Dwarf rabbit (species)
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Dwarf rabbit ( Brachylagus idahoensis ) |
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| Brachylagus idahoensis | ||||||||||||
| ( Merriam , 1891) |
The dwarf rabbit ( Brachylagus idahoensis ) is a species of mammal from the rabbit family (Leporidae). It is the smallest species of rabbit in America and closely linked to the genre of cottontail rabbit ( Sylvilagus related), it is sometimes associated. The animals offered in the pet trade under the name " dwarf rabbits " are cultivated forms of the domestic rabbit and are not closely related to the dwarf rabbit.
Dwarf rabbits live in the central western United States in the states of Washington , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nevada, and northern California . Their distribution area largely coincides with the distribution area of the desert mugwort ( Artemisia tridentata ), which is their main source of food, especially in winter, as well as a cover and protection against predators such as coyotes and birds of prey. The mainly crepuscular and nocturnal animals are the only hares in America that dig their own burrows. The dwarf rabbit is generally considered to be harmless, but there have been rapid declines in populations, especially in the Columbia Basin (Washington state) and in other areas, which are regionally threatened with extinction. In Washington in particular, a multi-stage rescue plan with a breeding program for the animals was set up to maintain the population.
features
general characteristics
The dwarf rabbit is the smallest type of rabbit in North America, although the size of the animals differs only little regionally and according to sex. The head-torso length is usually a maximum of around 30 centimeters with a weight of around 400 to 450 grams. According to Green & Flinders 1980, the head-torso length of males from California was 25.2 to 28.5 centimeters with an average of 27.2 centimeters, in females it was 23.0 to 29.5 and an average of 27.3 centimeters long. In Utah , males were measured to be 26.1 to 28.3 centimeters long with an average of 27.8 centimeters and females measured 27.3 to 30.5 centimeters long with an average of 29.1 centimeters. The male weights in Columbia averaged 409 grams and the females weighed 398 grams, in Utah the males weighed an average of 405 grams and the females 436 grams, and in Idaho the males weighed an average of 418 grams and the females averaged 462 grams.
The fur is long and silky in autumn and colored sand-colored to gray on the upper side. After the end of winter it is silver-gray until the next coat change in autumn. The underside is whitish and the legs, throat and neck are cinnamon brown. The hind legs are very short, which is why dwarf rabbits do not have the hopping mode of locomotion known from other hares. The hind feet are very broad and hairy compared to other species. The ears are short, rounded and have thick fur inside and out. The vibrissae are black and white. The tail is also short, unlike cottontail rabbits, the underside of the tail of dwarf rabbits is more sand-colored than white. The females have a total of 10 teats , each paired.
The Dwarf is having its small size, the very short ears and the very short tail which no white spots, and not the gray color with other North American rabbits, as the closely related cottontail rabbit to be confused.
Skull features
| 2 | · | 0 | · | 3 | · | 3 | = 28 |
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The skull has an average basilar length of about 39 millimeters, in the area of the zygomatic arch the skull is 27.3 millimeters wide and in the area of the brain skull 20.2 millimeters. The skulls of the males and the females are largely identical in their dimensions. The skull is therefore smaller than that of other rabbits, the brain skull and the tympanic bladder (bulla tympanica) are relatively large. The snout is short and pointed and the supraorbital processes (processus supraorbitalia) are long compared to the related cottontail rabbits. The anterior palatal windows are wide, the palatal bridge is short and usually has an extension.
The species has two incisors in each half of the upper jaw and three premolars and three molars after a gap ( diastema ) and one incisor, two premolars and three molars in one half of the lower jaw. The animals have a total of 28 teeth. As with other rabbits, the second cutting teeth in the upper jaw like a pin formed ( Duplizidentie ) and behind which a nailing teeth formed first incisors. The surfaces of the molars are relatively small compared to other types.
distribution
Dwarf rabbits live in the central west of the United States in the area of the Great Basin and some surrounding regions, their range is very much in the area of distribution of sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ; "sagebrush"). It extends from southwest of the state of Montana and western Wyoming to southwest Utah and central Washington , where the species occurs in an isolated population. It also stretches from central Nevada to northeast California , northeast Oregon, and southern Idaho . Since the sagebrush occurs only in dry, desert-like areas on sandy to loamy soils, the habitat of the dwarf rabbit is also characterized by these habitats .
Within the distribution area, the individual occurrences are often isolated and selectively linked to regions with occurrences of sagebrush. In Washington, the species historically occurred in large parts of the Columbia Basin, until the sagebrush populations were almost completely eliminated in many areas for the development of agricultural land. The populations of the species are completely separated from other areas of distribution, however, genetic studies and fossil finds have shown that a separation of the population in the Columbia Basin from other populations took place about 10,000 years ago.
Insufficient data is available from neighboring Oregon. Populations of dwarf rabbits were found in Deschutes , Lake , Harney and Malheur Counties . The populations are also fragmented in Idaho, but in some areas, especially in northern and central Idaho such as Lemhi County , Birch Creek , the Big and Little Lost Rivers, and the valleys on the Pahsimeroi River , the populations are stable and the populations are comparatively large. Isolated populations can be found in Owyhee County and the Camas Prairie , among others . A strong isolation barrier is probably the Snake River with its agricultural and urban development, which separates the populations south of the river from the northern ones and only transitions exist in southwestern Montana. In Montana itself, the species occurs almost throughout Germany.
In Wyoming, the dwarf rabbit is particularly common in the mugwort-dominated areas of the Bear and Green Rivers . The species is particularly common in the Fossil Butte National Monument on the Bear River and in the areas south and west of the cities of Pinedale and Boulder on the Green River. Another main area of distribution is the Great Divide Basin with the Jack Morrow Hills and for the area of the Sweetwater River Basin the only evidence so far east of the North American continental divide (Continental Divide) is available. In Utah, the areas with the largest populations are western Box Elder County , northern Rich County , and northwestern Garfield County , where the species is relatively common. In the central area of the Great Basin of Utah, however, the dwarf rabbit no longer occurs today, although it was historically widespread here. In Nevada, the distribution area extends from the extreme north to the northern limit of Nye County and Lincoln County in the south from the eastern border to Vya in the west. The species is common in most of the state's valley regions and is still found in the historically documented distribution areas. In California, the species occurs mainly in Mono County and is distributed there from the Bodie Hills to south of Mono Lake . So far, no dwarf rabbits have been detected in northern California, although they also historically occurred in Modoc County and Lassen Counties.
Way of life
Dwarf rabbits prefer areas densely covered with sagebrush as their habitat. The animals can be active all day long, but are predominantly crepuscular (in the evening and in the morning) and nocturnal and spend the day resting in or near their burrows. With the exception of winter at dawn, they show the highest activity, although the activity can be significantly increased in particularly weather-exposed habitats .
Dwarf rabbits dig several burrows up to one or two meters deep, which usually have four or five and a maximum of about ten exits. Dwarf rabbits are the only American rabbits that actively dig burrows, and this activity differentiates them from cottontail rabbits and other North American rabbit species. The exits are mostly located directly below a bush and usually have a diameter of ten to twelve centimeters. They widen below the surface of the earth where they form chambers. In addition to these self-dug burrows, the animals also use natural caves in rock and abandoned burrows of silver badgers ( Taxidea taxus ) and yellow-bellied marmots ( Marmota flaviventris ). The number of burrows does not necessarily correspond to the number of dwarf rabbits in an area. As a rule, a fully-grown animal lives in the burrows, but during the breeding season, males and females can also inhabit the same burrow and startled animals often flee to several individuals in the same burrow.
The animals create footpaths through the bushes that allow them to move forward quickly and often do not move more than 30 to 100 meters away from their burrow when foraging for food. They cover the furthest distances in spring and summer, with the maximum distance from the building being documented at around 2.5 kilometers. In the event of a disturbance, they can quickly run through the bushes to their buildings. Unlike other rabbits, they don't have a hopping mode of locomotion, but rather a rushing gait.
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Dwarf rabbits can be associated with other rabbit species in their habitats. In Idaho, for example, they often live in the same habitats as the mountain cottontail rabbit ( Sylvilagus nuttallii ), the prairie hare ( Lepus townsendii ) and the donkey hare ( Lepus californicus ). Although the species have no social contact with one another, mountain cottontail rabbits and dwarf rabbits have been found in the same burrows.
nutrition
The main food of the dwarf rabbit is the sagebrush , to which the animals are bound accordingly. In winter, the plant parts of the sagebrush represent up to 99% of the food, while in the summer around 30 to 40% of the food consists of grasses such as panicle grasses ( Poa ) and agropyrone species. The animals' preference for sagebrush is not only due to its availability and the nutrients it contains, as the shrubby Purshia tridentata , for example, is usually available with a similar nutritional value, but makes up a maximum of 2% of the diet.
Reproduction and development
The breeding time of dwarf rabbits varies from region to region. As with other rabbits, the males experience a descent of the testicles and the temporary formation of the complete scrotum before the reproductive period , whereby the timing of testicular development probably depends on the length of the day. In Idaho, testicular descent was observed from mid-December, the scrotum was formed in late January and contained mature sperm by March at the latest , while testicular development in Utah was in January and was completed in March. The reproductive ability of the females is also linked to the length of the day and also to the availability of food. For example, pregnant females of the first reproductive period were found in Utah from late February to late March and in Idaho from late March to late May.
Dwarf rabbits reach sexual maturity in the first year. The females mate with several males ( promiscuity ), whereby the animals of a litter can have different fathers. As with other hares and especially species of the closely related cottontail rabbits, the gestation period is assumed to be 27 to 30 days. The females give birth to four to eight young animals up to three times a year, with the last litter taking place before autumn. The young are born naked and have an average length of about 72 millimeters. The sex ratio of the young is around 1: 1. The speed of growth depends on the time of birth, with animals born earlier being larger than the animals of later litters due to the longer time until winter at the end of the year. Most young animals leave their parents' den after twelve weeks at the latest and then look for or dig a new den within a week. The males settle an average of one kilometer and the females an average of three kilometers away from the parent's den. However, the distance can be up to twelve kilometers, roads and waterways are passed.
The mortality of young animals is highest between birth and the fifth week of life. According to observations, the mortality of the young animals within the first year after leaving the burrow is around 70% in males and almost 90% in females, with most animals dying within the first two months. The young animals do not become sexually mature within the year of their birth, but the surviving animals of all litters are sexually mature in the following year. In adult animals, mortality is very high, especially in winter and early spring, with a maximum of 88% of the total population being assumed.
Predators and parasites
As with other rabbit species and small mammals, dwarf rabbits are also hunted and preyed by numerous predators . Especially weasels (genus Mustela ) penetrate the buildings and prey on the animals living in them. Other generalistic predators that also prey on dwarf rabbits are coyotes ( Canis latrans ), red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), owls and Hudson harriers ( Circus hudsonius ) as well as bobcats ( Lynx rufus ) and badgers . In studies of the mortality of animals equipped with transmitters in southeast Oregon and northwest Nevada it was found that mortality from predators is very high in both adult animals (88.6%) and young animals (89.4%) ; the data correspond to the percentage of captured animals measured against the marked individuals in the study period of one year. The most common predators were coyotes with 19.6%, birds of prey with 18.5% and weasels with 9.8%.
Numerous endo- and ectoparasites have been described as parasites . After Green & Flinders in 1980, the animals are from the nematodes Dermatoxys veligera and Nematodirus types, and the larvae of warble flies of the genus Cuterebra affected. The tick species Dermacentor parumapertus , Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris and Ornithodoros spec. Are ectoparasites . and the fleas Cediopsylla inaequalis , Odontopsyllus dentatus and Orchopeas sexdentatus . In 2007, a hitherto unknown species of animal lice that has only been found on dwarf rabbits was described as Haemodipsis brachylagi . The Eimeria species Eimeria brachylagia , which was first scientifically described in 2005, is also species-specific . A very high rate of infection and mortality from Mycobacterium avium was also found among captive animals bred to repopulate the Columbia Basin in Washington .
Evolution and systematics
Fossil history
The earliest fossils associated with the dwarf rabbit come from the Jaguar Cave in Lemhi County , Idaho, from the transition from the Wisconsin Ice Age to the postglacial period, and are estimated to be between 10,370 ± 350 to 11,580 ± 250 years. It is assumed that the highest population existed more than 7,000 years ago and that this then decreased with the change in climate and vegetation.
Systematics
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Phylogenetic systematics of the rabbits according to Matthee et al. 2004
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The dwarf rabbit is assigned to the hares (Leporidae) as an independent species and monotypical genus Brachylagus . No subspecies are distinguished within the species. The first description of the species was in 1891 by Merriam as Lepus idahoensis in a work published together with Leonhard Steineger entitled "Results of a biological reconnaissance of south-central Idaho" in the series "North American Fauna" by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service appeared. He described the species based on individuals from the Pahsimeroi River in Custer County , Idaho. In 1900 Gerrit Smith Miller described the genus Brachylagus as a subgenus of Lepus and classified the species there. In 1904 it was first described by Marcus Ward Lyon as a separate, monotypical genus with Brachylagus idahoensis as the only species.
Within the rabbits the Zwergkaninchen is closely related to the types of the cottontail rabbit (genus Sylvilagus ) and this was also already assigned. On the basis of molecular biological data, Conrad A. Matthee et al. In 2004 a cladogram was developed that shows the phylogenetic relationships of the hares genera to one another. Accordingly, the dwarf rabbit is actually the sister species of the cottontail rabbit genus and forms a taxon with them . This is compared to a taxon from four monotypical genera with the wild rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ), the bristle rabbit ( Caprolagus hispidus ), the Bushman hare ( Bunolagus monticularis ) and the Ryukyu rabbit ( Pentalagus furnessi ), while the real hare ( Lepus ) is the sister genus of the whole group. An investigation into the kinship of cottontail rabbits, published as early as 1997, confirms that the dwarf rabbit is to be regarded as a sister species of cottontail rabbits.
Naming
The naming of the genus Brachylagus is derived from the composition of the Greek words "brachýs" (βραχύς) for "short" and "lagōs" (λαγός) for "hare". The species name "idahoensis" refers to the location of the type specimen , which comes from Idaho .
Hazard and protection
The animals are classified by the IUCN as not endangered (least concern) due to their large distribution area and numerous populations . Due to their close connection to the stocks of sagebrush, the animals are particularly sensitive to the transformation of their habitat into pastureland and to fire and the associated destruction of vegetation. The populations of the dwarf rabbit accordingly vary greatly within the area of distribution, with fragmentation leading to a reduction in genetic diversity.
In some regions, particularly in Washington's Columbia Basin, stocks have declined dramatically. In the Columbia Basin in particular, only six isolated sub-populations with 10 to 590 active burrows were discovered during an inventory between 1987 and 1990, whereupon the species was classified as endangered in Washington in 1990 and endangered in 1993 and a rescue plan was drafted in 1995 and further developed in the following years has been. Between 1997 and 2001, the number of active subpopulations decreased to a single in the Sagebrush Flat Wildlife Area near Ephrata . For this reason, a breeding program was set up in 2001 on the basis of a founding population of 16 wild-caught animals, in which Washington State University and the Oregon Zoo were primarily involved at the beginning . The matings were planned on the basis of the genetic diversity of the individual animals in order to achieve maximum dispersion. The addition of animals from other regions was initially rejected due to the comparatively large genetic differences, especially of the Columbia population compared to other populations, but after two years four animals from Idaho were introduced into the group. This was largely due to the very low reproductive and survival rates of the Columbia population, which resulted in a reproductive rate of less than one offspring per female, making extinction inevitable. The Idaho females, on the other hand, are significantly more reproductive, with higher numbers of offspring and better survival rates. When mixing the two populations, an attempt was made to slowly increase the genetic range of variation of the small population while retaining at least 75% of the genes of the Columbia population in the offspring. In 2004 the last known wild population died out. In 2006, a schedule for the gradual relocation of captive-bred animals was published, which, if successful, modeled an increase in the population in Washington to up to six subpopulations with a total of around 1000 to 1700 animals over a period of 10 years. In 2007, the first 20 rebred animals were released into the wild, but these probably died by 2008. In 2011, rebred animals were released again, and the plan beyond this was further developed and published. By 2017, a total of around 1200 individuals had been released on the basis of the release plan, of which around 180 were found near the release area in the following year. Young animals moved on average about 780 meters from the release area, adult animals about 470 meters from it. Only 14 young animals born in the wild could be found during the observation period.
Inventories, genetic examinations and conservation plans are also available for other regions, but in no state is the threat as great as in Washington. Above all, the connection to the sagebrush and the associated island-like distribution represent a problem and lead to a strong genetic isolation of the populations and a reduction in the genetic diversity in the individual populations. In an exemplary study of the genetic variability in the south of Wyoming it was found that the variability compared to the stocks in the central distribution area in Montana and Idaho and compared to the comparative and sympatric cottontail rabbits is significantly lower. There is a connection between the variability and the distance of the subpopulations from one another, from which the requirement was derived to reduce the isolation of the populations in the endeavors to protect species.
supporting documents
- ↑ a b c d e f Frederick C. Dobler, Kenneth R. Dixon: The Pigmy Rabbit Brachylagus idahoensis. In: Joseph A. Chapman, John EC Flux (Eds.): Rabbits, Hares and Pikas. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan . (PDF; 11.3 MB) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Gland 1990, ISBN 2-8317-0019-1 , pp. 111-115.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jeffrey S. Green, Jerran T. Flinders: Brachylagus idahoensis . In: Mammalian Species . tape 125 , 1980, pp. 1–4 ( full text (PDF; 568 kB)). Full text ( memento of the original from October 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e f P. A. Becker, DW Hays, RD Sayler: 2011 Columbia Basin Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) Reintroduction and Genetic Management Plan. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, 2011. ( full text )
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Brachylagus idahoensis in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2012.2. Submitted by: GP Beauvais, E. Sequin, J. Rachlow, R. Dixon, B. Bosworth, A. Kozlowski, C. Carey, P. Bartels, M. Obradovitch, T. Forbes, D. Hays, 2008. Retrieved on January 11, 2013.
- ↑ a b Eveline S. Larrucea, Peter F. Brussard: Diel and Seasonal Activity Patterns of Pygmy Rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis). Journal of Mammalogy 90 (5), 2009: pp. 1176-1183. ( Abstract )
- ↑ a b Janet E. Lee, Randy T. Larsen, Jerran T. Flinders, Dennis L. Eggett: Daily and Seasonal Patterns of Activity at Pygmy Rabbit Burrows in Utah. Western North American Naturalist 70 (2), 2010; Pp. 189-197. ( Abstract )
- ^ Wilfredo Falcón, Caren S. Goldberg, Lisette P. Waits, Wendy A. Estes-Zumpf, Janet L. Rachlow: First Record of Multiple Paternity in the Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis): Evidence from Analysis of 16 Microsatellite Loci. Western North American Naturalist 71 (2), 2011; Pp. 271-275. ( Abstract )
- ↑ a b Wendy A. Estes-Zumpf, Janet L. Rachlow: Natal Dispersal by Pygmy Rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis). Journal of Mammalogy 90 (2), 2009; Pp. 363-372. ( Abstract )
- ↑ In Green & Flinders in 1980, the hen harrier ( Circus cyneus named), which, however, only in the Palaearctic occurs. The Hudson Harrier ( C. hudsonicus ) was originally considered a subspecies of the Hen Harrier, but is now classified as a separate species.
- ↑ Justin A. Crawford, Robert G. Anthony, James T. Forbes, Glenn A. Lorton: Survival and causes of mortality for pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in Oregon and Nevada. Journal of Mammalogy 91 (4), 2010; Pp. 838-847. doi : 10.1644 / 09-MAMM-A-068.1
- ↑ Lance A. Durden, Robert L. Rausch: Haemodipsus brachylagi n. Sp. (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Polyplacidae), a new sucking louse from the pygmy rabbit in Nevada. Journal of Parasitology 93 (2), 2007: pp. 247-251. ( Abstract )
- ↑ DW Duszynski, L. Harrenstien, L. Couch, MM Garner: A pathogenic new species of Eimeria from the pygmy rabbit, Brachylagus idahoensis, in Washington and Oregon, with description of the sporulated oocysts and intestinal endogenous stages. Journal of Parasitology 91, 2005: pp. 618-623. ( Full text )
- ↑ Lisa A. Harrenstien, Mitchell V. Finnegan, Nina L. Woodford, Kristin G. Mansfield, W. Ray Waters, John P. Bannantine, Michael L. Paustian, Michael M. Garner, Antony C. Bakke, Charles A. Peloquin , Terry M. Phillips: Mycobacterium avium in pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis): 28 cases. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37 (4), 2006: pp. 498-512. 2006 ( abstract )
- ^ A b c Conrad A. Matthee, Bettine Jansen Van Vuuren, Diana Bell Terence J. Robinson: A Molecular Supermatrix of the Rabbits and Hares (Leporidae) Allows for the Identification of Five Intercontinental Exchanges During the Miocene. Systematic Biology 53 (3); Pp. 433-447. ( Abstract )
- ↑ a b Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds.): Brachylagus idahoensis ( Memento of the original from February 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).
- ^ Clinton Hart Merriam , Leonhard Steineger : Results of a biological reconnaissance of south-central Idaho. North American Fauna 5-A, US Fish and Wildlife Service 1891.
- ↑ Kenneth M. Halanych, Terence J. Robinson: Phylogenetic Relationships of Cottontails (Sylvilagus, Lagomorpha): Congruence of 12S rDNA and Cytogenetic Data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 7 (3), 1997; Pp. 294-302. ( Abstract )
- ↑ George V. Oliver: Status of the Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) in Utah (PDF; 475 kB). Utah Natural Heritage Program, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, February 2004.
- ↑ Becky A. Elias, Lisa A. Shipley, Sarah McCusker, Rodney D. Sayler, Timothy R. Johnson: Effects of genetic management on reproduction, growth, and survival in captive endangered pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis). Journal of Mammalogy 94 (6), 2013; Pp. 1282-1292. doi : 10.1644 / 12-MAMM-A-224.1
- ↑ a b U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Recovery Plan for the Columbia Basin Distinct Population Segment of the Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) . Portland, Oregon, 2012. ( full text )
- ^ RD Sayler, L. Zeoli, DW Hays: Reintroduction of the Columbia Basin Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) in Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, 2006. ( full text ).
- ↑ Stephanie M. DeMay Penny A. Becker Janet L. Rachlow Lisette P. Waits: Genetic monitoring of an endangered species recovery: demographic and genetic trends for reintroduced pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis). Journal of Mammalogy 98 (2), March 21, 2017; Pp. 350-364. doi : 10.1093 / jmammal / gyw197
- ↑ Amanda C. Thimmayya, Steven W. Buskirk: Genetic connectivity and diversity of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in southern Wyoming. Journal of Mammalogy 93 (1); 2012 pp. 29–37. doi : 10.1644 / 11-MAMM-A-045.1
literature
- Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
- Jeffrey S. Green, Jerran T. Flinders: Brachylagus idahoensis . In: Mammalian Species . tape 125 , 1980, pp. 1–4 ( full text (PDF; 568 kB)).
- Frederick C. Dobler, Kenneth R. Dixon: The Pigmy Rabbit Brachylagus idahoensis. In: Joseph A. Chapman, John EC Flux (Eds.): Rabbits, Hares and Pikas. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan . (PDF; 11.3 MB) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Gland 1990, ISBN 2-8317-0019-1 , pp. 111-115.
Web links
- Brachylagus idahoensis inthe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.2. Submitted by: GP Beauvais, E. Sequin, J. Rachlow, R. Dixon, B. Bosworth, A. Kozlowski, C. Carey, P. Bartels, M. Obradovitch, T. Forbes, D. Hays, 2008. Retrieved on January 11, 2013.
- Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) - Species profile of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
