Temescher Banat
The Temescher Banat ( Romanian Banatul Timișoarei , Serbian Tamiški Banat or Тамишки Банат , Hungarian Temesi Bánság ) was a crown and chamber domain of the Habsburg monarchy between 1718 and 1778 . The capital was Timisoara (Romanian. Timișoara ). In 1778 it was administratively part of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary .
Today the area known simply as the Banat is part of western Romania , the Serbian Vojvodina and south-eastern Hungary .
Despite the title, it wasn't a bank in the traditional sense.
history
Although large parts of the Banat were already under the control of the troops of Eugene of Savoy before the Peace of Karlowitz , this treaty recognized the rule of the Ottoman Empire over the Timisoara fortress and the adjoining areas. Due to the War of the Spanish Succession and the uprising of Franz II. Rákóczi in Hungary, the House of Habsburg did not have sufficient military means to confront the Ottomans at the same time until the 1710s.
In the Venetian-Austrian Turkish War of 1716–1718, the Banat was finally conquered by Eugene of Savoy. After the Peace of Passarowitz in 1718, the Banat was given a special status as a crown and chamber domain, a Cameroon imperial province under its own military administration, in which all power was exercised by the emperor and his appointed authorities and officials. It was administered as an inalienable crown property and special property of the ruler, in which no spiritual or secular private authority was tolerated.
administration
The administration of the Banat was secured by the Banat Provincial Administration, a military - cameral administration. The Banat regional administration was subordinate to the Court War Council and the Court Chamber .
Military administration
The following commanding generals were deployed as military presidents of the provincial administration of the Temescher Banat :
- Claudius Florimund Mercy (1716–1734)
- Johann Andreas Graf von Hamilton (1734–1738)
- Wilhelm Reinhard Count von Neipperg (1738–1739)
- August Jakob Heinrich Freiherr von Suckow (1739–1740)
- Franz Anton Leopold Ponz Baron von Engelshofen (1740–1757)
- Ferdinand Philipp von Harsch (1757–1758)
- Anton Count of Puebla (1758–1759)
- Siegmund Friedrich Samuel Freiherr von Lietzen (1759–1769)
- Maximilian Joseph Count von Mitrowsky (1769–1775)
- Johann Franz Anton Freiherr von Zedtwitz (1775–1779)
Civil administration
In 1751 Maria Theresa of Austria introduced civil administration in the province with the capital Timisoara.
The civil presidents of the provincial administration of the Temescher Banat were:
- Franz Anton Leopold Ponz Freiherr von Engelshofen (1751–1753), who served as commanding general in the Banat in the period 1740–1757 , was also responsible for the civil administration of the Temescher Banat from 1751 to 1753.
- Francesco de Paula Ramond Villana-Perlas de Rialpo (1753–1769)
- Karl Ignaz Graf von Clary and Aldringen (1769–1774)
- Josef Brigido von Bresowitz , Baron von Mahrenfels, Lord on Lumberg and Bresowitz (1774–1777)
- Pompejus Brigido von Bresowitz , Baron von Mahrenfels, Lord on Lumberg and Bresowitz (1777–1779)
The two most important governors of the Temescher Banat were Claudius Florimund Mercy and Franz Anton Leopold Ponz Freiherr von Engelshofen.
Fortress commanders
The commanders of the Timisoara Fortress were:
- Count Franz Paul of Wallis (1716–1729)
- Johann Friedrich Edler von Sprung (1730–1732)
- Franz Anton Leopold Pontz von Engelshofen (1732–1740)
- Johann von Scotti (1740–1747)
- Emanuel Lorenz Voghtern (1747–1751)
- Franz Ludwig von Thürheim (1751–1752)
- Johann Sebastian von Soro (father) (1752–1761)
- Alexander von Villars (1761–1767)
- Johann von Soro (son) (1767–1791)
Administrative division
As can be seen from Count Mercy's Josephinian land survey , the Temescher Banat was divided into 11 administrative units, so-called "districts":
- District Becicherec (with 15 localities)
- District Caransebesch (with 75 villages)
- District Tschakowa (with 63 villages)
- District Tschanad (with 15 villages)
- District Lipova (with 42 localities)
- District Lugosch and Fatschet (with 91 villages)
- Orschowa District (with 36 localities)
- Panschowa District (with 22 localities)
- District Timişoara (with 42 villages)
- District New Palanka (with 51 localities)
- District Werschetz (with 64 villages)
There were also two districts south of the Danube:
Each district was headed by an administrator who had his seat in the capital. There was a sub-administrator in every major town. Administrators and sub-administrators were imperial officials. Each village was presided over by a local judge (Knes) and a certain number of localities an Oberknes. The Knesen were chosen from among the people.
The Temescher Banat was dissolved in 1778 and incorporated into the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary in 1779. The area was divided into three counties :
- Torontál county
- Temes county
- Krassó-Szörény county
- The southern part of the Banat became part of the military border until 1871 .
From 1849 to 1860 the voivodeship of Serbia and Temeser Banat existed .
population
The population density in the Banat was one of the lowest in Europe at that time. After the Ottoman population had left the country, only around 20,000 people remained, most of them Serbs , who were primarily obliged to secure the military border.
The Schwaben trains organized carried arrival and settlement of the nearly deserted areas Hungary , Backa , and Banat by the Austrian Emperor of the 18th Century, with predominantly ethnic German and Catholic subjects from the west and beyond the western borders of the Holy Roman Empire .
Other ethnic groups also settled in the area, such as Romanians from Wallachia and Transylvania and Serbian refugees from the Ottoman Empire as well as Serbs from other areas of the empire. As a result of the uprising of Francis II Rákóczi, Hungary was initially prohibited from settling.
In 1774 the population of the Temescher Banat consisted of:
- 220,000 Romanians
- 100,000 Serbs and Greeks
- 53,000 Germans ( Banat Swabians and Banat Uplands Germans )
- 2400 Hungarians and Banat Bulgarians
- 340 Jews
Web links
- Maps of the Temescher Banat: Banat Habsburg Empire
- Kruenitz1.Uni-Trier.de , entry in the Oeconomic Encyclopedia (1773-1858) by JG Krünitz
- genealogy.ro , Some Basic Info on Banat (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ zum.de , The Banat, 1718–1778, in English
- ↑ a b c d e Johann Heinrich Schwicker: History of the Temeser Banat, LaVergne TN USA 2010
- ↑ Milan Tutorov, Banatska rapsodija - istorika Zrenjanina i Banata, Novi Sad, 2001, in Serbian
- ↑ Miodrag Milin, Vekovima zajedno (Iz istorije srpsko-rumunskih odnosa), Temišvar, 1995, in Serbian