Kiszombor

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kiszombor
Coat of arms of Kiszombor
Kiszombor (Hungary)
Kiszombor
Kiszombor
Basic data
State : Hungary
Region : Southern Great Plain
County : Csongrád-Csanád
Small area until December 31, 2012 : Mako
District since 1.1.2013 : Mako
Coordinates : 46 ° 11 '  N , 20 ° 26'  E Coordinates: 46 ° 11 '10 "  N , 20 ° 25' 40"  E
Area : 65.81  km²
Residents : 3,840 (Jan 1, 2011)
Population density : 58 inhabitants per km²
Telephone code : (+36) 62
Postal code : 6775
KSH kódja: 26666
Structure and administration (status: 2018)
Community type : Large community
Mayoress : Ernőné Szegvári (independent)
Postal address : Nagyszentmiklósi u. 8
6775 Kiszombor
Website :
(Source: A Magyar Köztársaság helységnévkönyve 2011. január 1st at Központi statisztikai hivatal )

Kiszombor is a large village in the county Makó in Csongrád-Csanád in the south of Hungary near the border with Romania with a population of 3,722 (1 January 2017). The village is known for a Romanesque round church from the 11th century.

Location and traffic

Kiszombor is located in the Great Hungarian Plain , the height of which is less than 100 meters. The Maros (Romanian Mureș) flows past a kilometer north of the village before flowing further west into the Tisza at Szeged . The flat landscape is characterized by alluvial deposits from both rivers, which consist of silt , clay and sand. The horizontal alluvial plain shows minimal height differences of one to two meters, with the extreme values ​​in the Kiszombor area being 78 and 85 meters. The latter height is reached by the Nagyhalom hill, which towers six meters, about two kilometers southwest of the town near the old road to the Romanian village of Beba Veche (Hungarian: Òbéba). Several hundred graves from the 1st millennium were discovered there at the beginning of the 20th century. The village of Kiszombor is dominated by agriculture and surrounded by small parceled fields, where mainly maize, wheat and sunflowers are grown.

Kiszombor can be reached on the main road 43 ( 43-as főút ), which leads from Szeged (27 kilometers west) to Makó (6 kilometers east). Regular buses run between the two cities, some of which go to Gyula . From the main road in Kiszombor a road branches off in a south-easterly direction to the border crossing to Romania and to the first Romanian village of Cened, 5 kilometers away . The nearest town in Romania, Sânnicolau Mare , is 25 kilometers away on this route.

Kiszombor is also a stop on the single-track branch line of the railway that connects Újszeged (district of Szeged) with Makó and Békéscsaba further northeast . The line from Szeged via Kiszombor to Makó was put into operation in 1883 by the Arad – Csanádi Vasút railway company .

history

Round church from the 11th century with the separated nave from 1910.

In the years 1877 and 1915, two burial grounds were discovered near Kiszombor, further cemeteries were located in 1928 (Kiszombor-B and Kiszombor C), 1930 (Kiszombor-E and Kiszombor-F) and probably before 1937 (Kiszombor-Juhászhalom). The cemeteries show that the region was settled in prehistoric times, during the Roman Empire and in the early Middle Ages ( Avar period ) until 10/11. Century. On the natural elevation of Nagyhalom (Kiszombor C), Ferenc Móra carried out the first excavations in 1928, during which he opened 426 graves in the first season. Since then have been bared barrows from the Chalcolithic period (3600-2700 v. Chr.), Artifacts from the late Iron Age and grave goods, the majority of the time of the Conquest (Hungarian Honfoglalás ) by the Magyar immigrants originate. Pot shards from the Bronze Age are dated 2600 to 2000 BC. Dated. The Bronze Age finds in the Carpathian Basin are assigned to a Maros culture based on their location on the Maros River. Another burial site (Kiszombor- Nagyszentmiklós ) presumably from the 11th century was examined in 1964. In 2003, extensive excavations took place at the Kiszombor C site. Some graves could be assigned to Celts and Sarmatians , and populations of Gepids and Huns were recognized on the basis of the grave finds of Kiszombor . Quivers for arrows as grave goods from the 10th to the end of the 11th century refer to the arrival of nomadic Magyars from the east who hunted with bows and arrows. Around 900 they began to settle in the territory of Hungary under their leader Árpád . With the advancing Christianization around this time, the dead were no longer given quivers. A large number of weapons (arrows, bows and knives) and horse harness were found in some graves. In total, over 100 archaeological sites are known in the vicinity of Kiszombor.

A settlement called Zumbur is first mentioned in a document from 1247. In other sources from the 13th century, the settlement occurs under the name variants Zumbor, Sumbur, Zombor and Sombor . At that time, Kiszombor was owned by the Csanád family. King Sigismund raised the place to the rank of a market town in 1418 and in 1536 the Hungarian Archbishop Miklós Oláh called it a city in his geographical description of Hungary. With the lost battle of Mohács in 1526, the Ottoman Empire began to rule Hungary for around 150 years . The place name Zombar is still recorded on the first Hungarian map from 1528. Soon after, the unsecured place was devastated during the first Turkish raids and abandoned by its inhabitants.

In the spring of 1647, 15 Catholic immigrant families settled at the only remaining round church. The further settlement of the place began after the Turkish rule ended in 1686 and the restoration of the Kingdom of Hungary . In 1781 the Austrian Chancellor sold Kiszombor and the farms in the area to Mátyás József Oexel (1729–1803), who belonged to a noble family from Germany who lived in Komárom . Their ancestor Jacob Oexel was in 1714 by Charles III. raised to the nobility. After the death of Mátyás József Oexel, the land was divided between his three sons. In 1846, the family, which was formative for the further development of the place, changed their name to Rónay while retaining the title of nobility.

There were outbreaks of cholera in 1831, 1836, and 1873 ; In 1849, 1874 and 1877 a number of buildings were destroyed by fire. Nevertheless, the number of inhabitants grew rapidly from the second half of the 19th century: in 1851 there were 2586 inhabitants in Kiszombor and in 1890 there were 3994. After the maximum of 5534 inhabitants in 1949, their number fell to 4310 in 1990.

Townscape

Rónay Castle, built in 1859.

The arrangement of the streets results in long rectangular plots of different sizes with rows of detached houses, the gables of which are mostly oriented towards the street. The narrow land areas behind the houses are cultivated for self-sufficiency. The entire place extends south of the highway 43 and the railway line running parallel to it. The street ( Makói utca ) leading south from the train station crosses József Attila utca in the center of the village , where the local bus stop is located.

Rónay Castle

The dominant building at this intersection is the castle built by Móricz Rónay (1813–1890) in 1859 in a romantic style. Móricz Rónay was a notary in Nagybecskerek and later administrator of Torontál County . His widow Johanna Kiriák became the owner of the castle in 1899, which she sold to the judge and administrator of Torontál Jenő Rónay (1854–1920). From 1901 he lived with his large family in Kiszombor and had the castle renovated. The last private owner was Péterné Blaskovich Magda Rónay. During the Second World War, the castle was looted and later left to decay. After the nationalization in 1950, the building served temporarily as a warehouse.

The romantic architecture cultivated in the 19th century in the wake of Hungarian nationalism is a mixture of styles that emerged from classicism and made use of early Christian and Islamic elements, among other things. The architecture of the castle borrows from the Miramare Castle in Trieste , for example the decorative bastions that are placed on the corners of the almost square, classicist tower. The ornamental round arches on the three stepped floors of the tower refer to the round arch style that emerged in Germany in the mid-19th century . The tower is built in front of the gable end of a long part of the building with a gable roof. Opposite the risalit in the middle of one long side protrudes on the other side a representative porch with five arched arcades that support a tympanum .

Parish Church of the Assumption

Round church, ceiling painting over the central niche from the 18th century.
Round church, central niche with remains of paintings from the 14th century.

The most important building in art history in Kiszombor is a Romanesque round church from the 11th century, which was built as a clan church (family church) of a feudal lord. Village round churches as special forms of the mostly three-part (choir in the east - nave - tower in the west) clan churches of the small nobles are assigned to two types in the area of ​​today's Hungary according to their ground plan. Mostly to the west of the Danube, under Bohemian and Moravian influence, almost circular church buildings were built inside and out, of which the round church of Öskü , the round church of Saint Anne in Kallósd (end of the 13th century) and outside Hungary the rotunda of St. Catherine in Znojmo (Czech Republic ), the Georgs Rotunda from Skalica (Slovakia), the Margareta Church in Šivetice (Slovakia) and the St. Nicholas Church in Selo (Slovenia, 13th century) have been preserved. The round church of Szalonna in northeast Hungary from the end of the 11th century has a semicircular apse. The church, which soon became too small, was extended to the west by a much larger rectangular hall at the end of the 13th century.

The church of Kiszombor belongs to the second type of central building east of the Danube, whose interior, designed as a four-pass or six-pass system, was presumably influenced by Armenian models. These include the village churches of Pápoc (near Sárvár , around 1220) with Vierpass and of Karcsa (11th century). In addition to the parish church of Kiszombor, the latter was the only round church in Hungary designed with a six-pass floor plan. Furthermore , a Greek-Catholic round church from the 11th / 12th century remained in the former Hungarian parish Gerény (today part of Uzhhorod , Ukraine). Century, which originally had six semicircular niches, preserved as the chancel of a rectangular nave that was added later.

The round church of Kiszombor was probably originally crowned with a hexagonal drum and a dome, as is the case with the church of Gerény to this day. The dome was destroyed during the Mongol storm to which the Hungarians were defeated in the Battle of Muhi in 1241 . The church was then roofed with an early Gothic cross vault consisting of six segments . Its ribs are supported by early Gothic column capitals that sit on the existing wall columns. After the end of Turkish rule, the unscathed church soon proved to be too small when the town was repopulated. In 1744 a wooden bell tower was built and in 1776 an annexed baroque nave was added, which was inaugurated the following year. After this church became dilapidated in 1903, the bell tower was demolished in 1904 and the nave was rebuilt in neo-Romanesque style to its present appearance in 1910 , with the connected round church taking over the function of the choir .

During reconstruction work between 1975 and 1983, the connection between the nave and the rotunda was separated so that the original spatial effect of the free-standing building was restored. Remnants of the wall preserved in the area of ​​the base reveal the location of the removed connecting walls. The outside of the church is circular and has a conical roof. The interior is divided all around into six 2 to 2.5 meter wide niches, which are closed off by semicircular domes. An arched frieze emphasizes the transition between wall surfaces and domes.

Damage to the lower part of the walls caused by water rising from the ground was repaired between 1975 and 1983. In the upper wall area of ​​the central eastern niche, frescoes from the early 14th century have been preserved. They show, among other things, Saint Elizabeth , the handkerchief of Veronica , Anna herself and the seated figure of an apostle . The paintings in the niche domes and on the fields of the cross vault date from the 18th century. The Roman Catholic parish church belongs to the diocese of Szeged-Csanád .

Other historical buildings

Former granary, around 1835.

The former granary with portico near the central square Szent István tér (at Óbébai utca 2 ) was built around 1935 in the classicist style. The property was originally owned by Tibor Rónay. The outbuildings were demolished during the socialist period. The facade of the warehouse, which is unique in Hungary, is structured by round-arched blind niche arcades that extend over both floors. On the long side facing the street, a mighty portico protrudes above the staircase. The classical pilasters of the portico have a tympanum and a flat gable roof. The overall impression is more like that of a mansion than a functional building. The building is empty and advertised for sale (as of 2019).

Villa Rónay from 1835.

The Villa Rónay is a built around 1835 classical manor in the Szegedi utca 11 B . The architect of the two-story building with a hipped roof is not known. After nationalization during the socialist era, it was converted into a restaurant in 1955. The original window sizes were retained, but four more windows were added to the north wall for the installation of a kitchen. The east side is characterized by three wide round arcades in the middle, the two outer round arches were bricked up during the renovation and are recognizable as blind niches. The two chimneys are from the original building and can be used. The building, which was last restored in 2005, is now a eatery operating under the name Rónay-Kúria . On the west side the terrace opens to a park-like garden.

Rónay Tibor mansion, before 1835.

The classicistic Rónay Tibor mansion at Szent István tér 2 was built before 1835 and belonged to Tibor Rónay (1893–1980) until it was nationalized in 1949. Today the building is owned by an agricultural production cooperative. The elongated single-storey building with a hipped roof has an almost square porch in the middle of one long side with a tympanum above it.

A hall church without a bell tower for the minority of Reformed Christians ( Kiszombor-Maroslelei Református Missziói Egyházközség ) is located in Kossuth utca on the western edge of the town.

literature

Web links

Commons : Kiszombor  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Bálint Horváth: Összefoglaló a sajtó számára – Önkormányzatok ellenőrzése – Integritás-és belső control trendszer, Befektetési tevékenységek ellenőrzése – Kiszombor Nagyközsény (190) Öznányzn. Állami Számvevőszék, Communicators és Kapcsolattartási Osztály
  2. ↑ István Bóna: II. From Dacia to Erdőelve: Transylvania in the Period of the Great Migrations (271-896) . 5. The Slavs. The Szilágynagyfalu Group. In: Lászlo Makkai, András Mócsy (ed.): History of Transylvania. Volume 1: From the Beginnings to 1606. Atlantic Research and Publications, 2001
  3. ↑ Gyula Török: The Germanic burial ground of Kiszombor and our monuments of the migration period. Somogyi-Könyvtár és Városi Múzeum, Szeged 1936, pp. 155–177, here p. 155
  4. ↑ Kosta Lena Michelaki: Making Pots and Potters in the Bronze Age Maros Villages of Kiszombor-Új-Élet and Klárafalva-Hajdova. In: Cambridge Archaeological Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 355-380, here p. 355 doi: 10.1017 / S0959774308000413
  5. ↑ See Amy Jerusha Nicodemus: Bronze Age Economies in the Carpathian Basin: Trade, Craft, Production and Agro-Pastoral Intensification. (Dissertation) University of Michigan, 2014
  6. ↑ Silviu Oța: The Mortuary Archeology of the Medieval Banat (10th - 14th Centuries). Brill, Leiden / Boston 2015, pp. 2–6
  7. ↑ Károly Tankó: Celtic Burials from the Prehistoric Kurgan of Kiszombor C. In: Làszló Borhy (Ed.): Studia Archaeologica Nicolae Szabó LXXV Annos Nato Dedicata. L'Harmattan, Budapest 2015, pp. 267–280
  8. ↑ Erzsébet Fóthi, Roman Period: Anthropological conclusions of the study of Roman and Migration periods. In: Acta Biologica Szegediens, Vol. 44, No. 1-4, 2000, pp. 87-94, here p. 89
  9. ↑ Silviu Oța, 2015, pp. 94f, 175
  10. ↑ a b Kiszombor. ronaykuria.hu (Hungarian)
  11. ↑ Kiszombor, körtemplom (rotunda). Túrautak, várak, látnivalók Magyarországon (Hungarian)
  12. ↑ Kiszombor. sulinet.hu
  13. ↑ Marosvári Attila (ed.): Kiszombor tortenete. I. 2008, p. 37
  14. ^ Anneliese Keilhauer: Hungary. Culture and art in the land of the Magyars. DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 1990, p. 55
  15. ^ The Greek Catholic Church - Horjani. ( Route of Medieval Churches ) templomut.hu/uk
  16. ↑ Dezső Dercsényi, Balázs Dercsényi: Art guide through Hungary. Corvina Kiadó, Budapest 1974, p. 166
  17. ↑ István Genthon: monuments in Hungary. A picture guide. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1974, p. 402