Schwabenzug
As Schwaben trains is called the organized arrival and settlement of the result of the Turkish wars almost deserted areas of the Kingdom of Hungary , Slavonia , Backa , and Banat by the Habsburg monarchy in the 18th century, with mainly German-born subjects from the west and beyond the western borders of the Holy Roman Rich . In addition to the state programs, there were also efforts by large private landowners in the Kingdom of Hungary , including church landlords, to colonize their lands during this period .
Within the emigration area, the Palatinate , Swabia , Rhine and Main Franconia particularly stood out, but Alsace , Lorraine , Bavaria , Bohemia and Inner Austria , as well as smaller groups of Italians and French , also played an important role due to the phase. In the entire central Danube region, the German settlers were called Swabians by their Magyar , South Slavic and Romanian neighbors, as well as by Bulgarian , Slovak and Czech immigrants. Although this designation only applied to a small proportion of the settlers, the Germans in what was then Hungary called themselves Swabians from then on . In total there were three large and two small Swabian trains. Similar settlements existed since 1686; In 1689 the first settlement patent from Emperor Leopold I appeared for the almost depopulated and destroyed Pannonian Plain . Emperor Leopold I and his successors Josef I , Karl VI. , Maria Theresa and Josef II endeavored to turn the sparsely populated and deserted landscapes of Pannonia into a productive and protected Christian living space. Under the emperors Leopold II and Franz II , after the third big move, the settlement continued until 1848. German was at times the official language in the Banat.
Between 1692 and 1786 around 150,000 (115,000 state and 35,000 privately recruited) people settled there. They found mostly Romanians and Serbs in the sparsely populated Banat. In the period from 1700 to 1778 the ratio of Romanians and Serbs to Germans was 5: 1. The Banat and the Batschka were the preferred target regions of the state colonization, they mainly absorbed the settler streams of the three great Swabian plateaus, so that in southern Hungary the Germans in the following period roughly reached the number of Serbs and Romanians. About half of the German settlers in Hungary were settled by private manors. Half of the Danube Swabian settlers were of rural origin. In the Batschka almost a third of the settlers were artisans and professionals , with the exception of Apatin , where they made up about half of the population. The rest of the German population in the Batschka was made up of the former soldiers who were settled here after 1763. Approaches to German colonization also emerged in Slavonia and Syrmia , especially in markets and cities.
The countries of origin of the rural German settlers had a highly developed soil culture at the time of their emigration . The farmland taken over by the settlers in the Banat was a recently drained marshland that had been neglected, overgrown and overgrown with scrub for centuries. The persistent and hardworking new workforce brought with them agricultural and artisanal experience that made a vital contribution to the cultivation of the land. The demands that the establishment of a livelihood and a community order placed on them were enormous. The great hopes placed in this inhospitable land were gradually fulfilled over the years, and the settlers ultimately shaped their new home.
It was a long and difficult road, however. The marsh fever lurking in the swamps and cholera thinned the ranks seriously. The plague (1738–1739) brought in by the armies from the east spread quickly throughout the Banat and caused the death rate to rise even further. The state administration's medical commission was finally able to contain the diseases, but the population was repeatedly plagued by them during the trains. Of the 80,000 German settlers of that time, around 25,000 succumbed to these diseases, i.e. almost one in three.
A German colonist saying of the 18th century says:
"The first found death, the second had need, and the third first the bread."
After the big trains, settlers from the empire, from the Batschka, from the Spiš and also from other areas came to the Banat later , but the importance decreased. At the latest after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867, German colonization ceased. In the settlement Hungary was granted half of the empire and thus political power in this area. Hungary then tried to Magyarize these areas .
prehistory
Political situation
After the end of the Great Turkish War 1683–1699 , the Ottoman Empire had to renounce all conquests north of the Danube (with the exception of the Banat ) in the Peace of Karlowitz in 1699 in favor of Austria and recognize the rule of Venice over the Peloponnese ( Morea ). In the years that followed, their own weakness did not allow the Ottomans to conquer these areas again. At that time there was only a limited war against the Russian tsarist empire, which the Ottomans won with the Peace of the Prut in 1711 . Encouraged by this success, the revision of the Karlowitz Peace was planned. First the Ottomans turned against the Republic of Venice , which was believed to be weak. Austria was not expected to intervene, as this was still very much weakened by the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), which had just ended .
It was not until 1716 that Austria entered the Venetian-Austrian Turkish War . The imperial troops were under the command of Prince Eugene of Savoy . Prince Eugene wanted to strategically exploit the victory against the numerically superior Turks in the Battle of Peterwardein and decided to siege the Temesvár fortress (now Timișoara ) in the Banat, which ended quickly and unexpectedly with the surrender of the Turks after only a few months. With the handover of Temesvár, 164 years of Turkish sovereignty over the Banat ended, which remained under the Habsburgs until the end of the First World War . After the surrender of Belgrade, the conquests were confirmed in the Peace of Passarowitz in 1718 : Austria received the Banat , western Wallachia , northern Serbia with Belgrade and parts of northern Bosnia .
The Banat was given a special status as a crown and chamber domain , a Kamerale imperial province under its own administration, in which all power was exercised by the emperor and his appointed authorities and officials. It was administered as an inalienable crown property and special property of the ruler, in which no spiritual or secular private authority was tolerated.
Settlement trains before the Swabian trains (1686–1720)
The first third of this century of settlement brought German settlers to the Hungarian cities liberated by the Turks (today's name in brackets):
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The initiative and promotion of this settlement of the cities came from the imperial administration in Vienna , who tried to protect themselves against the renewed flare-up of the Kurutz spirit and to create reliable bases. In addition to the settlement of the Hungarian cities, the settlement of the Ofner Bergland by the respective landlords began in the late 17th century and at the beginning of the 18th century , as in:
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After the uprising of Franz II. Rákóczi (1703–1711) and the Peace of Sathmar ( Satu Mare ) of 1711, the Hungarian nobility and the class of landowners also began after German settlers, even before the immigration laws of the Hungarian state parliament were passed in 1722/23 to call, above all the former Kurutzengeneral Alexander Károlyi (see also Károlyi ), who immediately after the conclusion of peace began with the settlement of Sathmarer Swabians after he had previously informed the Hungarian court chancellery and the court war council in Vienna about his project. Only gradually did the Swabians manage to gain a foothold in the inhospitable Sathmar:
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In the Buchenwald ( Bakony ) Zirtz ( Zirc ) and 1714 Oßlipp or Osslopp ( Bakonyoszlop ) were settled with Germans. Also in the Swabian Turkey the establishment of the German part even before the adoption of started Impopulationsgesetze , but in any case in 1722, and both at the domain Belje ( Bellye ) of Prince Eugene of Savoy and on the estate of Darda , on owned by the Pécsvárad Abbey , in the villages that belonged to the Pécs diocese (including the oldest German farming settlement of this Püspöknádasd ( Mecseknádasd ) diocese , which was populated with Franks as early as 1718 ), on the family's huge estate Esterházy , where Lutheran Hessians already settled down at that time , on the properties of the Báta Abbey (under the abbots Jány and Kollonich '), as well as the Sechshard ( Szekszárd ) abbey under the abbot J. Trautsohn and not least on the estates (especially Högyész ) of the most important landlord of Swabian Turkey, the Lorraine Count Claudius Florimund Mercy . Count Mercy was also a key figure in this early period of German immigration to Hungary because he did not recruit his settlers directly in the empire, but covered his needs from the organized state transports of the first Swabian train under his control by simply luring away the required number of peasants .
The furnishing project , the first legal enactment of the new authorities under Mercy in 1717, formed the basis of the reconstruction. Reference was made to the influx of residents from neighboring areas and the return of former Turkish subjects who had fled. At that time the Banat consisted of 663 towns with 21,289 houses and about 90,000 inhabitants. The new settlers were promised two years off . Artisans who can to build the fortifications, barracks and public buildings needed officials , canteen and members of the army supply train were the first to arrive of the German Reich from Austrian countries and parts. The Banat hill country was the first place to settle. The Banat miners were exempt from poll tax and military service. Tyroleans, Styrians, Saxon and Bohemian miners came.
First Great Swabian Train (1722–1726)
The first great Schwabenzug - also called the Carolinian Schwabenzug - took place under Emperor Charles VI. instead, who ruled from 1711 to 1740, and was under the care of Count Claudius Florimund Mercy. This had been installed by Prince Eugene as the first governor of the Banat and also carried the titles of field marshal , commanding general in the imperial Banat, and president of the Banat regional administration . On June 28, 1719, the establishment order was issued , in which the court war council emphasized that Mercy should do everything to increase the population. Count Mercy founded or settled around fifty German communities in the Banat.
Recruiting the settlers
Mercy hired the cameraman Franz Albert Craußen to recruit settlers. He tried in the imperial chancellery of Trier , Mainz , Darmstadt , Speyer and Fulda for the release of those willing to emigrate. He personally traveled the Rhenish areas and promoted colonization in the Banat. His advertising office in Worms conducted negotiations with the authorities, helped with the issue of passports and also arranged transports. The advertising agents benefited from the dissatisfaction of the population in southwest Germany with the economic, political and social conditions. The individual sovereigns of the many small states that made up the German Empire at that time kept the subjects as serfs without rights. On the orders of the ruling prince or king , they could also be sold to replenish empty state coffers. Colonists had to prove their personal freedom and possession of at least 200 guilders, but often carried considerably more money with them; an indication that it was not primarily existential need that drove people to emigrate.
Conditions
Most of the relocation costs were borne by the empire. Married colonists received 12 kreuzers a day during this trip , each child 2 kreuzers, singles and widowers 6 kreuzers. In addition, the settlers were granted advances for years to build houses, after which they only had to repay half. Farmers were tax-free for three years and then had to pay the customary robots and after three years pay 12 florins (florins), after six years 18 florins and after twelve years 24 florins to the state treasury. The rural settlers initially received 1 yoke Hausgrund, 24 yokes Ackergrund, 6 yokes Wiesengrund, wood for building houses, house and agricultural equipment and pets. 1 gulden corresponded to 60 kreuzers, around 1700 a gulden had purchasing power that today (as a rough guide) would be around 40–50 euros . The fiscal settlement conditions were viewed as favorable by the interested parties, so the advertising agents were able to achieve good results.
Origin of the settlers
German officials, craftsmen, merchants and miners were the first to settle in the towns after the liberation of the Banat. Around 3,000 families came from all countries in the south and west of Germany, including the Belgian province of Luxembourg , Alsace and Lorraine, including numerous from the Alpine countries of Italy and South Tyrol , Bohemia and Spain . After the candidacy of Charles VI in 1734. Had failed on the Spanish throne, Spaniards loyal to the emperor fled to Vienna, to whom the Banat was assigned as a settlement area. Catholic Bulgarians, Armenians and Albanians also came to the Banat. Even if these were not large groups, the influx of non-German immigrants, together with the transmigrants infiltrating from the neighboring areas, far exceeded the number of German colonists who immigrated from 1722–1726 and 1736–1738 and contributed significantly to the increase in the population of the Banat. During the first move, 57 German villages were founded in the Banat, and around 23,000 Germans settled as the largest immigration group. Settler groups from Italy, France and Spain had problems with the climatic conditions in the Banat and, with the exception of a few, left the country again.
Role of denomination
When choosing the settlers, Mercy's religious affiliation was more important than ethnicity, so that at that time only Catholic settlers were allowed to immigrate. Evangelical settlers also tried to settle in the Banat, but they only got as far as Vienna. There they were faced with the decision to either accept the Catholic faith or to go back to their homeland that they had just left. The second option was out of the question for the emigrants, because they had sold all their belongings in their old homeland in order to buy themselves free from the rulers. Thus all bridges in the old homeland were broken, so that there was no turning back. But since private landowners were also looking for workers in Hungary, many Protestant settlers who did not want to give up their faith let themselves be recruited by Hungarian rulers. In addition, the Hungarian private landowners offered better conditions than the then camera administration of Vienna. Some evangelical settlers were recruited by the landlord Paul Ratay and settled in Harta . Others moved on and settled on the property of Johann Georg Freiherr von Harrucker from Mezőberény .
transport
The journey took place on Zillen , also known as Ulmer Schachteln , from Donauwörth , Marxheim , Neuburg and later also Ehingen , Ulm and Günzburg down the Danube into the Banat. In the districts locally then ensured Kameralbeamte for accommodation and distribution.
Settlement activity
Besides Swabian Turkey, the focus of colonization was also the Banat. Numerous new settlement points arose between the fortified towns of Temesvár and Arad . At the same time, many thousands of German farmers settled on the estates of Magyar noblemen through private settlements , thus establishing German settlements in the Danube region. The following new settlements were created or existing ones were significantly expanded:
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Diseases
Hungaricus' disease was the term used to describe mala fever and the diarrheal disease Dysenteria Pannonica , which killed three quarters of the settlers early in the first few years. Hungary is the German grave , it was said in the German tribal landscapes.
The Bega Canal , which was considered to be an outstanding achievement of its time, was constructed under the technical direction of military experts from 1727–1733 . Before the canalisation, the Bega offered rich food in a wild, unregulated course to the extensive marshland in the west. The Bega Canal made it possible to drain the swamps, a strategic, economic and, last but not least, sanitary necessity for Mercy. The marsh fever subsided and new, fertile farmland emerged, the Banat Heath .
First small Swabian procession (1736–1738)
Political situation
After two decades of peace, in the course of the Russo-Austrian Turkish War (1736–1739) , the Turks crossed the Danube again in the spring of 1738, burning 28 villages along the southern border of Banat and thus destroying a large part of the German communities. This time the imperial troops were not able to hold the Banat, the fortresses Orșova and Mehadia fell into the hands of the Turks again. The operations of the imperial army left the areas temporarily uncovered and left the population defenseless to the Turkish invasion army and defected nationalities, so that in the south only Werschetz, Weißkirchen and Pantschowa, and in the middle of the country only Kudritz, Detta, Tschakowa, Ulmbach, Freidorf, Rekasch, carnival, Bruckenau and Großbetschkerek had been preserved.
The establishment of the border militia in 1724 had taken place under more fiscal than military aspects, so the border militia was formed from Serbian Pandours in order not to deduct the Germans from agriculture as a source of tax income. They were the first to attack the defenseless Germans. The German miners, threatened by Romanian militants , fled their homes. Those who were able to save themselves fled to the German North Banat villages, the rest fell victim to the robber gangs or were abducted into slavery by the Turks. The wildly blazing up partisanism could only be put in its place after the imperial power had been consolidated. The German residents of the North Banat communities were armed towards the end of 1737.
The life's work of an entire generation sank into rubble and ashes. Many of the destroyed settlement villages were not rebuilt. In the turmoil of this war, 140 Spanish settlers, among others, died for whom the New Barcelona community was laid out near Groß-Betschkerek. The invalids from Silesia who had settled in Panschowa and Freudental had the same fate.
On September 18, 1739, Austria and the Ottoman Empire concluded the Peace of Belgrade . Austria lost most of its acquisitions from the Peace of Passarowitz to the Ottoman Empire. Only the Temescher Banat remained, while Little Wallachia and northern Serbia with Belgrade and a border strip in northern Bosnia were lost.
Diseases
A direct consequence of the war was the outbreak of the plague in the entire Banat in 1738, which was brought in by an infantry battalion. Temesvár alone mourned around 2,000 victims among around 5,000 inhabitants, and the population of the densely populated Neuplankaer district was completely wiped out. A famine accompanied the collapse of the infrastructure.
Recruitment and settlement activity
Between 1736 and 1738 a recruitment of German colonists began again, initiated by the court chamber, which, however, had little success due to the ongoing hostilities. Above all, skilled workers and craftsmen were welcome again to build fortifications and to rebuild the destroyed cities. There were 432 and 541 families with around 3000 people who were housed in existing villages. Alemannic settlers from the Black Forest founded Guttwill as a daughter settlement of Guttenbrunn and also settled in Saderlach ( Zădăreni ) and Munar in 1737 .
In 1737 Italian settlers came from South Tyrol under the direction of Abbate Rossi , who settled in Mercydorf ( Carani ). You should promote the silk and rice cultivation. In 1737 about 500 Catholic Clementines ( Schokatzen ) came from Bosnia to Rekasch and about 1000 Catholic Bulgarians to Winga and Altbeschenowa ( Dudeștii Vechi ).
Around 30,000 Serbs were settled as fortified farmers in the Habsburg border area in 1739 .
Second small Swabian procession (1744–1762)
Political situation
The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) Maria Theresa of Austria and the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) initially prevented another large wave of settlement. In 1745 the Banat was subordinated to the newly established court commission in Banaticis, Transsylvanicis et Illyricis with Count Leopold Kolowrat as president. The Seven Years' War plunged the Empress into war debts, so the Banat was pledged to the Wiener Stadtbank for 10 million guilders and administered by the Ministerial Bank Deputation .
Settlement activity
In the early Heresian Swabian Congregation , around 5000 colonists preferred to move to existing villages, but they only filled the gaps left by the Turkish war and the plague in 1738. Initially only Romanians and Serbs from the lost Little Wallachia and Northern Serbia were settled in the destroyed German villages in the Neuplanka district, which was to remain under imperial rule. The Hungarian settlements of Szőreg and Kiszombor were established in the northern Banat in 1743 opposite Szeged . In 1744 the existing German settlement of Tschakowa was expanded with Alemannic settlers from Vorarlberg .
Military border 1744–1750
Military border 1751–1873
The new border location in the southern Banat required the establishment of the Banat military border again in 1745 with the newly organized districts of Caransebesch, Orschowa, Neu-Planka and Panschowa. Romanians, Serbs and Catholic Bulgarians ( Kraschowans ) were divided into 5 companies. They received plenty of land and were relieved of all public burdens. Her duties included guarding the border, combating robbery and protecting the mines.
In addition to the Wallachians and Bulgarians, around 2500 German settlers came to the Banat, mainly in the new villages of Neubeschenowa ( Dudeștii Noi , see also: Johann Osswald ), Sanktandrees ( Sânandrei ), and Deutschsanktnikolaus ( Sânnicolau Mare ), which were newly established in 1748 and 1749 , and in 1750 im Arad County ( Tschanad ) in the private settlement Sanktmartin ( Sânmartin ). The communities Mercydorf, Deutschsanktpeter, Guttenbrunn and Lippa received reinforcements. This time the settlers came from Lorraine and the West Palatinate , the northern Black Forest and the Kurmainzer area.
In 1752 and 1755, after the saltpeter riots in the county of Hauenstein, all leading saltpeter families were deported from the Hotzenwald in southern Baden to the Banat, which found a new home in the existing settlements of Saderlach ( Zădăreni ), Neubeschenowa, Ulmbach, Lugosch and Caransebesch.
While state-sponsored settlement activities in the Banat were subordinate to the Banat provincial administration or the central offices in Vienna, there were settlement efforts by the President of the Hungarian Court Chamber in Pressburg, Count Antal Grassalkovich I , who during his presidency around 4500 Magyar, 2000 Slavic (mainly Slovaks and Ukrainians from what was then northern Hungary) and 1,500 German families settled in the Batschka and Marosch districts. (see also: Johann Osswald )
In 1754 around 25,000 Germans lived in the Banat. Between 1711 and 1750 around 800 places with German settlers were founded.
Diseases
During high tide, the water masses of the Danube accumulated on the Kazan Pass. The backwater caused the water table to rise on the Banat Plain and again caused large areas to become swamped. The settlers suffered badly from the resulting marsh fever . In 1759 the Bega Canal, neglected under General Franz Anton Leopold Ponz Freiherr von Engelshofen , was expanded under the direction of the Dutch engineer Max Fremaut and connected to the Timisoara by two locks . In this project, the Ilantscher and Alibunar swamps south of Timișoara were drained, which greatly reduced marsh fever.
Second great Swabian procession (1763–1772)
This Schwabenzug took place under Empress Maria Theresa of Austria between 1763 and 1772 and was called the Theresian Schwabenzug . With him around 50,000 new settlers came to the partially rebuilt land.
Political situation
The court chamber wanted to settle around 90 fallow pasture grounds, so-called Prädien , in the north Banat heath, which, however, were still leased to the Prädien-Kompagnie (cattle breeder's trading company) in 1763 . The cattle breeders kept huge herds of cattle (over 50,000 animals) on the leased pastures and sabotaged the settlement of the Prädien with farmers and craftsmen by all means. Maria Theresa's orders not only to instruct arriving colonists in existing and quickly overcrowded villages, but to build new villages on the Puszta pastures , were often carried out with delay or even ignored. The influence of the ranchers extended to the Banat provincial administration in Temesvár , which was responsible for the settlement and establishment of the town. From 1766 onwards, parts of the prädien were gradually withdrawn from the lease and could thus be settled on a larger scale. So the colonization concentrated on the initially deserted and boggy pasture areas in the Banater Heide and the Batschka, which soon turned into a closed arable landscape , not least because of their drainage into the Bega Canal .
Conditions
On February 25, 1763, Maria Theresa, who her father Emperor Karl VI. was followed to the throne, the so-called colonization patent , according to which initially discharged officers, NCOs and invalids of the Seven Years' War were settled in the Banat. They had to report for removal in Pilsen , Cheb , Saaz , Lobositz , Königgrätz and Troppau . The same patent also invited Reichsuntertanen to settle in the Banat and secured the colonists who settled on camera goods a six-year tax exemption, free construction and firewood, 24 yoke fields, 6 yoke meadows, 6 yoke pastures and 1 yoke house land, as well grant craftsmen a ten-year tax exemption. With free transport costs, adults received 6 kreuzers per day and person and children 2 kreuzers food allowance. They were granted a cost advance to build the houses, and later they even got houses built at state expense. This move was also reserved for Catholic settlers only.
Origin of the settlers
Habsburg advertising emissaries were sent back to the empire to recruit German families and initially crossed the Upper Austrian Swabia, because the majority of the southern German princes initially fiercely resisted the emigration of their subjects. The first settlers of the second Swabian procession were really Swabians.
The areas of origin of the Theresian settlement period are Lorraine and Saarland , Luxembourg, the Moselle - Eifel region , the Churpfalz , the Kurmainzische Rheinhessen and the Vorderpfalz , Swabia, Tyrol and Styria . There were also quite a few French among the settlers from Lorraine. Together with German settlers, they found a new home in the newly established villages of St. Hubert, Charleville, Soltour and Triebswetter. Occasionally they were also settled in other villages in the heath and the surrounding area. The German villages and towns in the Banat Uplands, on the other hand, are purely Bavarian settlements, with origins from Tyrol and Styria, as well as from the Bohemian Forest .
1744–1768 there was an additional form of settlement, the Temeswarer Wasserschub : twice a year tramps, dissolute women, poachers, smugglers and rebellious farmers were removed from their homeland and settled in the Banat for moral purification. The water surge had a bad reputation and made it difficult to recruit colonists.
Settlement activity
The implementation of this settlement in the Banat was entrusted to four officials. Josef Franz Knoll , administrator of the Temesvár district from Sanktandrees, Johann Andreas Laff , controller of Tschanad, Carl Samuel Neumann Edler von Buchholt , official at the salt depot in Lippa and the administrative councilor Johann Wilhelm Edler von Hildebrand .
1763-1768
To accommodate the settlers, existing villages in the Banat were expanded or new ones created. Kudritz, Ulmbach and Faschet initially received heavy immigration.
In 1763 Josef Franz Knoll expanded Bruckenau, Jahrmarkt, Mercydorf, Rekasch and Sanktpeter, in 1764 Freidorf with a total of 565 houses and began building Billed in 1765 to develop the Banater Heide with 254 houses.
Johann Andreas Laff enlarged Perjamosch in 1764, Tschanad and Groß-Sankt-Nikolaus in 1765 with a total of 365 houses.
Carl Samuel Neumann worked in the same way in Guttenbrunn, in 1765 in Lippa and in Neuarad in 1766 and expanded these places with 424 houses since the Carolingian settlement and founded Schöndorf ( Frumușeni ) and Engelsbrunn ( Fântânele ) with a total of 317 houses in 1766 .
Johann Wilhelm Hildebrand founded Sackelhausen ( Săcălaz ) with 302, and Hatzfeld ( Jimbolia ) with 405, Tschatad or Schadat ( Lenauheim ) and 1767 Großjetscha ( Iecea Mare ) with 204 houses each. On the western side of Hatzfeld, under the leadership of Pastor Plenkner, emigrants from the Upper Palatinate from the village of Syen in the margraviate of Baden-Baden settled down in 1766 and called the settlement Landstreu, or Lowrin ( Lovrin ). In 1765 the municipality of Glogowatz ( Vladimirescu ) was established in Arad County . Hildebrand built Grabatz ( Grabaț ) and Neumann Bogarosch ( Bulgăruș ) in 1768 . There were also Großkomlosch ( Lunga ), Nero ( Nerău ), Oesag or Pesak ( Pesac ), Soltour or Seltour (Banatsko Veliko Selo), Triebswetter (Tomnatic), Warjasch or Warijasch ( Variaș ), and Wiseschdia ( Vizejdia ).
The administration was also anxious to strengthen the German population element in the military border on the Danube. War victims of the Seven Years' War willing to emigrate were collected in 1764 in the houses of invalids in Vienna, Prague, Pettau and Pest and settled in four companies with 200 men each in the Banat. Between Sefkerin and Dubrowacz 12 villages were assigned to the German border regiment. The disabled received a house and land and were tax-free for three years. In the following years, the area of the border regiment was expanded to include 14 villages. In 1766 the number of German border regiments was increased to nine companies. In the period from 1764 to 1766, the settlers on the military border were assigned 38,066 Joch Ackerfeld, Wiesen and Hausgrund.
1765–1766, 1045/2096 families with around 14,000 people arrived. With a rescript from 1766, each village was to be provided with a pastor and a schoolmaster and two each with a surgeon.
1768-1773
In the years 1768 to 1771, the number of those willing to emigrate reached its greatest peak, so that from Günzburg to Ofen the transport options on the waterways had to be expanded. Immigrated:
- 1768: 468 families with 1,888 people
- 1769: 815 families with 3,124 people
- 1770: 3,214 families with 10,292 people
- 1771: 438 families with 1,585 people
- Total: 4,935 families with 16,889 people
- According to other sources, 781 settler families came in 1769, and 3276 families (10,594 people) in 1770
According to the other sources, although the advertising was stopped, there were still an unexpected number of settlers, 408 families (1,160 people) and 1,385 families (5,568 people), who came from 1771 to 1772. Only now did the influx ease. In 1773 there were only 52 families left. The number was no longer sufficient to fill the farms that had become empty through death or flight.
During this time the following localities arose:
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With the Aryan (military-financed) transport of 1,385 families with 5568 people, the second major settlement operation ended in 1773, which was carried out under far more favorable conditions than those under Count Mercy. However, there were still isolated settlers who had started the journey at their own expense.
rating
1740-1778. During the Theresian settlement period around 11,000 families with around 42,000 people came to the Banat, other sources speak of up to 50,000 people. The number was reduced by early death and flight. The camera budget provided an annual fund of 200,000 guilders for the settlement from 1762–1772 . The cost of founding 30 and expanding 27 localities was two million Rhenish guilders.
As early as 1766, the tax revenue (42,000 guilders) from the new granary exceeded the lease fees (30,000 guilders) for the pastures. The Banat granary had become the crown's best source of tax revenue.
The recording of souls from 1770 revealed the following population in these districts:
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The total population of the Banat after the end of the Theresian colonization was around 450,000 souls, five times more than at the time of the conquest.
Third Great Swabian Train (1781–1787)
Under Emperor Joseph II (1741–1790), who ruled from 1780 to 1790, the third and last great, the Josephine Swabian Procession took place in 1781–1787 . At that time around 45,000 new settlers came to the Banat country. Josef II traveled to the Banat twice in 1767/68 and 1773. In his honor, a flourishing district of Josefstadt located outside the Temeschburg fortress (Timișoara) was named.
Political situation
Joseph II advocated a division of the Banat camera property into private goods and their sale to private interested parties. Thus the Temescher Banat was reintegrated into the Hungarian state association in 1778 and the state administration was dissolved. In 1779 a new administration was introduced under Count Christoph Nitzky , and in 1780 the " land registry for the Temesvár district incorporated by the Kingdom of Hungarn" became legally valid . Even before the goods were sold, it was intended to persuade the population and especially the Swabians not to leave the country. In 1781 a public auction of the advertised camera goods took place simultaneously in Vienna and Timisoara . Goods with an estimated price over 30,000 guilders were offered in Vienna, the others in Temesvár. Settlement patents for Hungary and Galicia were issued in 1782 and 1784. In 1784 the sale of goods was stopped by Joseph II.
The new landlords were generals, army suppliers, Magyar nobles, and Serbian and Greek cattle dealers. If they wanted to generate income from their goods, they had to look for settlers. A number of German settlements and villages arose through private settlement southwest of Temesvár 1786–1790: Iwanda ( Ivanda ), Dolatz ( Dolaț ), Modosch ( Jaša Tomić ), Sankt Georgen ( Žitište ) an der Bega, Tschawosch or Lichtenwald ( Grănicerii ) , Deutsch-Stamora ( Stamora Germană ) and Zichydorf ( Plandište ).
Due to the Russo-Austrian Turkish War (1787–1792) , the settlement had to be stopped again because the Banat was again a theater of war. Again the Turks advanced to the gates of Temesvár and plundered 130 villages.
Recruiting the settlers
A settlement commissioner has been set up in Koblenz , Frankfurt am Main and Rottenburg am Neckar.
Conditions
The Josephine colonization granted the rural settlers ten years of tax exemption, but otherwise the settlement conditions remained within the framework of the Theresian settlement. One family received a whole session field (32 Katastraljoch = 64 acres ) and four yokes share of the community hat pasture . The land ownership was not free property, the colonists could inherit, but not sell or barter. In addition to the tax, they had to pay contributions and tithes , as well as hand and pull robots to the landlord and clear the soil. It initially took years for land ownership to yield a profit.
Role of denomination
The tolerance patent issued by Joseph II in 1781 enabled the Protestant ( Lutherans and Reformed ) and Orthodox churches in the Habsburg crown lands recognized by the Peace of Westphalia to practice their religion again for the first time since the Counter-Reformation . If the Carolinian and the Theresian colonization still had a Catholic denominational character, this restriction fell away in the Josephine colonization and in the subsequent colonization. Therefore, there were very many Protestant and Reformed people from the Palatinate among the immigrants. They got their new home mainly on the state camera estates of the Batschka, Slavonia and the Banat.
Settlement activity
The Josephine settlement period brought about 3,000 settler families to the Banat and founded 14 new settlements, but most of the colonists were settled mainly in existing settlements.
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In addition, there were settlements in 1787
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Protestant immigrants to the Banat came to the villages of Liebling, Kleinschemlak ( Șemlacu Mic ) and Franzfeld ( Kačarevo ), or they moved from the private settlements of Hungary to new or existing settlements in the Banat. Many Protestant families moved from the Hungarian towns of Harta and Mezöbereny to the Birda community . The settlement of Madgyrs and Slovaks in the western Banat is also considerable. The landowners had taken their serfs from the Hungarian territories to the Banat.
In 1787, an imperial decree officially concluded the colonization carried out by the court. At that time there were 105 German villages in the Banat with a total of 75,000 inhabitants. Josef II died childless in 1790.
Settlement activity under Leopold II and Franz II.
The emperors Leopold II. (The brother of Josef II.), And Franz II. Continued the settlement of cameras from 1778-1848.
Leopold II.
Leopold II ended the Russo-Austrian Turkish War (1787–1792) with the Peace of Sistowa and tried desperately to prevent the unstoppable disintegration of the multi-ethnic monarchy. He was able to delay it by 100 years, but had to revise many of his brother's reforms.
At that time, German settlements received or were newly founded:
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Francis II
Leopold's son took over the reign as the last German Emperor Franz II (HRR) and the first Austrian Emperor Franz I in 1792. In the first years of his time he was in constant struggle against the revolutionary France of Napoleon Bonaparte . Any democratic attitude was alien to him. At odds with the rulers of his time, he laid down the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in 1806 and assumed the title of Emperor of Austria. He died in Vienna in 1835.
In 1808, 83 families from the County of Falkenstein were resettled because their land was ceded to France by the Peace of Lunéville in 1801. Another 141 families arrived six years later.
In 1810 the faithful of the Tyrolean freedom fighter Andreas Hofer came under the leadership of Josef Speckbacher and Thalgutter with their families as refugees in the Banat. They settled in Temesvár and in the Banat Uplands. Some of them expanded the Romanian town of Fisesch ( Fizeș ) and the other founded a new village settlement in the immediate vicinity, giving it the name Königsgnad or Doclin ( Tyrol since the First World War ). When most of the Tyroleans returned to their homeland in 1815, families from Württemberg and Baden settled there. Families from the margraviate of Baden-Durlach found a new home in Perossowa in 1818.
The following private settlements emerged in the southwestern Banat from 1790–1835:
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The last closed settlement took place in 1827–1828 when German villages were founded in the Banat Uplands with forest farmers from the Bohemian Forest, and farms that had been abandoned in the 19th century were reoccupied through inland settlement. New settlements were established on both camera and private property. See also: Czech minority in the Banat . The following localities arose:
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rating
The move led to an economic upswing combined with a high willingness to give birth. In terms of population growth after 1805, biological growth is more important than immigration.
| population | 1772 | 1785 - without military border - |
1805 - without military border - |
1840 - without military border - |
1840 - in the military border - |
1840 - total - |
1900 - total - |
1918 - total - |
1940 - total - |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| total | 450,000 | 550.409 | 636.198 | 1,082,550 | 250,485 | 1,333,035 | |||
| from that: | |||||||||
| German | 207.720 | 26,155 | 233,875 | approx. 450,000 | approx. 1,500,000 | approx. 1,400,000 | |||
| Romanians | 566.230 | 145.106 | 711.336 | ||||||
| Serbs | 202.216 | 70,230 | 272,446 | ||||||
| Magyars | 59,342 | 3,250 | 62,592 | ||||||
| Chocolate cats | 10.112 | 10.112 | |||||||
| Bulgarians | 12,000 | 12,000 | |||||||
| French people | 6,150 | 6,150 | |||||||
| Jews | 4,316 | 188 | 4,504 | ||||||
| Slovenes | 2,830 | 2,830 | |||||||
| Croatians | 1,400 | 1,400 | |||||||
| Greeks | 800 | 800 | |||||||
| Turks | 200 | 200 | |||||||
| not assigned | 9.434 | 5,356 | 14,790 |
See also
- Danube Swabia
- Stefan Jäger , painter of Danube Swabian life, has in his works, such as B. in the painting The Immigration of the Swabians into the Banat , scenes from the Swabian Ranges pictorially captured.
- Adam Müller-Guttenbrunn , The Great Swabian Train, L. Staackmann Verlag, Leipzig, 1913 (new edition Taschenbuch Verlag, 2013)
Web links
- Historical overview, texts by Josef Wolf Reisebasar.de
- Settlement background, texts by William T. O'Reilly. Reisebasar.de
- The Swabian trains birda.de
- The settlement of the Banat elisabeth-packi.blogspot.com
- Colonization of the Banat ulmbach-banat.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ Stefan Vonház: The settlement of German in Satu Mare County . Fünfkirchen 1931 (Hungarian)
- ↑ Saderlach.de
- ^ Anton Peter Petri: Biographisches Lexikon des Banater Deutschtums , Marquartstein 1992
- ↑ Pictures by Stefan Jäger. Stefan-Jaeger.net; accessed in September 2008