery archives , Fasc.I., A - foundation of the monastery (1-10 Msc./Msc 6) from 1635 , which was given preference here . (In: Geiger, pp. 6 and 9).
6. ↑ Geiger is wrong here - it was not about Johann V. Flugi , who died in 1627, but about his successor Johann Flugi von Aspermont (1595–1663).

literature

• Father Edilbert Geiger: Father Stanislaus Saurbeck. A capuchin from Wutöschingen. Capuchin monastery Gauenstein 140, A-Schruns / Vorarlberg (undated, around 1980).
• Klaus Herm: Father Stanislaus Saurbeck - a citizen of Wutösching's son. In: Wutöschingen - then and now, Ed .: Ortsverwaltung Wutöschingen 2006.
• Helmut Maurer / Hans Ruppaner: Parish of St. Johannes d. T. Schwerzen. Production: Herbstritt printing works, Wutöschingen: For the 200th anniversary of the Schwerzen parish. 1992.
• Ernst Wellenreuther: 350 years of Küssaburg ruins. In: Heimat on the Upper Rhine. Yearbook of the district of Waldshut 1985, Verlag des Südkurier , Konstanz 1984. ISBN 3-87799-053-3 .

Individual evidence

1. ^ According to E. Geiger: Father Stanislaus Saurbeck. A capuchin from Wutöschingen. Kapuzinerkloster Gauenstein 140, A-Schruns / Vorarlberg (undated), p. 1. The last source that Geiger quotes comes from 1979, so that the date of his “life sketch” can be assumed to be a year of the 1980s. Source of the above quotation: ANNALIUM, pars IV., 40–52, 1644/1657 & Birnauer Kalender, 1929, pp. 30–38.
2. ↑ Provincial Archives Office Lucerne: tom 150, p. 14 N, in: Geiger, p. 1.
3. ↑ Helvetia FF Capucinorum, p. 542 ss. In: Geiger: Father Stanislaus Saurbeck. P. 2.
4. ↑ Historia Prov. anter. AUSTR., P. Romuald von Stockach, p. 312 pp. In: Geiger: Father Stanislaus Saurbeck. P. 2.
5. ↑ Swabian Church History , Regul. Ord. S. Augustini 1699, p. 805. In: Geiger, p. 2.
6. ↑ ANNALIUM, pars IV., P. 40. In: Geiger, p. 2.
7. ↑ Quotations in the section: ANNALIUM, pars IV., P. 42. In: Geiger, p. 3.
8. ↑ According to Geiger, pp. 3 to 5.
9. ↑ Both quotations: Hans Matt-Willmatt : Weilheim in the district of Waldshut. The Thirty-Year War. Verlag H. Zimmermann KG, Waldshut 1977, p. 119.
10. ↑ Alois Nohl: The Thirty Years War and the Destruction of the Küssaburg . In: Land between Hochrhein and Schwarzwald, Ed. Geschichtsverein Hochrhein, 1994, p. 44.
11. ↑ Helmut Maurer / Hans Ruppaner: Parish of St. Johannes d. T. Schwerzen. Production: Herbstritt printing works, Wutöschingen: For the 200th anniversary of the Schwerzen parish. 1992.
12. ↑ Quotations in the section: World history, by Dr. Joh. Bapt. von Weiß , Leipzig 1892, Volume 9, p. 322, & Kolberg, Gerda: Überlingen - Picture of a City , p. 72. In: Geiger, p. 6.
13. ↑ World History, by Dr. Joh. Bapt. von Weiß , Leipzig 1892, Volume 9, p. 400, in: Geiger, p. 6.
14. ↑ CHRONICA PROVINCIAE HELVETICAE Ordinis ... CAPUCINORUM, Solodori 1884, p. 301. In: Geiger, p. 15.
15. ^ History of the Tyrolean Capuchin Order Province, Innsbruck 1915, Part 2, pp. 75/76. In: Geiger, p. 6.
16. ↑ Edilbert Geiger, p. 7, after: Archive for History and Regional Studies of Vorarlberg. 1st year, 1905/5 by P. Burghard Schönweiler, Kapuziner: p. 18.
17. ^ Monastery chronicle of Bezau / Bregenzerwald: 1st part. In: Geiger, p. 8.
18. ↑ Historia Prov. anter. AUSTR., No. 62. In Geiger, p. 8.
19. ^ History of the Tyrolean Capuchin Order Province, Innsbruck 1915, Part 2, p. 78. In: Geiger, p. 8.
20. ^ Heinrich Nussbaumer: Maria-Bildstein, the story of a Marienheiligtums , 1946, pp. 1–43. In: Geiger, p. 10.
21. ↑ Hard magazine sign and witness 1442-1988. Dominican convent Feldkirch / Altenstadt. In: Geiger, p. 13.
22. ↑ Helvetia Franciscana, Volume 12 1977, Issue 11, p. 382. In: Geiger, p. 10.
23. ↑ Geiger, p. 12.
24. ↑ Geiger, p. 17.
25. ↑ Historia Prov., Anter. AUSTR., P. 313 and CHRONICA HELVETICAE, Solodori 1884, p. 301 and Dr. Joh. Baptist Weiß, Leipzig 1895, volume 9., p. 400. In: Geiger, p. 15.
26. ^ The Capuchin Monastery in Bludenz , special print from Volume VIII / 1. the topographical-historical description of the Vicariate General Vorarlberg, p. 2. In: Geiger, p. 13.
27. ↑ (According to source 45, in the list in Geiger, p. 25: "The St. Fidelis in Sigmaringen , first martyr of the Capuchin Order and the Congregatio de propaganda fide , by Ferdinand della Scala, Mainz 1896, p. 208"), in: Geiger, p. 20. (Both quotations in the chapter).
28. ↑ Geiger, p. 21.
29. ↑ Klaus Herm: Father Stanislaus Saurbeck - a Wutöschinger citizen son. Wutöschingen 2006, p. 196. The decisive factor is the publication: Pfarrer i. R. Ernst Vögt: Home on the Upper Rhine: Father Stanislaus - Elias of his time. In: Alb-Bote , April 30, 1977.
30. ↑ On the 2020 procession: [1] [2] (accessed on June 1, 2020).
31. ↑ Historical representation with incorrect information at the beginning of 1635: [3] . (Accessed June 1, 2020).