Project 613

Project 613

S-189 as a museum ship

Ship data country  Soviet Union Shipyard Shipyard 112, Gorki (113) Shipyard 196, Leningrad (17) Shipyard 199, Komsomolsk  (7) Shipyard 444, Mykolaiv (78) Construction period 1949 to 1958 Decommissioning 1980s to 1990s Units built 215

Ship dimensions and crew length 76 m ( Lüa ) width 6.3 m Draft Max. 4.55 m displacement surfaced: 1,050 t submerged: 1,347 t   crew 52 men

Machine system machine 2 × Type 37D diesel engines 2000  HP 2 × PG-101 electric motors 1350 HP 2 × PG-103 electric motors 50 HP propeller 2

Mission data submarine Diving depth, normal 170 m Immersion depth, max. 200 m Top speed submerged 13.1 kn (24 km / h) Top speed surfaced 18.25 kn (34 km / h)

Armament 4 × torpedo tube (bow) ø 533 mm 2 × torpedo tube (stern) ø 533 mm 1 × deck gun 57 mm SM-24-ZIF 1 × 25 mm 2M-8 Ammunition: 12 torpedoes Sensors Active sonar Tamir-5 passive sonar Feniks Nakat ESM system NEL-3 echo sounder

Project 613 was a class of conventionally powered submarines of the Soviet Union . The NATO designation was whiskey grade . With a total of 215 boats built, it is the most extensive class of submarines in the Soviet Union.

Development history of project 613

In the area of ​​the sonar, below the hull, titanium was used as the hull of the ship

Diesel engines in the engine room

Development began on August 15, 1948 under the direction of JJ Yevgrafov, who was replaced by SA Djeribin in 1950. The boat was designed as a double hull design and internally divided into seven departments.

After a re-evaluation of the project in the 1990s, it is now assumed that the units of Project 613 made mine-laying by torpedo tube “acceptable” in the Soviet Navy. This ability contributed to the fact that special submarine designs, which should only have mine-laying capabilities - namely the projects 632 and 648 - were discarded during development.

In 1944, the first Soviet tube-lockable mine, PLT-3, was completed but never launched. It was supposed to be ejected from a pneumatic torpedo tube developed in the 1940s for the abandoned Projects 97 and 608. The successor to the PLT-3, the AMD-1000 series, also included the first Soviet ground mines of the post-war period.

Project 613 was based on a design developed during the war, which was intended to replace the old units of classes S ( Stalinez ) and Shch ( Shchuka ). After the end of World War II, the Soviet armed forces fell into the hands of a number of German XXI war submarines . The experience gained in this way has now flowed into the further development of project draft 613.

Compared to the old pre-war units of the Soviet Navy, draft 613 included the following improvements:

• Radar system flag,
• Sonar systems Tamir-5L and Mars-24KIG in a new arrangement at the bow,
• increased diving time compared to the S-Class (200 instead of 72 hours),
• improved air treatment and filtering,
• two electric machines per shaft; one for marching and one for crawling , which were switched to the shaft by V-belt,
• the marine diesel engines were mounted to be noise-suppressed.

variants

Starboard view of a Project 613 boat

A 613W boat alongside the British frigate Rothesay , 1987

Some units have been upgraded to type W (new sonar and increased sea endurance), type T (increased diving depth), type S (rescue submarine for the marine emergency rescue service) or type RW (test platform for new torpedoes).

In 1957, S-146 was equipped with a P-5 missile in Gorky . This boat was known in the west as the Whiskey Single Cylinder . In 1962 tests were carried out with him to “determine the effects of underwater explosions”.

S-144 tested the T-5 torpedo with a nuclear warhead off Novaya Zemlya .

Project 613AD / RW / TS

Project 613AD was a test platform for the Amethyst missile that could be fired submerged. S-65 was converted into a test platform for the R-21 ballistic missile (D-4 or SS-N-5) (project 613D-4). Several tests of the S-229's R-11 missile were conducted between 1957 and 1958 (Project 613RW). S-72 was equipped with two amethyst missiles (Project 613AD). S-384 tested new batteries (Project 613TS)

Project 640

These boats were supposed to act as floating radar stations. Under the leadership of J. J. Jewgrafow, the Type 613 was further developed into the Type 640 ( Whiskey Canvas Bag ). From 1961 the boats S-62 , S-73 , S-149 and S-151 were rebuilt.

• Displacement: 1,062 t
• Dimensions: 76 × 6.3 × 5.1 m
• Torpedo tubes: 4
• Kasatka radar
• Sea state stabilization up to sea state 7

Project 644

A further development of the Type 613 was the Type 644. This was called the Whiskey Twin Cylinder by NATO and developed by the ZKB-18. These units had two cruise missile launchers . The following units were converted from 1959: S-44 , S-46 , S-69 , S-80 , S-158 and S-162 . S-80 sank on January 27, 1961 and was lifted on July 27, 1969. S-162 carried out launch tests with the P-5D missile as a test boat of the type 644D. Between 1962 and 1964, the S-158 was converted to the standard type 644-7 and tests were carried out with the P-7 rocket.

Project 665

Project 665 ( Whiskey Long Bin ) was provided with four starting containers by ZKB-112 under the direction of Leontjew. Between 1958 and 1962 the following boats were converted: S-61 , S-64 , S-142 , S-152 , S-155 and S-164 .

• Displacement: 1,490 t
• Dimensions: 85 × 6.7 m
• Speed ​​(surfaced / submerged): 14.5 kn / 11 kn
• Torpedo tubes: 4 in the bow
• new navigation system Sewer-N665

Project 666

S-63 was converted to carry divers (Project 666). S-296 (KATRAN project) received an external air-independent drive (electrochemical generator with separate fuel tanks). S-148 became a reconnaissance boat (NES) named Severyanka (December 14, 1958).

The stranding of S-363

An international scandal occurred in 1981 when the Soviet submarine S-363 (С-363) , which was allegedly armed with nuclear torpedoes , ran into an archipelago on the night of October 27-28 in a restricted military area in front of the Swedish naval port of Karlskrona . The incident is often referred to as "whiskey on the rocks". However, the crew gave the boat to the Swedes as S-137 (also referred to in the press as W137). The Soviet leadership denied an espionage operation against the neutral Sweden and gave a navigation error as the cause. The failure of electronic navigational instruments was also reported by the 35-year-old commander Anatoly Mikhailovich Gushchin. In 2006, Vasily Besedin, then a political officer on board the boat, declared that it had a double navigation system. A calculation error by the inexperienced navigation officer caused the ship to run aground. On November 7, 1981, the Swedes released the submarine again. The commander was after returning at the naval base Baltijsk relieved of his command and charged before a military court. According to the British Sunday newspaper Observer , he is said to have received a two to three year sentence in a labor camp.

Units and whereabouts

- Soviet Navy

As the developer of the submarines from Project 613, the Navy of the Soviet Union was also the largest user with a total of 215 units produced.

However, the boats did not stay in Soviet service for very long. This was followed by a relatively quick replacement by more modern types. As a result, a large number of foreign navies in the Soviet sphere of influence was sold or given up. The names of the Soviet boats were S-xx ( Cyrillic : С-xx).

Surname	Shipyard	Keel laying	Launch	Commissioning	unit	Decommissioning	Whereabouts
S-43	Krasnoye Sormowo, in Gorky	June 27, 1950	December 31, 1950	December 29, 1952	?	?	Conversion to project 613S by ZBK-112, ascent rescue chamber, scrapped?
S-44	Krasnoye Sormowo, in Gorky	October 21, 1950	May 19, 1951	December 31, 1952	?	?	Conversion to Project 644 armed with two cruise missiles from the P-5 missile complex, scrapped?
S-45	Krasnoye Sormowo, in Gorky	December 30, 1950	June 16, 1951	December 31, 1952	?	?	sunk for test purposes (test series from 1958 to 1960)
S-46	Krasnoye Sormowo, in Gorky	March 27, 1951	August 9, 1951	December 30, 1952	?	?	Conversion to Project 644, armed with two cruise missiles from the P-5 missile complex, scrapped?
S-61	Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev	April 11, 1950	July 22, 1950	May 24, 1952	?	?	Conversion to Project 665 by ZBK-112, armed with four cruise missiles from the P-5 missile complex, scrapped?
S-62	Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev	July 22, 1950	17th September 1950	November 18, 1952	?	?	Conversion to project 640, scrapped?
S-63	Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev	September 18, 1950	5th November 1950	November 6, 1952	?	?	Conversion to rescue submarine carrier Pr. 666 by ZBK-112, scrapped?
S-64	Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev	November 15, 1950	February 7, 1951	4th November 1952	?	?	Conversion to Project 665 by ZBK-112, armed with four cruise missiles from the P-5 missile complex, scrapped?
S-65	Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev	February 10, 1951	April 28, 1951	December 30, 1952	?	?	Conversion to project 613V ZBB-112 to test carrier for rocket torpedoes with two 650 mm torpedo tubes, scrapped?
S-66	Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev	May 15, 1951	November 6, 1951	January 3, 1953	?	?	Conversion to project 613W ZBB-112, scrapped?
S-67	Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev	November 19, 1951	April 3, 1952	7th February 1953	?	?	Conversion to project 613W ZBB-112, scrapped?
S-68	Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev	December 15, 1951	November 1, 1952	April 20, 1953	?	?	scrapped?
S-69	Shipyard No. 444, in Nikolaev	January 15, 1952	November 16, 1952	April 10, 1953	?	?	scrapped?

S-359 sold to Denmark (museum ship; scrapped 2011). S-73 retired in 1978. S-178 sunk after collision (October 21, 1981). S-80 sunk in 1961. After its recovery and repair, the S-189 lies as a museum ship in St. Petersburg .

- Egyptian Navy

The Egyptian Navy received several used Project 613 units from the Soviet Union between 1957 and 1972 . These submarines were later supplemented or replaced by units from Project 633 . Egypt operated the largest submarine fleet in any Arab country, but never achieved any notable military successes with it in the wars against Israel . The Egyptian Navy exchanged the identifiers of their submarines at least once, so that a clear assignment is hardly possible. In 1981, six units of Project 613 with the IDs 415, 418, 421, 432, 455 and 477 were in service. In 1988 there were three units with the IDs 810, 816 and 819, the first two of which were still in service until at least 1990.

Identifier	Surname	Formerly	Commissioning	unit	Decommissioning	Whereabouts
?	S1	ex С-175	June 1957		August 1966	back to the Soviet Union ?, scrapped?
?	S3	ex С-180	April 1958		1978?	scrapped?
?	S2	ex С-182	June 1957		July 1966	back to the Soviet Union ?, scrapped?
?	S5	ex С-184	April 1958		August 1967	back to the Soviet Union ?, scrapped?
?	S4	ex С-193	April 1958		1982?	scrapped?
?	S7	ex С-226	December 1965		1985?	scrapped?
?	S8	ex С-227	December 1965		1988?	scrapped?
?	S6	ex С-228	January 1962		1982?	scrapped?
415	?	ex С-280	February 1972		1995?	scrapped?
418	?	ex С-380	1971		1995	scrapped?

- Albanian Navy

US Rear Admiral Gerard P. Hueber (left with K.Adm. Kudret Cela, Commander of the Albanian Navy ) with a rusting former Albanian Project 613 submarine in the background

The Soviet Navy operated the Pashaliman naval base near Vlora in Albania since 1955 as the only Soviet naval base in the Mediterranean . The opportunity arose because Albania was a founding member of the Warsaw Treaty . The Soviets stationed several submarines there and on the offshore island of Sazan . Some of these boats were driven by Albanian crews.

When the rift between Albania and the Soviet Union broke out in 1960, Albania took possession of four Project 613 submarines. Help with the maintenance of the boats came initially from the People's Republic of China . When this finally failed to materialize, some of the boats were decommissioned to serve as spare parts donors for the other boats. The Albanian Navy changed the tactical IDs of the boats several times, possibly to deceive the actual condition.

After the end of the Cold War, the four boats lay rusting in front of them for years in the Pashaliman naval base near Orikum . Three were eventually scrapped. One is supposed to be kept as a museum, but is in poor condition.

Identifier	Surname	Formerly	Commissioning	unit	Decommissioning	Whereabouts
331 (1990), ex 510	?	ex С-241	May 1961		1976	scrapped?
442 (1993), ex 523 (1990), ex 512	?	ex С-242	May 1961		1991	scrapped?
423 (1993), ex 516	?	ex С-358	May 1961		1995	scrapped?
022 (1995), ex 422 (1993), ex 552 (1990), ex 514	Qemel	ex С-360	May 1961		1995	scrapped?

- Bulgarian Navy

The Bulgarian Navy received two used Project 613 units from the Soviet Union. These were later replaced by two Project 633 units.

Identifier	Surname	Formerly	Commissioning	unit	Decommissioning	Whereabouts
С-11	Slava	ex С-244	September 12, 1958		1971	scrapped?
С-12	Pobeda	ex С-245	September 12, 1958		August 1972	scrapped?

- Navy of the People's Liberation Army

The Navy of the Chinese People's Liberation Army received all construction plans for Project 613 from the Soviet Union in 1954. The People's Republic of China built a total of 21 Project 613 submarines between 1956 and 1964 with the help of the two shipyards in Jiangnan (13 units) and Wuchang (8 units). Material packages for the first five boats were delivered by the Soviet Union and the rest were then built completely independently by China. This made the People's Republic of China the largest user of submarines in Project 613 and at the same time the only country that produced this class of submarine under license. The first units seem to have got the anti-aircraft gun in front of the tower. In China, the name type 03 was used for the 613 project . The individual boats were designated with 长城 + number (Chang Cheng means Great Wall ). The Type 03 submarine was later completely replaced by Project 633 units , known in China as the Type 033 .

Identifier	Surname	Shipyard	Keel laying	Launch	Commissioning	unit	Decommissioning	Whereabouts
119	Great wall 119	Jiangnan	April 1955	March 1956	October 1957	?	1981	scrapped?
120	Great Wall 120	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	1981	scrapped?
122	Great Wall 122	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	1981	scrapped?
123	Great Wall 123	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	1981	scrapped?
127	Great Wall 127	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	1981	scrapped?
129	Great Wall 129	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
131	Great Wall 131	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
201	Great Wall 201	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
202	Great Wall 202	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
203	Great Wall 203	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
204	Great Wall 204	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
205	Great Wall 205	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
206	Great Wall 206	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
207	Great Wall 207	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
221	Great Wall 221	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
241	Great Wall 241	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
243	Great Wall 243	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
244	Great Wall 244	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
265	Great Wall 265	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
266	Great Wall 266	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?
267	Great Wall 267	Jiangnan / Wuchang?	?	?	1957–1964?	?	early 1990s	scrapped?

- Indonesian Navy

KRI Nanggala (402) taking over the torpedo

KRI Pasopati (410) as a museum in Surabaya

In the late 1950s to early 1960s, the Indonesian Navy took over a total of twelve used submarines from Project 613, along with a submarine tender and two torpedo fishing boats from the Soviet Union . The KRI Tjakra or Cakra (401) was put into service on September 12, 1959 as the first unit. After the arrival of the rest of the boats, the Indonesian Navy operated the largest submarine squadron in the Asia-Pacific region - with the exception of the powers involved in the Cold War (Soviet Union, China and the USA).

The boats had, at least in their early years of service, a 25 mm twin anti-aircraft gun directly in front of the tower. From 1965 onwards, relations with the Soviet Union deteriorated due to measures taken against the Communist Party of Indonesia to such an extent that more and more units had to be decommissioned due to a lack of spare parts in order to keep the rest of them operational. Based on fleet pocket books it can be seen that mostly only two to three units were in service at the same time. As the last unit of the class in the Indonesian Navy, the KRI Pasopati (410) was decommissioned on January 25, 1990. This boat is preserved as a museum in Surabaya . The submarines of Project 613 were supplemented or replaced in the Indonesian Navy from 1977 by modern units of the German submarine class 209 . Both the names and the IDs of Project 613 were reused in the same combination, which can lead to confusion.

Identifier	Surname	Formerly	Commissioning	unit	Decommissioning	Whereabouts
511, ex 401, ex S-01	KRI Tjakra	ex С-79	September 12, 1959	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	1972	scrapped?
402, ex S-02	KRI Nanggala	ex С-91	September 12, 1959	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	1972	scrapped?
403	KRI Nagabanda	ex С-218	March 1962	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	1976	scrapped?
404	KRI Trisula	ex С-235	December 1962	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	1974	scrapped?
405	KRI  Nagarangsang	ex С-219	March 1962	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	1974	scrapped?
406	KRI Tjandrasa	ex С-391	December 1962	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	1974	scrapped?
512, ex 407	KRI Alugoro	ex С-225	March 1962	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	1974	scrapped?
408	KRI Tjundamani	ex С-292	November 1962	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	1974	scrapped?
409	KRI Wijajadanu	ex С-239	December 1962	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	1974	scrapped?
410	KRI Pasopati	ex С-290	December 15, 1962	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	January 25, 1990	since 1994 museum in Surabaya
411	KRI Hendradjala	ex С-223	March 1962	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	1974	scrapped?
412	KRI Bramastra	ex С-236	December 1962	Eastern Fleet in Surabaya	1981	scrapped?

- Korean People's Navy

The (north) Korean People's Navy received a total of four used submarines from Project 613 from the Soviet Union between 1963 and 1966. The names of the units were not known. The operational readiness of the boats must be regarded as no longer given at least since May 2003. It is possible that the boats were taken out of service earlier. The units of project 613 were later supplemented or replaced by further units of project 633 .

Identifier	Surname	Formerly	Commissioning	unit	Decommissioning	Whereabouts
	?	ex С-75	March 1963		May 2003	Hulk, scrapped?
	?	ex С-90	March 1963		May 2003	Hulk, scrapped?
	?	ex С-325	June 1966		May 2003	Hulk, scrapped?
	?	ex С-326	June 1966		May 2003	Hulk, scrapped?

- Polish Navy

The Polish Navy received four used units of Project 613 from the Soviet Union and operated them between 1962 and 1988. The boats were given traditional names by the Polish Navy, which had already been worn by Polish submarines. Overall, the units from Project 613 were referred to as the Orzeł class . After their decommissioning, all four boats were scrapped. The names and identifications of the boats were partially reused in a different combination for the boats of the submarine class 207 .

Identifier	Surname	Formerly	Commissioning	unit	Decommissioning	Whereabouts
292, ex 317	Orzeł	ex С-265	November 29, 1962		December 31, 1983	Scrapped in 1986
293	Sokół	ex С-278	1964		December 1987	scrapped
294	condor	ex С-279	June 10, 1965		October 1985	scrapped
295	Bielik	ex С-355	July 1, 1965		September 1988	scrapped?

- Syrian Navy

The Syrian Navy received three used units of Project 613 from the Soviet Union .

Identifier	Surname	Formerly	Commissioning	unit	Decommissioning	Whereabouts
	?	ex С-167				scrapped?
	?	ex С-171				scrapped?
	?	ex С-183				scrapped?

photos

• 

  S-189 in St. Petersburg

• 

  Type 644, 1973

• 

  S-359 in Nakskov, Denmark

• 

  KRI Nanggala (402) in the dock

• 

  Tower of an Indonesian submarine from Project 613

• 

  Bow of KRI Nangalla (402) with clearly visible emergency exit hatch

• 

  Stern of the KRI Nanggala (402) as seen from the tower

• 

  Indonesian sailors aboard the KRI Nanggala

• 

  Unidentified Indonesian submarine from Project 613

• 

  Indonesian museum submarine KRI Pasopati (410) in Surabaya

• 

  Bow torpedo room of KRI Pasopati (410)

• 

  KRI Pasopati crew bunks (410)

• 

  Periscope center of the museum submarine KRI Pasopati (410)

• 

  Tower of the KRI Pasopati (410) with periscopes and other telescopic devices

• 

  Control station of the KRI Pasopati (410)

• 

  Machine control station of KRI Pasopati (410)

• 

  Diesel engine of the KRI Pasopati (410)

• 

  Creep motor of the KRI Pasopati (410)

• 

  Rear torpedo room of KRI Pasopati (410)

• 

  Rear of the KRI Pasopati (410), note the mouth flaps of the stern torpedo tubes

• 

  Museum submarine KRI Pasopati (410)

literature

• А. Б. Широкорад : Советские подводные лодки послевоенной постройки. (AB Shirokorad: Soviet Post-War Submarines. ) Moscow 1997, ISBN 5-85139-019-0 (Russian)

Web links

Commons : Project 613  - Collection of Images

• Pictures of S-359 ( Memento from October 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive )

Individual evidence

1. ↑ http://www.atrinaflot.narod.ru/1_submarines/04_dpl_613/0_613_1.htm ( Memento from January 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) atrinaflot, Проект 613, Russian, accessed on November 17, 2008
2. ↑ Milton Leitenburg: The Case of the Stranded Sub (=  Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ). March 1982, p. 10–13 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
3. ^ Whiskey On The Rocks. In: compunews.com. 1999, accessed January 30, 2015 . 
4. ↑ Georg Klietz: 1981: Pupsende herring and whiskey on the rocks in Swedish. Soviet submarine ran aground off Karlskrona. In: Nürnberger Nachrichten. nordbayern.de, October 22, 2011, archived from the original on November 23, 2013 ; accessed on January 30, 2015 . 
5. ^ Mikael Holmstrom: Radioaktiv katastrof var nara. In: Svenska Dagbladet . October 26, 2006, accessed February 26, 2019 .  .
6. ↑ Hamburger Abendblatt, January 26, 1982
7. ^ One more museum: 1st private submarine museum of Russia. Retrieved January 30, 2011 . 
8. ↑ EGYPTIAN NAVY (EGYPT) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 . 
9. ↑ ALBANIAN NAVY (ALBANIA) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 . 
10. ↑ BULGARIAN NAVY (BULGARIA) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 . 
11. ↑ PEOPLE`S LIBERATION ARMY NAVY (PEOPLE`S REPUBLIC OF CHINA) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 . 
12. ^ The History of the Indonesian Submarine Squadron. 2013, archived from the original on October 19, 2016 ; accessed on October 19, 2016 (English). 
13. ↑ INDONESIAN NAVY (INDONESIA) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 . 
14. ↑ KRI Pasopati 410 (Whiskey Class Submarine). In: Don Busack. Retrieved October 19, 2016 . 
15. ^ The History of the Indonesian Submarine Squadron. 2013, archived from the original on October 19, 2016 ; accessed on October 19, 2016 (English). 
16. ↑ KRI Pasopati 410 (Whiskey Class Submarine). In: Don Busack. Retrieved October 19, 2016 . 
17. ↑ KOREAN PEOPLE'S ARMY NAVAL FORCE (NORTH KOREA) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 . 
18. ↑ POLISH NAVY (POLAND) - Submarines. In: Ivan Gogin. 2016, accessed on October 21, 2016 .