Project 613
S-189 as a museum ship
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Project 613 was a class of conventionally powered submarines of the Soviet Union . The NATO designation was whiskey grade . With a total of 215 boats built, it is the most extensive class of submarines in the Soviet Union.
Development history of project 613
Development began on August 15, 1948 under the direction of JJ Yevgrafov, who was replaced by SA Djeribin in 1950. The boat was designed as a double hull design and internally divided into seven departments.
After a re-evaluation of the project in the 1990s, it is now assumed that the units of Project 613 made mine-laying by torpedo tube “acceptable” in the Soviet Navy. This ability contributed to the fact that special submarine designs, which should only have mine-laying capabilities - namely the projects 632 and 648 - were discarded during development.
In 1944, the first Soviet tube-lockable mine, PLT-3, was completed but never launched. It was supposed to be ejected from a pneumatic torpedo tube developed in the 1940s for the abandoned Projects 97 and 608. The successor to the PLT-3, the AMD-1000 series, also included the first Soviet ground mines of the post-war period.
Project 613 was based on a design developed during the war, which was intended to replace the old units of classes S ( Stalinez ) and Shch ( Shchuka ). After the end of World War II, the Soviet armed forces fell into the hands of a number of German XXI war submarines . The experience gained in this way has now flowed into the further development of project draft 613.
Compared to the old pre-war units of the Soviet Navy, draft 613 included the following improvements:
- Radar system flag,
- Sonar systems Tamir-5L and Mars-24KIG in a new arrangement at the bow,
- increased diving time compared to the S-Class (200 instead of 72 hours),
- improved air treatment and filtering,
- two electric machines per shaft; one for marching and one for crawling , which were switched to the shaft by V-belt,
- the marine diesel engines were mounted to be noise-suppressed.
variants
Some units have been upgraded to type W (new sonar and increased sea endurance), type T (increased diving depth), type S (rescue submarine for the marine emergency rescue service) or type RW (test platform for new torpedoes).
In 1957, S-146 was equipped with a P-5 missile in Gorky . This boat was known in the west as the Whiskey Single Cylinder . In 1962 tests were carried out with him to “determine the effects of underwater explosions”.
S-144 tested the T-5 torpedo with a nuclear warhead off Novaya Zemlya .
Project 613AD / RW / TS
Project 613AD was a test platform for the Amethyst missile that could be fired submerged. S-65 was converted into a test platform for the R-21 ballistic missile (D-4 or SS-N-5) (project 613D-4). Several tests of the S-229's R-11 missile were conducted between 1957 and 1958 (Project 613RW). S-72 was equipped with two amethyst missiles (Project 613AD). S-384 tested new batteries (Project 613TS)
Project 640
These boats were supposed to act as floating radar stations. Under the leadership of J. J. Jewgrafow, the Type 613 was further developed into the Type 640 ( Whiskey Canvas Bag ). From 1961 the boats S-62 , S-73 , S-149 and S-151 were rebuilt.
- Displacement: 1,062 t
- Dimensions: 76 × 6.3 × 5.1 m
- Torpedo tubes: 4
- Kasatka radar
- Sea state stabilization up to sea state 7
Project 644
A further development of the Type 613 was the Type 644. This was called the Whiskey Twin Cylinder by NATO and developed by the ZKB-18. These units had two cruise missile launchers . The following units were converted from 1959: S-44 , S-46 , S-69 , S-80 , S-158 and S-162 . S-80 sank on January 27, 1961 and was lifted on July 27, 1969. S-162 carried out launch tests with the P-5D missile as a test boat of the type 644D. Between 1962 and 1964, the S-158 was converted to the standard type 644-7 and tests were carried out with the P-7 rocket.
Project 665
Project 665 ( Whiskey Long Bin ) was provided with four starting containers by ZKB-112 under the direction of Leontjew. Between 1958 and 1962 the following boats were converted: S-61 , S-64 , S-142 , S-152 , S-155 and S-164 .
- Displacement: 1,490 t
- Dimensions: 85 × 6.7 m
- Speed (surfaced / submerged): 14.5 kn / 11 kn
- Torpedo tubes: 4 in the bow
- new navigation system Sewer-N665
Project 666
S-63 was converted to carry divers (Project 666). S-296 (KATRAN project) received an external air-independent drive (electrochemical generator with separate fuel tanks). S-148 became a reconnaissance boat (NES) named Severyanka (December 14, 1958).
The stranding of S-363
An international scandal occurred in 1981 when the Soviet submarine S-363 (С-363) , which was allegedly armed with nuclear torpedoes , ran into an archipelago on the night of October 27-28 in a restricted military area in front of the Swedish naval port of Karlskrona . The incident is often referred to as "whiskey on the rocks". However, the crew gave the boat to the Swedes as S-137 (also referred to in the press as W137). The Soviet leadership denied an espionage operation against the neutral Sweden and gave a navigation error as the cause. The failure of electronic navigational instruments was also reported by the 35-year-old commander Anatoly Mikhailovich Gushchin. In 2006, Vasily Besedin, then a political officer on board the boat, declared that it had a double navigation system. A calculation error by the inexperienced navigation officer caused the ship to run aground. On November 7, 1981, the Swedes released the submarine again. The commander was after returning at the naval base Baltijsk relieved of his command and charged before a military court. According to the British Sunday newspaper Observer , he is said to have received a two to three year sentence in a labor camp.
Units and whereabouts
- Soviet Navy
As the developer of the submarines from Project 613, the Navy of the Soviet Union was also the largest user with a total of 215 units produced.
However, the boats did not stay in Soviet service for very long. This was followed by a relatively quick replacement by more modern types. As a result, a large number of foreign navies in the Soviet sphere of influence was sold or given up. The names of the Soviet boats were S-xx ( Cyrillic : С-xx).
Surname | Shipyard | Keel laying | Launch | Commissioning | unit | Decommissioning | Whereabouts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S-43 | Krasnoye Sormowo, in Gorky | June 27, 1950 | December 31, 1950 | December 29, 1952 | ? | ? | Conversion to project 613S by ZBK-112, ascent rescue chamber, scrapped? |
S-44 | Krasnoye Sormowo, in Gorky | October 21, 1950 | May 19, 1951 | December 31, 1952 | ? | ? | Conversion to Project 644 armed with two cruise missiles from the P-5 missile complex, scrapped? |
S-45 | Krasnoye Sormowo, in Gorky | December 30, 1950 | June 16, 1951 | December 31, 1952 | ? | ? | sunk for test purposes (test series from 1958 to 1960) |
S-46 | Krasnoye Sormowo, in Gorky | March 27, 1951 | August 9, 1951 | December 30, 1952 | ? | ? | Conversion to Project 644, armed with two cruise missiles from the P-5 missile complex, scrapped? |
S-61 | Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev | April 11, 1950 | July 22, 1950 | May 24, 1952 | ? | ? | Conversion to Project 665 by ZBK-112, armed with four cruise missiles from the P-5 missile complex, scrapped? |
S-62 | Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev | July 22, 1950 | 17th September 1950 | November 18, 1952 | ? | ? | Conversion to project 640, scrapped? |
S-63 | Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev | September 18, 1950 | 5th November 1950 | November 6, 1952 | ? | ? | Conversion to rescue submarine carrier Pr. 666 by ZBK-112, scrapped? |
S-64 | Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev | November 15, 1950 | February 7, 1951 | 4th November 1952 | ? | ? | Conversion to Project 665 by ZBK-112, armed with four cruise missiles from the P-5 missile complex, scrapped? |
S-65 | Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev | February 10, 1951 | April 28, 1951 | December 30, 1952 | ? | ? | Conversion to project 613V ZBB-112 to test carrier for rocket torpedoes with two 650 mm torpedo tubes, scrapped? |
S-66 | Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev | May 15, 1951 | November 6, 1951 | January 3, 1953 | ? | ? | Conversion to project 613W ZBB-112, scrapped? |
S-67 | Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev | November 19, 1951 | April 3, 1952 | 7th February 1953 | ? | ? | Conversion to project 613W ZBB-112, scrapped? |
S-68 | Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev | December 15, 1951 | November 1, 1952 | April 20, 1953 | ? | ? | scrapped? |
S-69 | Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev | January 15, 1952 | November 16, 1952 | April 10, 1953 | ? | ? | scrapped? |
S-359 sold to Denmark (museum ship; scrapped 2011). S-73 retired in 1978. S-178 sunk after collision (October 21, 1981). S-80 sunk in 1961. After its recovery and repair, the S-189 lies as a museum ship in St. Petersburg .
- Egyptian Navy
The Egyptian Navy received several used Project 613 units from the Soviet Union between 1957 and 1972 . These submarines were later supplemented or replaced by units from Project 633 . Egypt operated the largest submarine fleet in any Arab country, but never achieved any notable military successes with it in the wars against Israel . The Egyptian Navy exchanged the identifiers of their submarines at least once, so that a clear assignment is hardly possible. In 1981, six units of Project 613 with the IDs 415, 418, 421, 432, 455 and 477 were in service. In 1988 there were three units with the IDs 810, 816 and 819, the first two of which were still in service until at least 1990.
Identifier | Surname | Formerly | Commissioning | unit | Decommissioning | Whereabouts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
? | S1 | ex С-175 | June 1957 | August 1966 | back to the Soviet Union ?, scrapped? | |
? | S3 | ex С-180 | April 1958 | 1978? | scrapped? | |
? | S2 | ex С-182 | June 1957 | July 1966 | back to the Soviet Union ?, scrapped? | |
? | S5 | ex С-184 | April 1958 | August 1967 | back to the Soviet Union ?, scrapped? | |
? | S4 | ex С-193 | April 1958 | 1982? | scrapped? | |
? | S7 | ex С-226 | December 1965 | 1985? | scrapped? | |
? | S8 | ex С-227 | December 1965 | 1988? | scrapped? | |
? | S6 | ex С-228 | January 1962 | 1982? | scrapped? | |
415 | ? | ex С-280 | February 1972 | 1995? | scrapped? | |
418 | ? | ex С-380 | 1971 | 1995 | scrapped? |
- Albanian Navy
The Soviet Navy operated the Pashaliman naval base near Vlora in Albania since 1955 as the only Soviet naval base in the Mediterranean . The opportunity arose because Albania was a founding member of the Warsaw Treaty . The Soviets stationed several submarines there and on the offshore island of Sazan . Some of these boats were driven by Albanian crews.
When the rift between Albania and the Soviet Union broke out in 1960, Albania took possession of four Project 613 submarines. Help with the maintenance of the boats came initially from the People's Republic of China . When this finally failed to materialize, some of the boats were decommissioned to serve as spare parts donors for the other boats. The Albanian Navy changed the tactical IDs of the boats several times, possibly to deceive the actual condition.
After the end of the Cold War, the four boats lay rusting in front of them for years in the Pashaliman naval base near Orikum . Three were eventually scrapped. One is supposed to be kept as a museum, but is in poor condition.
Identifier | Surname | Formerly | Commissioning | unit | Decommissioning | Whereabouts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
331 (1990), ex 510 |
? | ex С-241 | May 1961 | 1976 | scrapped? | |
442 (1993), ex 523 (1990), ex 512 |
? | ex С-242 | May 1961 | 1991 | scrapped? | |
423 (1993), ex 516 |
? | ex С-358 | May 1961 | 1995 | scrapped? | |
022 (1995), ex 422 (1993), ex 552 (1990), ex 514 |
Qemel | ex С-360 | May 1961 | 1995 | scrapped? |
- Bulgarian Navy
The Bulgarian Navy received two used Project 613 units from the Soviet Union. These were later replaced by two Project 633 units.
Identifier | Surname | Formerly | Commissioning | unit | Decommissioning | Whereabouts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
С-11 | Slava | ex С-244 | September 12, 1958 | 1971 | scrapped? | |
С-12 | Pobeda | ex С-245 | September 12, 1958 | August 1972 | scrapped? |
- Navy of the People's Liberation Army
The Navy of the Chinese People's Liberation Army received all construction plans for Project 613 from the Soviet Union in 1954. The People's Republic of China built a total of 21 Project 613 submarines between 1956 and 1964 with the help of the two shipyards in Jiangnan (13 units) and Wuchang (8 units). Material packages for the first five boats were delivered by the Soviet Union and the rest were then built completely independently by China. This made the People's Republic of China the largest user of submarines in Project 613 and at the same time the only country that produced this class of submarine under license. The first units seem to have got the anti-aircraft gun in front of the tower. In China, the name type 03 was used for the 613 project . The individual boats were designated with 长城 + number (Chang Cheng means Great Wall ). The Type 03 submarine was later completely replaced by Project 633 units , known in China as the Type 033 .
Identifier | Surname | Shipyard | Keel laying | Launch | Commissioning | unit | Decommissioning | Whereabouts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
119 | Great wall 119 | Jiangnan | April 1955 | March 1956 | October 1957 | ? | 1981 | scrapped? |
120 | Great Wall 120 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | 1981 | scrapped? |
122 | Great Wall 122 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | 1981 | scrapped? |
123 | Great Wall 123 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | 1981 | scrapped? |
127 | Great Wall 127 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | 1981 | scrapped? |
129 | Great Wall 129 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
131 | Great Wall 131 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
201 | Great Wall 201 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
202 | Great Wall 202 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
203 | Great Wall 203 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
204 | Great Wall 204 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
205 | Great Wall 205 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
206 | Great Wall 206 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
207 | Great Wall 207 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
221 | Great Wall 221 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
241 | Great Wall 241 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
243 | Great Wall 243 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
244 | Great Wall 244 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
265 | Great Wall 265 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
266 | Great Wall 266 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
267 | Great Wall 267 | Jiangnan / Wuchang? | ? | ? | 1957–1964? | ? | early 1990s | scrapped? |
- Indonesian Navy
In the late 1950s to early 1960s, the Indonesian Navy took over a total of twelve used submarines from Project 613, along with a submarine tender and two torpedo fishing boats from the Soviet Union . The KRI Tjakra or Cakra (401) was put into service on September 12, 1959 as the first unit. After the arrival of the rest of the boats, the Indonesian Navy operated the largest submarine squadron in the Asia-Pacific region - with the exception of the powers involved in the Cold War (Soviet Union, China and the USA).
The boats had, at least in their early years of service, a 25 mm twin anti-aircraft gun directly in front of the tower. From 1965 onwards, relations with the Soviet Union deteriorated due to measures taken against the Communist Party of Indonesia to such an extent that more and more units had to be decommissioned due to a lack of spare parts in order to keep the rest of them operational. Based on fleet pocket books it can be seen that mostly only two to three units were in service at the same time. As the last unit of the class in the Indonesian Navy, the KRI Pasopati (410) was decommissioned on January 25, 1990. This boat is preserved as a museum in Surabaya . The submarines of Project 613 were supplemented or replaced in the Indonesian Navy from 1977 by modern units of the German submarine class 209 . Both the names and the IDs of Project 613 were reused in the same combination, which can lead to confusion.
Identifier | Surname | Formerly | Commissioning | unit | Decommissioning | Whereabouts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
511, ex 401, ex S-01 |
KRI Tjakra | ex С-79 | September 12, 1959 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | 1972 | scrapped? |
402, ex S-02 | KRI Nanggala | ex С-91 | September 12, 1959 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | 1972 | scrapped? |
403 | KRI Nagabanda | ex С-218 | March 1962 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | 1976 | scrapped? |
404 | KRI Trisula | ex С-235 | December 1962 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | 1974 | scrapped? |
405 | KRI Nagarangsang | ex С-219 | March 1962 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | 1974 | scrapped? |
406 | KRI Tjandrasa | ex С-391 | December 1962 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | 1974 | scrapped? |
512, ex 407 |
KRI Alugoro | ex С-225 | March 1962 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | 1974 | scrapped? |
408 | KRI Tjundamani | ex С-292 | November 1962 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | 1974 | scrapped? |
409 | KRI Wijajadanu | ex С-239 | December 1962 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | 1974 | scrapped? |
410 | KRI Pasopati | ex С-290 | December 15, 1962 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | January 25, 1990 | since 1994 museum in Surabaya |
411 | KRI Hendradjala | ex С-223 | March 1962 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | 1974 | scrapped? |
412 | KRI Bramastra | ex С-236 | December 1962 | Eastern Fleet in Surabaya | 1981 | scrapped? |
- Korean People's Navy
The (north) Korean People's Navy received a total of four used submarines from Project 613 from the Soviet Union between 1963 and 1966. The names of the units were not known. The operational readiness of the boats must be regarded as no longer given at least since May 2003. It is possible that the boats were taken out of service earlier. The units of project 613 were later supplemented or replaced by further units of project 633 .
Identifier | Surname | Formerly | Commissioning | unit | Decommissioning | Whereabouts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
? | ex С-75 | March 1963 | May 2003 | Hulk, scrapped? | ||
? | ex С-90 | March 1963 | May 2003 | Hulk, scrapped? | ||
? | ex С-325 | June 1966 | May 2003 | Hulk, scrapped? | ||
? | ex С-326 | June 1966 | May 2003 | Hulk, scrapped? |
- Polish Navy
The Polish Navy received four used units of Project 613 from the Soviet Union and operated them between 1962 and 1988. The boats were given traditional names by the Polish Navy, which had already been worn by Polish submarines. Overall, the units from Project 613 were referred to as the Orzeł class . After their decommissioning, all four boats were scrapped. The names and identifications of the boats were partially reused in a different combination for the boats of the submarine class 207 .
Identifier | Surname | Formerly | Commissioning | unit | Decommissioning | Whereabouts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
292, ex 317 | Orzeł | ex С-265 | November 29, 1962 | December 31, 1983 | Scrapped in 1986 | |
293 | Sokół | ex С-278 | 1964 | December 1987 | scrapped | |
294 | condor | ex С-279 | June 10, 1965 | October 1985 | scrapped | |
295 | Bielik | ex С-355 | July 1, 1965 | September 1988 | scrapped? |
- Syrian Navy
The Syrian Navy received three used units of Project 613 from the Soviet Union .
Identifier | Surname | Formerly | Commissioning | unit | Decommissioning | Whereabouts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
? | ex С-167 | scrapped? | ||||
? | ex С-171 | scrapped? | ||||
? | ex С-183 | scrapped? |
photos
literature
- А. Б. Широкорад : Советские подводные лодки послевоенной постройки. (AB Shirokorad: Soviet Post-War Submarines. ) Moscow 1997, ISBN 5-85139-019-0 (Russian)
Web links
- Pictures of S-359 ( Memento from October 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.atrinaflot.narod.ru/1_submarines/04_dpl_613/0_613_1.htm ( Memento from January 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) atrinaflot, Проект 613, Russian, accessed on November 17, 2008
- ↑ Milton Leitenburg: The Case of the Stranded Sub (= Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ). March 1982, p. 10–13 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ^ Whiskey On The Rocks. In: compunews.com. 1999, accessed January 30, 2015 .
- ↑ Georg Klietz: 1981: Pupsende herring and whiskey on the rocks in Swedish. Soviet submarine ran aground off Karlskrona. In: Nürnberger Nachrichten. nordbayern.de, October 22, 2011, archived from the original on November 23, 2013 ; accessed on January 30, 2015 .
- ^ Mikael Holmstrom: Radioaktiv katastrof var nara. In: Svenska Dagbladet . October 26, 2006, accessed February 26, 2019 . .
- ↑ Hamburger Abendblatt, January 26, 1982
- ^ One more museum: 1st private submarine museum of Russia. Retrieved January 30, 2011 .
- ↑ EGYPTIAN NAVY (EGYPT) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 .
- ↑ ALBANIAN NAVY (ALBANIA) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 .
- ↑ BULGARIAN NAVY (BULGARIA) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 .
- ↑ PEOPLE`S LIBERATION ARMY NAVY (PEOPLE`S REPUBLIC OF CHINA) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 .
- ^ The History of the Indonesian Submarine Squadron. 2013, archived from the original on October 19, 2016 ; accessed on October 19, 2016 (English).
- ↑ INDONESIAN NAVY (INDONESIA) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 .
- ↑ KRI Pasopati 410 (Whiskey Class Submarine). In: Don Busack. Retrieved October 19, 2016 .
- ^ The History of the Indonesian Submarine Squadron. 2013, archived from the original on October 19, 2016 ; accessed on October 19, 2016 (English).
- ↑ KRI Pasopati 410 (Whiskey Class Submarine). In: Don Busack. Retrieved October 19, 2016 .
- ↑ KOREAN PEOPLE'S ARMY NAVAL FORCE (NORTH KOREA) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 .
- ↑ POLISH NAVY (POLAND) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 .