Citric root

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Citric root
Lemon root (Curcuma zedoaria), illustration

Lemon root ( Curcuma zedoaria ), illustration

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Gingery (Zingiberales)
Family : Ginger family (Zingiberaceae)
Genre : Turmeric
Type : Citric root
Scientific name
Curcuma zedoaria
( Christm. ) Roscoe

The citrus root , citrus or white curcuma ( Curcuma zedoaria ) is a species of the genus Curcuma in the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). The saffron root from India is mainly used as a medicinal plant in East Asia .

description

The lemon root is a perennial herbaceous plant . The fragrant plant forms leaf shoots above ground that can reach heights of up to 1 meter. Underground, large and multiply branched rhizomes are formed as survival organs. The edible rhizome ("root stock") is white inside and smells similar to ginger or mango ; it has a very bitter aftertaste.

The inflorescence bears red and green bracts and yellow flowers .

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 66.

Lemon root ( Curcuma zedoaria )

distribution

The homeland of the citrus root is in India ; presumably she originally came from northeastern India. It got its name Zitwer from Portuguese and Latin zedoaria from Persian ( dschedwār ). It grows in humid subtropical to tropical climates. According to R. Govaerts, it originally occurs between Assam and the eastern Himalayas.

use

A drug is extracted from the plant . The drug, "Zedoariae Rhizoma", consists of the dried rhizome roots of the plant. It is very similar to turmeric and is used as a stomach, gall bladder and liver remedy.

To this day, the underground part of the plant is used in China as 莪 莪 / 莪 术(é zhú) and in Japan under the name dem ジ ュ ツ(gajutsu) as a medicine ; In Germany , the citrus root was included as Rhizoma Zedoariae in DAB 6 as a herbal medicinal product in 1926 . A review by the Expert Commission for Herbal Medicines of the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices came to the result in 1988 that a medicinal effect was not scientifically sufficiently justified; it was therefore no longer included as a negative monograph in DAB 10 from 1991 onwards. On the other hand, Curcuma Linn , which is also a vegetable, is . belonging Curcuma longa L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., included in the German Pharmacopoeia since 1930 (Erg.B. 5) and 1978 (DAB 8).

The essential oil is used in perfume and especially in liqueur production. As a spice , lemon root is no longer important today: In India it is occasionally used for pickling spicy pickles (vegetables and fruit) and especially in Indonesia for curry pastes . In Thailand , the young rhizomes are eaten as a very tasty vegetable.

Risk of confusion: The drug known as Zitwerblüte does not come from Curcuma zedoaria , but from worm seeds ( Artemisia cina ), a poisonous Russian mugwort plant. It used to be used in folk medicine as a worming agent (common name: worm seeds). The worm- killing substance santonin is extracted from this drug and used as a worming agent in evidence-based medicine . Due to its toxicity , it should only be used in ready-made preparations or topically. In the Middle Ages the Zitwer "rootstock" was also adulterated with the so-called "German Zitwer" ( Acorus calamus ).

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the Zitwerwurzel: Cedewen, Citawar ( Old High German ), Czitwar ( Middle Low German ), Czyddewar, Czytwar (Middle Low German), Czytwer (Middle Low German), Heydens Sedewer (Middle Low German), Sedewer (Sedelnuer (Sedelnuer) Middle Low German), Seduwer (Middle Low German), Zedewar ( Middle High German ), Zedewen (Middle High German), Zedewer (Middle High German), Zedoarwurzel, Zeduer, Zeitwan (Middle High German), Zeyterwurzel (Middle High German), Zitber (Middle High German), Zistwer ), Zitvarn (Old High German), Zitwar (Old High German), Zittewa (Middle High German), Zitewar (Middle High German), Zitwan (Old High German), Zittwar (Middle High German), Zitingeber (Middle High German), Zydwein (Middle High German), Zydwen (Middle High German) and Zydwyn (Middle High German) ).

history

swell

Historical illustrations

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Curcuma zedoaria at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  2. ↑ Curcuma zedoaria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ↑ Nabil Osman (Ed.): Small lexicon of German words of Arabic origin. 3rd edition Munich 1992, p. 130.
  4. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Curcuma zedoaria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  5. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 122 ( online ).
  6. ↑ Avicenna , 11th century: Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 745: Zedoaria (digitized version ) ; following Volume V: De viribus cordis : Zedoaria (digitized version )
  7. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 374: Zedoar (digitized version )
  8. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, p. 211v: Zeduar (digitized)
  9. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet (No CLXXII): Zedoaria (digitized)
  10. ^ Pseudo-Macer . Edition: Ludwig Choulant. Macer floridus de virtutibus herbarum… Leipzig 1832, chapter 71 (p. 117): Zedoar (digitized version )
  11. ^ German Macer . After: Bernhard Schnell, William Crossgrove: The German Macer. Vulgate version. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2003, p. 376 (Chapter 82). --- Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheet 204v: Cytwan (digital copy ) . Transcription: (.lxxix. Cytwan is well used against the poisoned and the nater stabbed (eaten he stercket the stomach and makes you healthy (Cytwan constantly eaten he spreads bulging and the stomach's old addiction) (fasters ate and the saliva long in the mouth held vnd das gancz slünden dispenses the spülwurcz (Cytwan gessen dispenses the garlic smoke in the mouth
  12. ^ Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Physica , Book I, Chapter 14: Zituar . Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1135 (digitized version ) - Translation: Herbert Reier: Hildegard von Bingen Physica. Translated into German after the text edition by JP Migne, Paris 1882. Kiel 1980, p. 96: Zituar is moderately warm and is very effective. A person whose limbs are trembling should drink it, and whoever is weak, pour Zitwar in wine, add a little less galgan and cook this with a moderate amount of honey in the wine, and drink this "well" so warm, and the trembling becomes leave him and he will regain his strength. If you have a lot of saliva and foam in you, pulverize Zituar, tie the powder in a cloth, put it with the water you have poured into a small container so that the water takes on its taste and let it stand in water for one night, often drink it in the morning on an empty stomach , and saliva and foam will give way. If your head hurts badly, moisten your forehead and temples with the same powder, bound in a cloth and moistened with water, and you will get better. Whose stomach is filled with bad food and very heavy, pulverize zituar and use it to prepare a small cake with a moderate amount of wheat flour and water and cook it in the sun or in a lukewarm oven, put the cake in the powder and often lick the powder in the morning sober, even when he goes to sleep.
  13. ↑ Innsbruck (Prüller) herb book , 12th century .: . Friedrich Wilhelm (Ed.): Monuments of German prose of the 11th and 12th centuries . Munich 1914/16. Department A: Text, pp. 44–45 (digitized version ) ; Department B: Commentary, pp. 112–113 (digitized version )
  14. ^ Konrad von Megenberg , 14th century: Book of nature. Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Aue, Stuttgart 1861, p. 426 (V / 87): Zitwar (digitized version )
  15. ^ Galangal spice treatise 13th / 14th century - Cpg 620 North Bavaria, around 1450, p. 78r (digitized version ) . Transcription: Cytber is warm and hais and fäwcht by nature and when you neusset it so rainigtt it all snot from the prust and trusts speys in the stomach - Cpg 226 Alsace 1456-1469, p. 157r (digitized) . Transcription: from the zÿtwen Zytwen is heyß vnd trucken vnd has the virtue who you eat ysset who subverts you the flegma and the breast / and the person has something indigested in the stomach / the last of the zÿtwan sere wol vnd fast - Cpg 558 North Bavaria around 1470 - 1485, p. 78r (digitized version ) . Transcription: Cittwer is shark and damp and is good for all women for all preaching and sells everything that the may not deceive and sells all ruczikait the prust and the posen taste of the mouth also makes it keuschikait - Cpg 583 Südwestdeutschland, 1453–1483, P. 34r (digitized version ) . Transcription: Zittwar is hiczig vnd trucken darvmb so embarrassed he whale the piece dÿ hiczig vnd trucken his man sal czittwar sober eat the verczert the other meat in the stomach and helps the puff from the vnflat and makes the people whale and vnd the mouth walges zuoicher czittwar eats so sy helps the stomach and helps the here and makes it fresh and off man czittwar drinks that kills the wüerm jm pauch Even who often eats czyttwar is relieved var everything wan sy man worried
  16. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Chapter 433: Zeduaria. Zytwan (digitized version )
  17. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 524: Zeduar (digitized version )
  18. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : Teutsche Speißkammer . Strasbourg 1550, sheet 105v – 106r: Zitwenwurtz (digitized version )
  19. ↑ Garcia da Orta Aromatum et Simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium historia. Ante biennium quidem Lusitanica lingua per Dialogos conscripta, D. Garcia from Horto, Proregis Indie Medico auctore. Nunc vero pri, u, Latina facta, & in Epitomen contracta a Carolo Clusio Atrebate . Christoph Plantini, Antwerp 1567, pp. 180–182: De Zedoaria (digitized version )
  20. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 184r: Zitwar. Zedoaria (digitized version )
  21. ↑ Pierre Pomet  : Histoire générale des drogues, traitant des plantes, des animaux, & des mineraux; ouvrage enrichy de plus de quatre cent figures en taille-douce tirées d'aprés nature; avec un discours qui explique leurs differens noms, les pays d'où elles viennent, la maniere de connoître les veritables d'avec les falsifiées, & leurs proprietez, où l'on découvre l'erreur des anciens & des modern ... par le sieur Pierre Pomet .... Jean-Baptiste Loyson & Augustin Pillon Paris 1694, p. 62: Zerumbeth & Zedoaire (digitized version )
  22. ↑ Nicolas Lémery  : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, pp. 835-836: Zedoaria (digitized version ) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 1220: Zedoaria (digitized version )
  23. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, sheet 1345-1346: Zedoaria (digitized version )
  24. ^ William Cullen : A treatise of the materia medica. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789. Volume II, p. 207: Zedoaria (digitized) . German. Samuel Hahnemann . Schwickert, Leipzig 1790. Volume II, p. 236: Zitwerwurzel (digitized version )
  25. ^ Jean-Louis Alibert : Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Crapart, Paris Volume I 1803, pp. 130–131: Zédoaire (digitized version )
  26. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814 (digitized version ) Volume II 1815, p. 36: Radices Zedoariae (digitized version )
  27. ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voß, Leipzig 1846-48, Volume II 1848. P. 143–144: Curcuma Zedoaria (digitized version )
  28. ^ Theodor Husemann : Handbook of the entire drug theory. Springer, Berlin 2nd ed. 1883, p. 566: Rhizoma Zedoariae (digitized version )
  29. ↑ Köhler's Medicinal Plants , 1887, Volume II, No 181: Zitwer Text (digitized) illustration (digitized)

Web links

Commons : Zitwerwurzel ( Curcuma zedoaria )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files