Ramones

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This article is about the band. For their self-titled debut album, see Ramones (album).
Ramones

The Ramones were an American rock band often regarded as the first punk rock group.[1][2] Formed in Forest Hills, Queens, New York, in 1974,[2] all of the band members adopted stage names ending with "Ramone", though none of them were actually related. They performed 2,263 concerts, touring virtually nonstop for 22 years.[2] In 1996, after a tour with the Lollapalooza music festival, the band played their final show and then disbanded. A little more than eight years after the breakup, the band's three founding members—lead singer Joey Ramone, guitarist Johnny Ramone, and bassist Dee Dee Ramone—were dead.[3]

The Ramones were a major influence on the punk rock movement both in the United States and Great Britain, though they achieved only minor commercial success. Their only record with enough U.S. sales to be certified gold was the compilation album Ramones Mania.[4] Recognition of the band's importance built over the years, and they are now regularly represented in many assessments of all-time great rock music, such as the Rolling Stone lists of the 50 Greatest Artists of All Time[5] and 25 Greatest Live Albums of All Time,[6] VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock,[7] and Mojo's 100 Greatest Albums.[8] In 2002, the Ramones were voted the second greatest rock and roll band ever in Spin, trailing only The Beatles.[9] On March 18, 2002, the Ramones—including the three founders and drummers Marky and Tommy Ramone—were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[2][10]

History

Early days: 1974–1975

The original members of the band met in and around the middle-class neighborhood of Forest Hills in the New York City borough of Queens. John Cummings and Thomas Erdelyi had both been in a high-school garage band circa 1966–67 known as the Tangerine Puppets. They became friends with Douglas Colvin, whose family had recently moved to the area. Jeffrey Hyman was in the short-lived early 1970s glam rock band Sniper.

The Ramones began taking shape in early 1974 when Cummings and Colvin invited Hyman to join them in a band. The initial lineup featured Colvin on lead vocals and rhythm guitar, Cummings on lead guitar, and Hyman on drums. Colvin, who soon switched from rhythm guitar to bass, was the first to adopt the name Ramone, dubbing himself Dee Dee Ramone. He was inspired by Paul McCartney's use of the pseudonym Paul Ramone during his Silver Beatles days.[11] Dee Dee convinced the other members to take on the name and came up with the idea of calling the band the Ramones.[12] Hyman and Cummings became Joey Ramone and Johnny Ramone, respectively.

A friend of the band—Monte A. Melnick, later their tour manager—helped to arrange rehearsal time for them at Manhattan's Performance Studios. Johnny's former bandmate Erdelyi was set to become their manager. Soon after the band was formed, Dee Dee realized that he could not sing and play bass at the same time; Joey became the band's new lead vocalist. Dee Dee would continue, however, to count off each song's tempo with his signature rapid-fire shout of "1-2-3-4!" Joey soon similarly realized that he could not sing and play drums simultaneously and left the position of drummer. While auditioning prospective replacements, Erdelyi would often take to the drums and demonstrate how to play the songs. It became apparent that he was able to perform the group's music better than anyone else, and he joined the band as Tommy Ramone.

The Ramones played before an audience for the first time on March 30, 1974, at their rehearsal space.[2] The songs they played were very fast and very short; most clocked in at under two minutes. Around this time, a new music scene was emerging in New York centered around two clubs in downtown Manhattan—Max's Kansas City and, most famously, CBGB (usually referred to as CBGB's). The Ramones made their CBGB's debut on August 16. Legs McNeil, who co-founded Punk magazine the following year, later described the impact of that performance: "They were all wearing these black leather jackets. And they counted off this song...and it was just this wall of noise…. They looked so striking. These guys were not hippies. This was something completely new."[13]

The band swiftly became regulars at the club, playing there seventy-four times by the end of the year. After garnering considerable attention for their performances—which averaged about seventeen minutes from beginning to end—the group was signed to a recording contract in autumn 1975 by Seymour Stein of Sire Records. Stein's wife, Linda Stein, had seen the band play at CBGB's; she would later co-manage them along with Danny Fields.[14] By this time, the Ramones were recognized as leaders of the new scene that was increasingly being referred to as "punk".

Spearheading punk: 1976–1977

April 1976 issue of Punk, featuring the Ramones

In February 1976, the Ramones recorded their self-titled debut album—of its fourteen songs, the longest barely surpasses two-and-a-half minutes. While the songwriting credits were shared by the entire band, Dee Dee was the primary writer. The record, coproduced by Tommy and Craig Leon on an extremely low budget, about $6,400, was released in April. The now iconic front cover photograph of the band was taken by Roberta Bayley, who shot regularly for Punk magazine.

Ramones made little commercial impact, reaching only number 111 on the Billboard album chart. The two associated singles, "Blitzkreig Bop" and "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend", failed to chart at all. At the band's first major gig outside of New York, a June date in Youngstown, Ohio, approximately ten people showed up.[15] It wasn't until they made a brief tour of England that they began to see the fruits of their labor: a performance at The Roundhouse in London on July 4, 1976 (second-billed to the Flamin' Groovies), organized by Linda Stein, was a resounding success.[16] Their Roundhouse appearance and a club date the following night helped galvanize the burgeoning UK punk rock scene, inspiring future punk stars, including members of the Sex Pistols, The Clash, and The Damned.[17] The Flamin' Groovies/Ramones double bill was successfully reprised at The Roxy in Los Angeles the following month, fueling the punk scene there as well. The Ramones were becoming an increasingly popular live act—a Toronto performance in September energized yet another growing punk scene.

Their next two albums, Leave Home and Rocket to Russia, were released in 1977. Both were coproduced by Tommy and Tony Bongiovi, the second cousin of Jon Bon Jovi.[18] Leave Home met with even less chart success than Ramones, though it did include "Pinhead", which became one of the band's signature songs with its chanted refrain of "Gabba gabba hey!" Rocket to Russia was the band's highest charting album to date, reaching number 49. In Rolling Stone, critic Dave Marsh called it "the best American rock & roll of the year".[19] The album also featured the first Ramones single to break into the Billboard charts (albeit only as high as number 81): "Sheena Is a Punk Rocker". The follow-up single, "Rockaway Beach", climbed to number 66—the highest any Ramones single would ever reach in America. On December 31, 1977, the Ramones recorded It's Alive, a live concert double album, at the Rainbow Theatre, London, which was released in April 1979 (the title is a reference to a 1974 horror movie).

Recordings turn more pop: 1978–1983

In early 1978, Tommy, tired of touring, left the band, though he continued as the Ramones' record producer. His position as drummer was filled by Marc Bell, who had been a member of the early 1970s hard rock band Dust and punk icon Richard Hell's backing band, The Voidoids. Bell became Marky Ramone. Later that year, the band released their fourth album, and first with Marky, Road to Ruin. The album, coproduced by Tommy with Ed Stasium, included some new sounds like acoustic guitar, several ballads, and the band's first two recorded songs longer than three minutes. It failed to crack the Billboard Top 100. However, "I Wanna Be Sedated", which appeared both on the album and as the B-side of a single, would become one of the band's best-known songs.[20] The artwork on the album's cover was done by Punk magazine co-founder John Holmstrom.

After the band's movie debut in Roger Corman's Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979), legendary producer Phil Spector became interested in the Ramones and produced their 1980 album End of the Century. During the recording sessions in Los Angeles, Spector pulled a gun on Dee Dee, forcing him to repeatedly play a riff.[21] Though End of the Century was to be the highest-charting album in the band's history—number 44 in the United States, number 14 in Great Britain—Johnny made clear that he favored the band's more aggressive punk material. (A stance also conveyed by the title and track selection of the compilation album he later oversaw: Loud, Fast Ramones: Their Toughest Hits.) He later commented on working with Spector, "It really worked when he got to a slower song like 'Danny Says'—the production really worked tremendously. 'Rock 'N' Roll Radio' is really good. For the harder stuff, it didn't work as well."[22] The syrupy, string-laden Ronettes cover "Baby, I Love You" released as a single, became the band's biggest ever hit by far in Great Britain, reaching number 8 on the charts.

Joey Ramone and Dee Dee Ramone in concert, 1983

In 1981, the Ramones' sixth album, Pleasant Dreams, came out. The record continued the trend established by End of The Century, diluting the rawer punk sound showcased on the band's initial three albums. Slick production was again featured, this time provided by Graham Gouldman of UK pop act 10cc. Johnny would contend in retrospect that this direction was a record company decision, a continued futile attempt to get airplay on American radio.[22][1] While Pleasant Dreams reached number 58 on the U.S. chart, its two singles failed to register at all. On August 1, 1981, however, the Ramones became the first band to be interviewed on the newly formed cable network MTV, which temporarily provided a more receptive outlet for the band's music.

Subterranean Jungle, produced by Ritchie Cordell and Glen Kolotkin, was released in 1983. Billy Rogers, who had performed with Johnny Thunders and The Heartbreakers, played drums on the album's second single, a cover of The Chambers Brothers' "Time Has Come Today". Subterranean Jungle peaked at number 83 in the United States—it would be the last album by the band to crack the Billboard Top 100.

Shuffling members: 1983–1989

After the release of Subterranean Jungle, Marky Ramone was fired from the band because of his alcoholism; he was replaced by Richard Reinhardt, who adopted the name Richie Ramone. The first album the Ramones recorded with Richie was Too Tough to Die in 1984, with Tommy Erdelyi (who had dropped his "Ramone") returning as producer. The album was largely considered a return to form after the unflattering pop-production techniques that characterized the previous three full-length releases. Some rock critics contend that it represents their final high-quality album.[23]

In 1986, the Ramones were invited to record the soundtrack to the film Sid and Nancy. During their work, some management problems developed, and the deal was cancelled.[citation needed] However, a handful of songs created for this movie were included in their 1986 album Animal Boy. Produced by Jean Beauvoir of the Plasmatics, it included a mix of hard and poppier punk songs.

In 1987, the band recorded their last album with Richie, Halfway to Sanity. The record was produced by Daniel Rey, formerly a guitarist with the late-1970s punk band Shrapnel. Richie left in August 1987, upset that after being in the band for four years, the other members would still not give him a share of the money they made selling T-shirts.[24] Richie was replaced by Clem Burke from Blondie, which was disbanded at the time. According to Johnny, the performances with Burke—who took on the name Elvis Ramone—were a disaster. He was fired after two shows because his drumming could not keep up with the rest of the band.[24] Marky, now clean and sober, returned.

Dee Dee Ramone left after 1989's Brain Drain—coproduced by Beauvoir, Rey, and Bill Laswell—to pursue a brief solo career as a rapper, adopting the name Dee Dee King.[25] He was replaced by Christopher Joseph Ward (C.J. Ramone), who performed and recorded with the band until their break-up. However, Dee Dee continued contributing to the Ramones' music by lending his lyrics for use.

Final years: 1990–1996

After 16 years at Sire Records, the band moved to new label Radioactive Records with their 1992 album Mondo Bizarro, which also reunited them with producer Ed Stasium. Mondo Bizarro was followed the next year by Acid Eaters, which consisted entirely of cover songs.

In 1993, the Ramones appeared on an episode of The Simpsons ("Rosebud"). They were booked to sing "Happy Birthday" at Mr. Burns's birthday party, where they showed their distaste for the gig, shouting, "I'd just like to say this gig sucks!" (Joey), "Hey, up yours, Springfield!" (Johnny), and "Go to Hell, you old bastard!" (C.J.); though Marky quipped, "Hey, I think they liked us!" Afterwards, Mr. Burns mistakenly ordered Smithers to "have The Rolling Stones killed."

In 1995, they came out with ¡Adios Amigos!—it would turn out to be their last studio album, After a spot in the 1996 Lollapalooza festival, the Ramones went on a short club tour and then disbanded, reportedly due to ongoing personality clashes and frustration at not achieving commercial success commensurate with their influence.

Their final show was on August 6, 1996, at the Palace in Hollywood.[26] The show was recorded, and later released on video and CD as We're Outta Here!. The show featured several special guests such as Lemmy from Motörhead, Eddie Vedder from Pearl Jam, Tim Armstrong and Lars Frederiksen of Rancid, and Chris Cornell, then in Soundgarden.

Aftermath and deaths

On July 20, 1999, Dee Dee, Joey, Johnny, Marky and Tommy appeared together at the Virgin Megastore in New York City for an autograph signing. This was the last occasion on which the ex-members of the group appeared together before Joey's death. Joey Ramone died of lymphoma on April 15, 2001, in New York. Joey's last partially finished works were compiled as a posthumous solo album, Don't Worry About Me.

In 2002, Dee Dee, Joey, Johnny, Marky and Tommy Ramone were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. At the ceremony, the surviving inductees spoke on behalf of the band. Tommy spoke first, saying how honored the band felt, but how much it would have meant for Joey. Johnny thanked the band's fans and blessed George W. Bush and his presidency, Dee Dee humorously congratulated and thanked himself, while Marky thanked Tommy for influencing his drumstyle. This was one of Dee Dee's last public appearances; two months later he was found dead at his Hollywood home on June 5, 2002, from a heroin overdose. Also at the ceremony, Green Day played "Teenage Lobotomy" and "Blitzkrieg Bop" as a tribute to the Ramones, demonstrating the Ramones' continuing influence on later punk rock bands.

In the summer of 2004, the Ramones documentary End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones was released in theaters. Johnny Ramone, who had been privately battling prostate cancer, died on September 15, 2004, in Los Angeles, California, almost exactly as the film was released.

On the same day as Johnny's death, the world's first and only Ramones Museum opened its doors for the public.[27] Located in Berlin, Germany, the Ramones Museum Berlin features more than 300 original memorabilia items from the Ramones, including a pair of stage-worn jeans from Johnny Ramone, a stage-worn glove from Joey Ramone, Marky Ramone's sneakers and CJ Ramone's stage-worn bass strap. The Ramones were inducted into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007.[28]

In October 2007, a DVD was released containing live footage.[29] It's Alive 1974-1996 includes 118 songs from 33 performances over the span of the group's career.

Conflicts between members

The Ramones always had a certain amount of tension, mainly between Joey and Johnny. The pair were highly politically antagonistic, Joey being a liberal and Johnny a conservative. There was also tension caused by their very different personalities; Johnny was a military brat who lived by a code of self-discipline, while Joey struggled with obsessive-compulsive disorder. It was Johnny who "stole" Joey's girlfriend Linda, whom he later married. Despite still playing in the same band, Joey and Johnny stopped talking to each other because of this.[30] It is believed[citation needed] the song "The KKK Took My Baby Away", written by Joey, alludes to this enmity. Johnny did not call Joey before his death in 2001, but said in the documentary End of the Century that he was depressed for "the whole week" after the singer's death. Aside from Joey and Johnny's animosities, Dee Dee's constant addictions, relapses, and bipolar disorder had put significant strain on the band's interactions.[31] Furthermore, the methods of payment and exact positions in overall band image for later members were also matters of dispute.[32]

Style

Musical style

The Ramones' minimalist, loud, fast musical style was influenced by pop music that the band members grew up listening to in the 1950s and 1960s, such as The Beach Boys, The Beatles, The Kinks, The Ronettes, The Rolling Stones as well as what are now known as proto-punk bands like The Stooges and the New York Dolls.[33][34][35] It was also a reaction against the bombastic, complex, and heavily produced pop and rock music -- ranging from Led Zeppelin to progressive rock, as well as the smooth sounds of Los Angeles studio musicians later termed yacht rock -- which dominated the charts in the 1970s. The Ramones were considered leaders in the punk rock scene,[1] although others considered them power pop[36] or pop punk.[37][38] This Sound also influenced the sound in the New Wave Of British Heavy Metal scene with metal bands such as Motörhead and Iron Maiden. The Ramones' later 1980s career also veered into hardcore punk territory, integrated into albums like Too Tough to Die and Halfway to Sanity.

On stage, the band adopted a focused approach directly intended to increase the audience's concert experience. Johnny's instructions to C.J. when preparing for his first live performances with the group were to play facing the audience, to stand with the bass slung low between spread legs, and to walk forward to the front of stage at the same time as he did. Johnny Ramone was not a fan of guitarists who performed facing their drummer, amplifier or other band members.[39]

Due to a similar musical style, many bands were claimed to be "an answer to the Ramones" by critics in the late 1970s. There were the "English answer" (The Lurkers), the "Irish answer" (The Undertones),[40] the "Canadian answer" (Teenage Head), and the "Mexican answer" (The Zeros).

Visual imagery

The Ramones' art and visual imagery complemented the themes of their music and performance. The band members adopted a uniform look of long hair, leather jackets, t-shirts, torn jeans, and sneakers. This fashion emphasized minimalism, which was a powerful influence on the New York punk scene of the 1970s and reflected the band's short, simple songs.[41] Tommy Ramone recalled that, both musically and visually, "we were influenced by comic books, movies, the Andy Warhol scene, and avant-garde films. I was a big Mad Magazine fan myself."[41]

The band's logo was based on the Seal of the President of the United States.

The band's logo was created by New York City artist Arturo Vega, a longtime friend who had allowed Joey and Dee Dee to move into his loft.[42] Vega produced the band's t-shirts, their main source of income, basing most of the images on a black-and-white self-portrait photograph he had taken of his American bald eagle belt buckle which had appeared on the back sleeve of the Ramones' first album.[43] He was inspired to create the band's logo after a trip to Washington, D.C.:

I saw them as the ultimate all-American band. To me, they reflected the American character in general–an almost childish innocent aggression. Then the first time I went to Washington, D.C., I was impressed by the official atmosphere of the buildings and agencies and all the flags everywhere. I thought, 'The Great Seal of the President of the United States' would be perfect for the Ramones, with the eagle holding arrows–to symbolize strength and the aggression that would be used against whomever dares to attack us–and an olive branch, offered to those who want to be friendly. But we decided to change it a little bit. Instead of the olive branch, we had an apple tree branch, since the Ramones were American as apple pie. And since Johnny was such a baseball fanatic, we had the eagle hold a baseball bat instead of the [Great Seal]'s arrows.[43]

The scroll in the eagle's beak originally read "Look out below", but was later changed to "Hey, ho! Let's go!" after the opening lyrics of the band's first single "Blitzkrieg Bop", while the arrowheads on the shield came from a design on a polyester shirt Vega had bought. The name "Ramones" was spelled out in block capitals above the logo using plastic stick-on letters.[14] Where the presidential seal read "Seal of the President of the United States" clockwise in the border around the eagle, Vega instead placed the stage names of the four band members: Johnny, Joey, Dee Dee, and Tommy. Over the years the names in the border would change as the band's lineup fluctuated. Vega went on to serve as the band's lighting director and sold their merchandise. In 2003 he had the original logo tattooed across his back with his own nickname, "Arty", in place of Tommy.[44]

Influence

The Ramones' first British concert was held on July 4, 1976. Prior to the performance, the band hung out with fans who turned out to be members of the Sex Pistols and The Clash. During the meeting Paul Simonon claimed The Clash had not played a show yet because they felt they were not good enough, to which Johnny Ramone responded, "We stink. You don't have to be good, just get out there and play".[24] Later that day The Clash would play their first show.[45] Likewise another band who met with the Ramones that day, The Damned, played their first show two days later.[46] Similarly, early Ramones concerts in California inspired early California punk groups like Black Flag, The Descendents, The Germs, the Dead Kennedys,[47] Bad Religion,[48] and Social Distortion.

Bands such as Screeching Weasel, The Vindictives, The Queers, The Huntingtons, The Mr. T Experience, John Cougar Concentration Camp and the Beatnik Termites have all recorded covers of entire Ramones albums; including Ramones, Leave Home, Rocket to Russia, File Under Ramones, Road to Ruin, ""Too Tough to Die" and Pleasant Dreams, respectively.

The first Ramones tribute album by multiple bands was released in 1991 under the title Gabba Gabba Hey: A Tribute to the Ramones, featuring tracks recorded by such notable bands as L7, Mojo Nixon, and Bad Religion. Many more tribute albums followed, We're a Happy Family being the most well-known, with artists such as Green Day, Kiss, Metallica, The Offspring, Red Hot Chili Peppers, U2, and Rob Zombie (who also did the album cover artwork).

Metal musician Lemmy first met the Ramones in 1976. His band Motörhead composed and performed the song "R.A.M.O.N.E.S" as a tribute, and Lemmy would perform at the final Ramones concert in 1996.[49] The band Bad Brains took its name from a Ramones song. Green Day members have gone as far as naming their children in honor of the band. Billie Joe Armstrong named his son Joey as tribute to Joey Ramone, and Tré Cool named his daughter Ramona for similar reasons.[50]

Band members

Former members

Lineups

(1974)
  • Dee Dee Ramone – lead vocals, rhythm guitar/bass
  • Johnny Ramone – guitar
  • Joey Ramone – drums
(1974)
  • Joey Ramone – lead vocals, drums
  • Johnny Ramone – guitar
  • Dee Dee Ramone – bass
(1974–1978)
  • Joey Ramone – lead vocals
  • Johnny Ramone – guitar
  • Dee Dee Ramone – bass, vocals
  • Tommy Ramone – drums
(1978–1983)
  • Joey Ramone – lead vocals
  • Johnny Ramone – guitar
  • Dee Dee Ramone – bass, vocals
  • Marky Ramone – drums
(1983–1987)
  • Joey Ramone – lead vocals
  • Johnny Ramone – guitar
  • Dee Dee Ramone – bass, vocals
  • Richie Ramone – drums, vocals
(1987)
  • Joey Ramone – lead vocals
  • Johnny Ramone – guitar
  • Dee Dee Ramone – bass, vocals
  • Elvis Ramone (Clem Burke) – drums
(1987–1989)
  • Joey Ramone – lead vocals
  • Johnny Ramone – guitar
  • Dee Dee Ramone – bass, vocals
  • Marky Ramone – drums
(1989–1996)
  • Joey Ramone – lead vocals
  • Johnny Ramone – guitar
  • C. J. Ramone – bass, vocals
  • Marky Ramone – drums

Discography

Main article: Ramones discography

References

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  3. ^ "The Ramones". MP3.com. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  4. ^ "Ramones Raw Signing & Gold Award Presentation at Tower Records". OsakaPopstar.com. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  5. ^ "The Immortals: The First Fifty". Rolling Stone Issue 946. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
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  7. ^ "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock". VH1.com. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
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  15. ^ Ramone, Dee Dee, and Veronica Kofman (2000). Lobotomy: Surviving the Ramones. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, p. 77. ISBN 1560252529.
  16. ^ "Linda Stein, 62, Manager/Real Estate Broker: Pioneer of Punk Music Killed in N.Y. Apartment". Variety. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  17. ^ "A History of Punk". Fastnbulbous.com. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
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  19. ^ Dave Marsh (December 15, 1977). "Album Reviews: Ramones: Rocket to Russia". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  20. ^ I Wanna Be Sedated. Allmusic. URL accessed March 13 2006.
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  23. ^ "Too Tough to Die". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  24. ^ a b c From the film End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones
  25. ^ D'Angelo, Joe and Gideon Yago (2002-06-06). "Dee Dee Ramone Found Dead In Los Angeles". MTV News. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
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  28. ^ "Inductees". LIMusicHallofFame.org. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  29. ^ "DVD set to be released featuring over 4 hours of The Ramones live at work". Side-line.com. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  30. ^ "Johnny Ramone, Signal Guitarist for the Ramones, Dies at 55". New York Times. September 16, 2004. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  31. ^ Monte A. Melnick (2003). On The Road with the Ramones. Bobcat Books. ISBN 97818477721037. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  32. ^ Livewire's one on one (December 3, 2001). Concertlivewire.com Accessed 2008-04-11.
  33. ^ "The musical misfits". BBC News. April 16, 2001. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
  34. ^ Chris Morris (April 29, 2001). "Joey Ramone, Punk's First Icon, Dies". Billboard. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
  35. ^ "BBC - Music Profiles - New York Dolls>".
  36. ^ John Holmstrom (December 2004). Happy Family Interviews. RamonesMania.com. Accessed 2008-04-11.
  37. ^ Ramones Discography LPs punk77.co.uk. Accessed 2007-10-08.
  38. ^ End of the Century: The Ramones PBS.org. Accessed 2008-03-24.
  39. ^ David Fricke (1999). Hey Ho Let's Go!: The Anthology liner notes. Rhino Entertainment, R2 75817.
  40. ^ Gavin McNett. "Teenage Kicks". Salon.com. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  41. ^ a b Stephen Colegrave (2001). Punk: The Definitive Record of a Revolution. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. p. 67. ISBN 1-56025-369-X. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Legs McNeil (1996). Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk, 2nd ed. New York: Penguin Books. pp. p. 211. ISBN 0 14 02.6690 9. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ a b Jim Bessman (1993). Ramones: An American Band. St. Martin's Press. pp. p. 40. ISBN 0312093691. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  44. ^ Arturo Vega. "My Ramones World". OfficialRamones.com. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
  45. ^ Kurt Loder. "The Clash: Ducking bottles, asking questions". MTV.com. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  46. ^ "BBC _ Seven Ages of Rock: The Ramones play The Roundhouse, July 4, 1976". BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  47. ^ Gregg Turkington. "Dead Kennedys: A concise History For Consumers Everywhere". Alternative Tentacles. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
  48. ^ Dennis Lyxzén (2004). "Bad Religion's Brett Gurewitz Exclusively Interviewed by (International) Noise Conspiracy's Dennis Lyxzén - Back To The Beginning". Exclaim!. Retrieved 2008-01-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  49. ^ Myers, Sarah L. (May 14, 2007). "The Head Cat: Lemmy interview". Thirsty. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  50. ^ "Tré's Support System". GeekStinkBreath.net. Retrieved 2008-04-11.

See also

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External links

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