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Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
	File:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.gif
Founded	1981 in Oregon, USA
Founder	Paul Watson
Type	501(c)(3)
Focus	Environmentalism, Marine conservation
Location	Friday Harbor, Washington, United States;
Area served	Global
Method	Direct Action
Website	http://www.seashepherd.org

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The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society is a non-profit, registered tax-exempt organization in the United States, and a registered Stichting (foundation) in The Netherlands. It is based in Friday Harbor, WA in the United States, and in Melbourne, Australia for its Southern Hemisphere operations. Members call themselves eco-pirates, undertaking campaigns that the society says are guided by the United Nations World Charter for Nature (1982) and other statutory laws protecting marine species and environments.^[1]^[2] It operates a fleet of three vessels it calls "Neptune's Navy": the RV Farley Mowat, the MV Steve Irwin, and the RV Sirenian, as well as several smaller boats.^[3]

The society was founded in 1977 by Paul Watson, one of the three founders of Greenpeace, after he concluded that "bearing witness" to environmental damage was an inadequate response compared to actual enforcement of international laws, regulations, and treaties.^[4]

In contrast to Greenpeace, which maintains a policy of avoiding causing damage to whaling ships in the oceans, Sea Shepherd endorses a deliberate policy of sinking or sabotaging vessels they believe have violated international whaling law.^[5] As a result, Greenpeace has officially disavowed any connection to Sea Shepherd and refused to assist their efforts, stating "... we are not going to help people who have said they will use violence. We are here to save the whale, not put the lives of whalers at risk."^[6]

Background

Sea Shepherd engages in direct actions to protect such marine wildlife as seals, dolphins and whales. These have included more conventional protests, as well as, at times, scuttling and sinking fishing boats engaged in fishery operations while in harbor, sabotage of vessels in harbor, ramming the whaling ship Sierra in Portuguese harbor,^[7] and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. Sea Shepherd has also conducted an intense media campaign against Japanese high-seas whaling and the Canadian sealing industry in particular. Despite the more direct nature of such actions (as contrasted with the actions of groups such as Greenpeace), there have been few reports of injuries and no reports of deaths during Sea Shepherd actions. The most recent injury report was made by two Japanese crewmen who claim being splashed with foul-smelling butyric acid during Sea Shepherd's February 2007 action in the Ross Sea.^[8] The Sea Shepherds admitted to throwing six one-litre bottles of butyric acid onto the deck of the Nisshin Maru although founder Paul Watson claims that none of the Japanese crew could have been harmed, saying that butyric acid is "a simple non-toxic butter acid, basically rancid butter".^[9] However, industrial safety data sheets warn of the corrosive properties of the acid, which can burn skin and eyes^[10] and harm aquatic organisms.^[11]

Sea Shepherd bases its actions on enforcement of international maritime law under the United Nations World Charter for Nature; however, the organization has no official mandate or authorization to enforce any legislation. Sea Shepherd was deprived of its status as an International Whaling Commission observer after sinking Icelandic vessels in 1986. In 1994, IWC Secretary Ray Gambell stated "the IWC and all its members ardently condemn Sea Shepherd's acts of terrorism."^[12] In 2006 the outgoing Vice Chair of the IWC, Horst Kleinschmidt, joined the Board of Sea Shepherd as an advisor. Sea Shepherd is supported by private and corporate donations and operated by volunteers and paid staff, including Watson's current wife. Critics, including its targets, refer to the organization as "pirate[s]" and "terrorist[s]",^[8] and consider Sea Shepherd's harassment of targeted fishing and resource-extraction operations to be outside the law. However, Sea Shepherd believe they have a good understanding of the law and operate openly in the UK (where Sea Shepherd UK has charity status^[13]) and other countries.

Until recently, countries such as Australia have hesitated to pressure Japan to stop whaling because of concerns about harming trade relations.^[14] Sea Shepherd supporters claim that small countries in the IWC that support whaling have been bought by Japanese development aid.^{[citation needed]} Japan is behind only the US as an aid donor.^[15] However, the former Australian environment minister, Ian Campbell, stated that the activities of Sea Shepherd "puts the cause of conservation backwards" and urged the organisation to "comply with the law of the sea and not do anything to put at risk other vessels on the high seas and therefore human life".^[16] Despite this, Ian Campbell joined the Sea Shepherd advisory board upon retiring from politics.^[17]

File:DSC 0563 sm.jpg

A wildlife advocate during an education session on board RV Farley Mowat.

In the course of these operations, associates of Sea Shepherd have been threatened, endangered, imprisoned and tried for commission of crimes on the high seas including maritime piracy. Paul Watson, the founder of the group, was arrested in 1993 in Canada on charges stemming from actions against Cuban and Spanish fishing boats off the coast of Newfoundland; but he was found not guilty through relying on Canadian ratification of the UN Charter for Nature (1982).^{[citation needed]} In 1997, he was convicted in absentia in Norway on charges of sinking a Norwegian whaling ship, and spent 80 days in jail in the Netherlands, but he was not extradited to face new charges related to the encounter with the Norwegian Coast Guard vessel Andenes in 1994.^{[citation needed]} Costa Rica filed attempted murder charges against Watson for an incident after he caught a Costa Rican fishing boat poaching, but charges were dropped after prosecutors were shown a film of the incident that was shot by a team making a documentary of Sea Shepherd.^[18]

Another Animal rights activist, Rod Coronado, who has also had numerous legal problems stemming from his activism, got his start in activism with Sea Shepherd, participating in one of its best-known and most controversial actions, the scuttling of two ships from Iceland's whaling fleet while in port in 1986.

As a result of such activities, several nations, including Japan, have pressed the United States to declare Sea Shepherd a terrorist organization. However, others are more co-operative, and Sea Shepherd currently has working agreements with several countries, including Ecuador, Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Indonesia, to help those countries fight poaching, and in the past has worked against poaching in co-operation with the United States government.^{[citation needed]}

Operations

File:DSC 0564 sm.jpg

A tally on the side of the Farley Mowat, showing ships that Sea Shepherd claim to have sunk.

Sea Shepherd operations include interdiction against whaling in Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary of the Southern Ocean, patrols of the Galapagos Islands, and action against Canadian seal hunters.^[5]^[4]^[19]^[20] Sea Shepherd has an affiliated organization, O.R.C.A. Force whose president is Watson.^[21]

Sea Shepherd claims to have sunk ten whaling ships since 1979, referring to these ships as "pirates".^[22] The claimed attacks include:

1979 – the whaler Sierra rammed and sunk in Portugal;
1980 – the whalers Isba I and Isba II sunk in Vigo, Spain;
1980 – the whalers Susan and Theresa sunk in South Africa;
1986 – the whaling ships Hvalur 6 and Hvalur 7 sunk in Iceland;
1992 – the whaler Nybraena sunk in Norway;
1994 – the whaler Senet sunk in Norway;
1998 – the whaler Morild sunk in Norway.

In 2007, two ships operated by Sea Shepherd (Farley Mowat and Robert Hunter) were struck off the shipping registers of Belize and Britain.^[5] Later on that year, the ships received the flag of the Kahnawake Mohawk nation.^[23] According to a November 2007 piece in The New Yorker, however, both ships now sail under the Dutch flag.^[24]

In December 2007, the ship Robert Hunter was renamed the Steve Irwin.^[25]

Activities

2005–2006

Sea Shepherd maintained a naval patrol in the Galapagos Islands to protect sea turtles and other marine wildlife, and a campaign against the 2005 seal hunt in Canada, which includes a boycott of Canadian seafood products.

Between December 2005 and January 2006 Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace vessels were in the Southern Ocean to confront Japanese whalers. Sea Shepherd declared that they would do whatever they considered necessary to prevent the whaling, even if it meant losing their ship. The Farley Mowat rammed a Japanese supply ship called the Oriental Bluebird. On January 16 the organisation declared that their fuel supplies had run out and that they were heading to shore. They claimed credit for chasing the whalers from whaling grounds and hindering operations for over 15 days.^[26]

2007

In February 2007, the Robert Hunter and Farley Mowat participated in Operation Leviathan by surrounding the Japanese whaling vessel Kaiko Maru to attempt to prevent the vessel from continuing its hunting. Sea Shepherd members threw bottles of butyric acid onto the decks of the Kaiko Maru and one whaler was injured by broken piece of glass and another received medical treatment for his eye.^[27] The Robert Hunter and Farley Mowat obstructed the path of the whaling boat,^[28] and the Robert Hunter and Kaiko Maru collided with each other. The Robert Hunter suffered a three-foot gash in the hull above the waterline at the stern of the ship.^[29]

In May 2007, Sea Shepherd announced that they would be sending the Farley Mowat to Iceland in response to that country's statement that they would be resuming commercial hunting of Fin and Minke whales. ^[30] However, in August of the same year, Sea Shepherd stated that they no longer believed Iceland intended to follow through with the hunting, and the Farley Mowat did not arrive in the Icelandic waters. ^[31]^[32] However, in 2008, the Icelandic Fisheries Minister announced a commercial whaling quota for 40 minke whales and hunting began in May 2008.

2008

Operation Migaloo

The recent 2007–08 Antarctic campaign was named Operation Migaloo, after the only known albino humpback in the world.^[33]

On January 15 2008, after attempting to entangle the hunting boat's propeller and throwing bottles of butyric acid onto the decks^[34], two Sea Shepherd members Benjamin Potts and Giles Lane from the Sea Shepherd vessel MV Steve Irwin boarded the Japanese whale-hunting ship Yushin Maru No. 2 in the High Seas^[35] of the Antarctic Ocean, using a Zodiac inflatable boat^[36]. The crew of the Yushin Maru No. 2 detained the two men for illegal boarding and vandalism. Allegedly, the pair were initially tied to the railings while the ship made a deliberate turn to port, causing the two men to be dipped into the cold Antarctic water. ^[37] Allegedly, they were then tied to the Satellite transmitter mast for several minutes. The ICR initially denied these reports although Sea Shepherd later released photographs they claimed showed the point where Potts and Lane were tied to the Satellite transmitter mast. ^[38]

Sea Shepherd stated that the pair were attempting to deliver a letter of protest, after many hours during which the Japanese vessels refused to acknowledge any radio contact, with the news that the Japanese whale hunt in Australia's Antarctic waters and Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary had earlier in the day been ruled illegal by the Australian Federal Court.^[39] The Japanese stated that it was the Sea Shepherd vessel who refused the radio contact, and the response from the foreign minister of Japan Nobutaka Machimura was that "The arctic territory is not at all internationally recognized. This sentence by the Australian court is based on a wrong assumption."^[40] Since both Sea Shepherd and Japan blamed each other for not responding to the radio contact, the two men were finally released from the Japanese ship 17 January, and were handed over to the Australian customs vessel MV Oceanic Viking.^[41]^[42] The Australian government decided to release them the same day without criminal charges because they "apparently had no intention to commit malicious crimes, such as robbery."^[34]

On March 3 2008 Sea Shepherd members threw bottles of butyric acid and packages of white powder onto the Japanese vessel Nisshin Maru. Three on board were injured, with one allegedly reporting acid in his eyes, according to a report in the Yomiuri Shimbun.^[43]. Paul Watson rejected the claims of injury "We filmed and photographed the entire thing. Not a single thing landed anywhere near their crew." and said that only bottles of butyric acid and a slippery powder were thrown by hand onto the whaling ship.^[44] The Japanese deputy foreign minister Itsunori Onodera summoned the ambassadors of the Netherlands and Australia and requested to take "immediate and appropriate actions". The Australian ambassador expressed his "sincere regret" to the incident. He also referred to the statement from the Australian foreign minister Stephen Smith who condemned any kind of violence against the Japanese crew members. ^[45].

Four days later on 7 March 2008 crew from the Steve Irwin again threw bottles containing butyric acid onto the decks of the Nisshin Maru. The Japanese Coastguard, reportedly armed with sidearms and rifles, responded by throwing flash grenades at the crew of the Steve Irwin, with claims by Sea Shepherd of one crew being slightly injured directly from an explosion.^[46] Paul Watson was allegedly hit by a bullet which lodged in his ballistic vest that he was wearing. David Page, the ship's doctor onboard the Steve Irwin, was filmed by Sea Shepherd crew prying a bullet from Watsons's Kevlar vest, and said "You have been hit by a bullet".^[47]^[48]^[49]^[46]^[50] The Japanese denied the story of Watson and the president of the Japanese Whaling Association (to which the Japanese vessel belongs to) Keiichi Nakajima released a press comment. "Paul Watson is lying and fabricating the story." ^[51]

Concerning the events of March 3rd and 7th, despite Sea Shepherd and Japan are blaming each other and telling contradicting stories, the International Whaling Commission made a statement about the events and condemned the Sea Shepherd's actions. "The commission and its contracting governments do not condone and in fact condemn any actions that are a risk to human life and property in relation to the activities of vessels at sea." ^[52] ^[53]

According to the Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Japan advised the Australian Embassy in Tokyo that a crew member on board the Japanese whaling vessel fired warning shots, but this was later retracted in an update press release.^[54]^[55]

On September 17th, 2008, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department has announced that the Interpol has put three Sea Shepherd members on an international wanted list on suspicion of interfering with Japan’s whaling activities in the Antarctic Ocean in February 12th, 2007.^[56]

Canadian Seal Hunt

On March 29 2008 the M/V Farley Mowat and a Canadian Coast Guard ship collided while the M/V Farley Mowat was observing the Canadian seal hunts. This incident led to the arrest of the captain and first officer of the ship on April 12, 2008.^[57]

On April 12, 2008, during the 2008 Canadian commercial seal hunt, the M/V Farley Mowat was raided by Canadian coast guard vessels after the ship was said to have encroached on seal hunters off the coast of Newfoundland.^[58] During the raid, the captain and first officer were arrested and are awaiting charges.^[59] The location of the boat at the time of the seizure is controversial. The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society claims the boat was seized illegally in international waters. The Canadian Fisheries minister claims that the boat was seized in Canadian waters, but also that the Fisheries Act gave him authority to order the boarding outside Canada's territorial waters zone of 12 nautical miles.^[60]

The captain and first officer made a court appearance on May 1, 2008.^[61] On July 2 2008, they entered a plea of not guilty to coming too close to sealers. Trial dates have not been set.^[62]

Criticism

Sea Shepherd has been criticised for dangerous protests and cutting driftnets, and accused of piracy. Its critics include Greenpeace and the Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research. At the IWC Meetings in 2006, 2007 and 2008, the International Whaling Commission condemned Sea Shepherd's actions.

Supporters

Supporters and endorsers of Sea Shepherd include well known people such as Richard Dean Anderson, who was named a board member of the group^[63] and Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama^[64]. And the Fresh Handmade Cosmetics company, Lush^[65].

Bibliography

Paul Watson, Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy (Los Angeles: Chaco Press, 1993). ISBN 0-9616019-5-7
Paul Watson, Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas (1994; Key Porter Books, 1996). ISBN 978-1550135992
Paul Watson, Seal Wars: Twenty-five Years in the Front Lines with the Harp Seals (2002; Firefly Books, 2003). ISBN 978-1552977514
David B. Morris, Earth Warrior: Overboard with Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1995). ISBN 1-55591-203-6
Neptune's Manifesto: How a few good pirates can save the oceans. Whole Earth Review, Fall 1998.
Rik Scarce, Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement, second revised ed. (1990; Left Coast Press, 2005), Ch. 6. ISBN 978-1598740288

References

^ "Sea Shepherd mission statement". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.
^
The UN World Charter for Nature (UN General Assembly Resolution 37/7) directs in section 21, subsections (c), (d) and (e):
1. States and, to the extent that they are able, other public authorities, international organizations, individuals, groups and corporations shall:
  1. Implement the applicable international legal provisions for the conservation of nature and the protection of the environment;
  2. Ensure that activities within their jurisdictions or control do not cause damage to the natural systems located within other States or in the areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;
  3. Safeguard and conserve nature in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
United Nations General Assembly Session 37 Resolution 7. A/RES/37/7 page 2. 28 October 1982. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
^ "Sea Shepherd fleet". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.
^ ^a ^b Heller, Peter. "The Whale Warriors: Whaling in the Antarctic Seas" (HTML). National Geographic. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Parry, Richard Lloyd (2007-02-09. policy.). "Whalers aid in Antarctic rescue of environmentalists" (HTML). Times Online. Retrieved 2007-02-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ McKie, Robin (2008-01-13). "Green ships in deadly duel with whalers" (HTML). The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ History of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and Whaling
^ ^a ^b "Whaling acid attack terrorist act: Japan" (HTML). Reuters via The Sydney Morning Herald. 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
^ "Japanese Claims of Injuries are Bogus" (HTML). Sea Shepherds. 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
^ "Safety (MSDS) data for butyric acid" (HTML). Safety Officer in Physical Chemistry at Oxford University. 2005-03-03. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
^ "Butyric Acid data sheet". International Labour Organization. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ Bousquet, Earl (2001-07-23). "Ocean Warriors Confront Lucian Fishermen" (HTML). Government of Saint Lucia web site. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
^ Extract from the Central Register of Charities maintained by the Charity Commission for England and Wales
^ Biggs, Stuart (2007-12-19). "Australia to Monitor Japanese Whalers in Antarctica (Update 1)". Bloomberg. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ "Aid rising sharply, according to latest OECD figures" (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2005. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
^ Parry, Richard Lloyd (2007-02-09). "Whaliers aid in Antarctic rescue of environmentalists". Times Online. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ "Ian Campbell Joins the Sea Shepherd Advisory Board". Sea Shepherd. 2008-01-10. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
^ "Sharkwater synopsis and movie info". Sharkwater documentary website. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
^ http://www.seashepherd.org/galapagos/ Sea Shepherd page describing their Galapagos mission.
^ http://www.seashepherd.org/seals/ Sea Shepherd page describing their seal mission.
^ CUSP endorsers list
^ "Victory for the Whales in Berlin". News Release. Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. 2003-16-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Sea Shepherd Receives the Flag of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^ "Neptune's Navy". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ "Sea Shepherd Renames Its Whale Defending Ship the Steve Irwin". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.
^ "Whaling protest boat out of fuel". The New Zealand Herald. 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
^ Update on Sea Shepherd Pursuit of Japanese Whaling Ship, Mother Jones , February 09, 2007
^ 2007.2.12 Sea Shepherd rammed The Kaiko Maru, Institute of Cetacean Research
^ Japanese whaler, anti-whaling ship collide, China Economic Net, February 15, 2007
^ Sea Shepherd to Shut Down Illegal Whaling in Iceland
^ Operation Ragnarök Stands Down and Remains on Guard
^ Iceland whaling protest halted : Marine and Ocean Conservation News from Earthdive
^ Sea Shepherd - Operation Migaloo home
^ ^a ^b Japan to release whaling activists, IHT/Asahi, January 17, 2008
^ "Sea Shepherd is Engaging the Japanese Fleet". Sea Shepherd. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
^ 2008.1.15 SS vessel "Steve Irwin" terrorists attacking Yushin Maru No.2, Institute of Cetacean Research
^ Whaling hostages 'tied, dunked in water' - SBS World News Australia
^ http://bp2.blogger.com/_L6pDyjqqsvY/R5Lihr4wkWI/AAAAAAAAKmk/kn5yi4-wWn4/s320/sea+shepherd.jpg
^ Court rules Japan whalers breaking Aust law ABC News, January 15, 2008. Accessed September 19, 2008
^ http://www.j-cast.com/2008/01/16015654.html
^ "Anti-whaling activists handed over to Australian vessel". Japan News Review. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
^ "Japan to release anti-whaling activists". AP. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
^ Yomiuri Shimbun, March 3 2008
^ Australia condemns anti-whaling protest The Age, March 3, 2008. Accessed September 19, 2008
^ http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/h20/3/1178348_904.html
^ ^a ^b Andrew Darby, 'Japanese shot me': protest captain, The Age, March 8, 2008. Accessed September 19, 2008
^ Protester says Japanese whalers shot him, Wikinews, March 7, 2008. Accessed September 19, 2008
^ Protester says whalers shot him BBC News March 7, 2008. Accessed September 19, 2008
^ Sea Shepherd captain 'shot by Japanese whalers', ABC News, March 7, 2008. Accessed September 19, 2008
^ Video: Japanese Coast Guard attack, injure Sea Shepherd crew, San Francisco Bay Area Independent Media Center, March 7, 2008. Accessed September 19, 2008
^ http://www.whaling.jp/press/press080310.html
^ http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080310a1.html
^ http://www.iwcoffice.org/meetings/resolutions/resolution2007.htm#res2
^ Incident in the Southern Ocean The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs Media release, 7 March 2008. Accessed September 19, 2008
^ Incident in the Southern Ocean - Update The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs Media release, 7 March 2008. Accessed September 19, 2008
^ http://www.japantoday.com/category/crime/view/interpol-puts-3-sea-shepherd-members-on-wanted-list-for-blocking-japan-whaling
^ http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=445147 "Sea Shepherd officers released on bail" Linda Nguyen, Canwest News Service April 14, 2008
^ Chronology of Events – Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
^ 2 crew members arrested as anti-sealing vessel seized. April 12, 2008.
^ Crew maintain seizure broke international law. April 13, 2008.
^ N.S. court grants bail to anti-sealing activists, CBC News, April 13, 2008
^ Officers of anti-sealing vessel plead not guilty in N.S. court, AOL Canada, July 2, 2008
^ "MacGyver' tackles seal hunt". CBC News. 2005-03-08. Retrieved 2008-04-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Letter from 14th Dalai Lama". 1998-09-28. Retrieved 2008-05-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "LUSH and Sea Shepherd Launch Global Anti-Shark-Finning Campaign". 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2008-10-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)