Vasily Michailowitsch Severgin

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Vasily Michailowitsch Severgin

Vasily Mikhailovich Sewergin ( Russian Василий Михайлович Севергин * April 19 . Jul / thirtieth April  1765 greg. In St. Petersburg , † November 29 . Jul / 11. December  1826 . Greg ) was a Russian chemist , mineralogist , geologist and university professors .

Life

Sewergin was from the bondage of freed musicians . Karamzin saw a name related to the Cossack - Ataman of the 16th century Sewergi.

Sewergin learned to write and paint at home, as well as basic knowledge of Latin , French and German . In 1776, the eleven-year-old entered the St. Petersburg Academy High School. His subjects were Latin, logic , geometry , trigonometry , mechanics , physics , chemistry , mining and mineralogy . In 1782 he received a state scholarship on the recommendation of the high school director Ivan Ivanovich Lepjochin . In 1784 he moved from grammar school to academy university.

In 1785 Severgin was sent to the University of Göttingen for further studies on the recommendation of Ivan Ivanovich Lepjochin and the Academy Director Yekaterina Romanovna Voronzowa-Daschkowa . There he studied mineralogy, mining, chemistry, physics and geography under the direction of Johann Friedrich Gmelins . In 1789 he returned to St. Petersburg and passed the examinations with honors in mineralogy with Johann Gottlieb Georgi , in physics and chemistry with Wolfgang Ludwig Krafft , in botany with Iwan Iwanowitsch Lepjochin and in zoology and anatomy with Peter Simon Pallas . He also presented the Academy of Johann Gottlieb Georgi and Nikita Petrovich Sokolov examined dissertation about various alkali metal salts and refereed by Peter Simon Pallas dissertation on the properties and the formation of basalt prior to obtaining the academic degree graduates - adjunct . In 1789 he became an academic adjunct at the Imperial Academy of Sciences at the Chair of Mineralogy and in 1793 an academic and professor for mineralogy at the Academy of Sciences. In 1795 he became a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen , in 1798 a member of the Agricultural Society in London , in 1799 a member of the Jena Mineralogical Society and in 1801 a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences .

Severgin is considered to be the founder of Russian mineralogy. The core of his scientific work was the close connection between mineralogy and chemistry and precise observation independent of theories. In doing so, he followed the ideas of Mikhail Lomonosov . He wrote many scientific articles, mostly in Russian, on problems of mineralogy, physics, chemistry and agricultural engineering. He followed the mineralogist René-Just Haüy and the chemist Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier , whose experiments he repeated and described. In 1798 he divided the rocks into primary rocks, for example granite , secondary clay layers , tertiary limestones with fossils and quaternary sand formations . In the same year he discovered the regular occurrence of various minerals in deposits , which August Breithaupt called paragenesis in 1849 . Sewergin took over René-Just Haüy's crystallography theory and explained it in his works. He created the first Russian nomenclature for geology and chemistry. He described and improved chemical processes, for example the manufacture of gunpowder , the extraction of sulfur from pyrite and that of saltpeter from humus pits . In 1817 Sewergin founded the St. Petersburg Mineralogical Society with others .

In 1802, Sewergin carried out an expedition to Belarus for mineralogical investigations . In 1803 he explored the northern Lake Ladoga area for iron ore and marble deposits . He also described the ethnic groups there and wrote a Russian- Finnish dictionary of place names. In his book about the investigations in the western provinces of Russia , he described not only the minerals and soil formations, but also the vegetation and especially the plants and medicinal plants in the vicinity of Grodno , which Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert had collected and which he classified in Carl von Linné's system would have. He published dictionaries on mineralogy (1801, 1807) and chemistry (1810) and a dictionary of meanings for scientific terms (1815). He translated, among others, Charles Louis Cadet de Gassicourt's Dictionnaire de chimie (4 volumes, 1810-1813), Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert's botany (3 volumes) and Johann Friedrich Gmelin's principles of technical chemistry (2 volumes, 1803). For the academy, he participated in the translation of Johann Georg Sulzer's General Theory of Fine Arts and Jean-Jacques Barthélemy's Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Grèce . He wrote about Mikhail Lomonossow (St. Petersburg, 1805) and about Kuzma Minin and Dmitri Michailowitsch Poscharsky (St. Petersburg, 1807).

Severginite, a modification of axinite (Mn) , which was found in the southern Urals and first described by Georgi Pawlowitsch Barssonow in 1951 , was named after Severgin . The Severgin volcano, named by Adam Johann von Krusenstern in 1805, is located on the volcanic island of Charimkotan of the Kuriles . A bay of Charimkotan and the strait between the islands of Charimkotan and Shiashkotan were also named after Severgin. There is Severgin Street in Gorlovka .

Web links

Commons : Wassili Michailowitsch Severgin  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Ушакова Н. Н., Фигурновский Н. А .: Василий Михайлович Севергин: (1765-1826) . Наука, Moscow 1981.
  2. ↑ a b Седлецкий И. Д .: Академик В. М. Севергин и учение о парагенезисе минералов (К 150-летию Первых оснований минералогии) . In: Вестник АН СССР . No. 1 , 1948, p. 37 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Севергин (Василий Михайлович) . In: Brockhaus-Efron . tape XXIX , 1900, p. 295-296 .
  4. ↑ ЭЛЕКТРОННАЯ БИБЛИОТЕКА "НАУЧНОЕ НАСЛЕДИЕ РОССИИ: Севергин Василий Михайлович (accessed November 1, 2017).
  5. ↑ Карамзин Н. М .: История государства Российского. Т. 1-12 . St. Petersburg 1829, p. 260 .
  6. ↑ RAN: Севергин Василий Михайлович (accessed October 31, 2017).
  7. ↑ Основоположник русской минералогии . In: Наука и жизнь . No. 11 , 1951, pp. 43 .
  8. ↑ Севергин В. М .: Пробирное искусство, или руководство к химическому испытанию металлических руд и других ископаемых тел . тип. ИАН, St. Petersburg 1801.
  9. ↑ Севергин В. М .: Первые основания минералогии, или естественной истории ископаемых тел. Кн. 1 . тип. ИАН, St. Petersburg 1798, p. 82 .
  10. ↑ Севергин В. М .: Подробный словарь минералогический, содержащий в себе подробное изъяснение всех в минералогии употребительных слов и названий , также все в науке сей учиненные новейшие открытия: В 2 т . тип. ИАН, St. Petersburg 1807.
  11. ↑ Севергин В. М .: Руководство к удобнейшему разумению химических книг иностранных, заключающее в себе словари: латинско-российский, французско-российский и немецко-российский, по старинному и новейшему словознанию . тип. ИАН, St. Petersburg 1815.
  12. ↑ Севергин В. М .: Обозрение российской Финляндии . 1805.
  13. ↑ Севергин В. М .: Записки путешествия по западным провинциям Российского государства, или минералогические, хозяйственные и другие примечания, учиненные во время проезда через оные в 1802-1803 гг . тип. ИАН, St. Petersburg 1804.
  14. ↑ Лекарственные растения и их применение . 5th edition. Наука и техника, Minsk 1974, p. 10 .
  15. ↑ Severginite (accessed November 1, 2017).
  16. ↑ Karimkotan Volcano (accessed November 1, 2017).
  17. ↑ Обзорно-географический Атлас России . АСТ (Федеральное агентство геодезии и картографии), 2010, p. 136-137 .
personal data
SURNAME Severgin, Vasily Michailowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Севергин, Василий Михайлович (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian chemist, mineralogist, geologist and university professor
DATE OF BIRTH April 30, 1765
PLACE OF BIRTH St. Petersburg
DATE OF DEATH December 11, 1826
Place of death St. Petersburg