Racial profiling and Q-Tip (musician): Difference between pages

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{{Infobox musical artist
{{Nofootnotes|article|date=February 2008}}
|Img=<!-- only free-content images are allowed for depicting living people - see [[WP:NONFREE]] --> |
{{Discrimination sidebar}}
| Name = Q-Tip
'''Racial profiling''' is the inclusion of [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial]] or [[ethnicity|ethnic]] characteristics in determining whether a person is considered likely to commit a particular type of crime or an illegal act (see [[Offender Profiling]]). Towards the end of the 20th century in the [[United States]], the practice became controversial among the general public as the potential for abuse by [[law enforcement agency|law enforcement]] came to light.
| | Img_capt =
| Img_size = <!-- Only for images narrower than 220 pixels -->
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Jonathan Davis
| Alias = Kamaal Ibn John Fareed
| Born = {{birth date and age|1970|04|10}}
| Died =
| Origin = [[Harlem]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
| Instrument =
| Genre = [[East Coast Hip Hop]]
| Occupation =
| Years_active = [[1988 in music|1988]] - present
| Label = [[Jive Records|Jive]]/[[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]]<br>[[Arista Records|Arista]]/[[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]]<br>[[Motown Records|Motown]]/[[Universal Music Group|Universal]]
| Associated_acts = [[A Tribe Called Quest]]<br>[[Kanye West]]<br>[[The Ummah]]<br>[[Soulquarians]]<br>[[R.E.M.]]<br>[[The Standard]]<br> [[Busta Rhymes]]<br>[[Nas]]<br>[[Consequence]]<br>[[Common]]<br>[[J Dilla]]|<br>[[2Pac]]<br>[[Lil Wayne]]<br>[[Soulja Boy]]| URL =
}}


'''Q-Tip''' (born '''Jonathan Davis''', [[April 10]], [[1970]], in [[Harlem|Harlem, New York]]), is an American [[rapping|hip-hop emcee]], [[singer]], [[actor]], and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] [[hip hop production|producer]],who went to Murry Bergtraum High School in Manhattan, New York and was the leader of the critically acclaimed group [[A Tribe Called Quest]]. He converted to [[Islam]] in the mid-1990s, and changed his name to '''Kamaal Ibn John Fareed'''.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,992761-2,00.html Hip-Hop's Next Wave - TIME<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The ''Q'' in Q-Tip's [[stage name]] stands for [[Queens, New York|Queens]], the [[borough]] of [[New York City]] from which he hails. It is also said to be a name that represents his ability to get into one’s ears
[[Civil rights]] advocates are against the use of racial profiling tactics by the police. Some argue{{who}} that the disproportionate number of convicted minorities is due to "racial profiling".
(as the Q-Tip [[cotton swab]]).
He also refers to himself as the Abstract' (originally the Abstract Poetic) and Kamaal the Abstract.


Q-Tip has been a resident of [[Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey]].<ref>Colman, David. [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB935702927947068691.html?mod=googlewsj "Flat-Panel TVs Sure Look Cool, But They Pose Design Dilemmas"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', [[August 27]], [[1999]]. Accessed [[December 27]], [[2007]]. "The rapper Q-Tip has been at the cutting edge of the music world for the past decade. So it was only natural that he'd want the latest for his Englewood Cliffs, N.J., living room: a sleek, flat-panel TV set."</ref>
Conversely, it is argued that including race as one of the several factors in suspect profiling is generally supported by the law enforcement community within the [[Western world]]. It is claimed that profiling based on ''any'' characteristic is a time-tested and universal police tool, and that excluding race as a factor is insensible.


==Biography==
==Motor vehicle searches and racial profiling==
===Early career===
Besides performing with his popular and successful [[jazz rap|jazz-influenced hip hop]] group, Tip also did production work (under his production alias the Abstract or often—along with fellow Tribe member [[Ali Shaheed Muhammad]] and the late [[Slum Village]] member [[J Dilla|Jay Dee]]—as part of [[the Ummah]]) for artists such as [[Nas]] ("One Love," from ''[[Illmatic]]'', [[1994 in music|1994]]), [[Mobb Deep]] (co-producer on "Give up the Goods (Just Step)," "Temperature's Rising," and "Drink Away the Pain," from ''[[The Infamous]]'', [[1995 in music|1995]]) and even R&B divas [[Mariah Carey]] ("[[Honey]]," from ''[[Butterfly]]'', [[1997 in music|1997]]) and [[Whitney Houston]] ("Fine," from ''Greatest Hits'').


===Solo career===
Motor vehicle searches are one possible application of racial profiling. In the United States black drivers are much more likely to have their car stopped and searched than white drivers. One explanation for this observation is that police officers have a racist preference, making them more likely to search a car driven by a black motorist. An alternative explanation is that police officers target not race but certain characteristics that are only correlated with race. This is also related to the hypothesis that police officers have no racial preferences and only maximize the probability of a successful search. If black motorists are more likely to carry contraband or illegal drugs racial profiling may lead to a higher probability of successful searches.<ref name=knowles_persico_todd>{{cite journal
A Tribe Called Quest disbanded in [[1998 in music|1998]], after which Q-Tip pursued a solo career. His first solo singles, "[[Vivrant Thing]]" and "[[Breathe & Stop]]," were far more pop-oriented than anything he had done in A Tribe Called Quest, as was his solo debut LP for [[Arista Records]], ''[[Amplified (Q-Tip album)|Amplified]]''. His [[2002 in music|2002]] follow-up, ''[[Kamaal the Abstract]]'', although critically acclaimed and issued a catalog number, was never released because the label believed that it did not have commercial appeal.
|last=Knowles
|first=John
|authorlink=
|coauthors=Nicola Persico, Petra Todd
|title=Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence
|journal=[[Journal of Political Economy]]
|volume=109
|issue=1
|pages=203–229
|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]
|location=
|date=February 2001
|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28200102%29109%3A1%3C203%3ARBIMVS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L
|doi=10.1086/318603
|id=
|accessdate=2008-03-29
|month=Feb
|year=2001}}</ref>


A Tribe Called Quest reunited in 2006 and played a limited number of dates. The group was composed of its original lineup, including Tip and occasional member [[Jarobi White]]. Early the next year, Tip signed a new solo deal with [[Motown Records|Motown]]/[[Universal Music Group|Universal Records]].
At least for the state of [[Maryland]] data suggests that the probability of a successful search is very similar across races. This suggests that police officers are not motivated by racial preferences but by the desire to maximize the probability of a successful search. In fact, data suggests that the probability of finding contraband in excess of a high threshold is higher for black motorists, implying a bias against white drivers.<ref name="knowles_persico_todd" />


As of late, Q-Tip has been very active, once again happily reunited with the full line-up of [[A Tribe Called Quest]] on the 2K7 NBA Bounce Tour, Rock the Bells Tour '08, and regaining control of his previously label-owned [[MySpace]] page. He has announced that he is negotiating for the ownership of the masters of earlier material from his previous labels and plans to release them independently.
== Criticism ==
'''Critics argue that race should:'''
* never be considered for any reason in a police action (save the exceptions made below).
* never be considered the primary or motivating factor for suspicion.
* only be considered when it is used to describe a specific suspect in a specific crime and only when used in a manner like other physical descriptions (e.g., hair color, weight, distinguishing marks). This is often referred to as the "be on the lookout" (B.O.L.O.) exception.
* even if race could be helpful, use of race may cause many more errors where the actual offender happened not to fit the race predicted by the model and law enforcement fails to capture the suspect.


Q-Tip has recently stated that he will be forming a hip hop group with fellow rapper [[Common (rapper)|Common]], called "The Standard." <ref>[http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=13364 XXLmag.com | Hip-Hop On A Higher Level | » Q-Tip and Common Form New Group, The Standard]</ref> His next album ''[[The Renaissance (Q-Tip album)|The Renaissance]]'' is scheduled for release on November 4, 2008 through Universal Motown. The song Shaka features an excerpt of one of presidential candidate Barack Obama's campaign speeches over a guitar-tinged beat.
It is sometimes necessary to consider racial factors in a way that may not be immediately apparent from the above when dealing with hate crimes and the like, though it is very rare to think of situations where racial profiling would aid police decision making in this context.


==Discography==
Some groups argue{{who}} that if a disproportional number of members of a race are, for example, stopped, searched, or arrested, compared to the general population or to other races, it is due to [[Racial discrimination|discrimination]]. In the United States, the government does not have the right to conduct racial profiling. The [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]] of the [[U.S. Constitution]] guarantees the right to be safe from unreasonable search and seizure without probable cause. Since the majority of people of all races are law-abiding citizens, merely being of a race which a police officer believes to be more likely to commit a crime than another is not probable cause. In addition, the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] of the U.S. Constitution requires that all citizens be treated equally under the law. It has been argued that this makes it unconstitutional for a representative of the government to make decisions based on race. This view has been upheld by the U.S. [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in ''[[Batson v. Kentucky]]'' and several other cases.
===Solo albums===
* ''[[Amplified (Q-Tip album)|Amplified]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Kamaal the Abstract]]'' (2002) (Unreleased)
* ''[[The Renaissance (Q-Tip album)|The Renaissance]]'' (2008)


===Featured appearances===
Some groups also argue{{who}} that police who focus their limited attention on one racial group allow criminals from other racial groups to go free. Critics claim racial profiling prevailed in the 1995 [[Oklahoma City bombing]], as law enforcement initially focused time and resources on two men of Middle Eastern descent (though [[Timothy McVeigh]] was identified and arrested less than two days after the attack).
* 1988: "Black Is Black", "The Promo" (from the [[Jungle Brothers]]' album ''[[Straight Out the Jungle]]'')
* 1989: "Buddy" (from the [[De La Soul]] album ''[[3 Feet High and Rising]]'')
* 1990: "[[Groove Is In The Heart]]" (from the [[Deee-Lite]] album ''[[World Clique]]'')
* 1991: "Don't Curse" (featuring [[Big Daddy Kane]], [[Kool G Rap]], [[Grand Puba]], [[CL Smooth]], [[Pete Rock]]) (from the [[Heavy D]] album ''[[Peaceful Journey]]'')
* 1991: "La Menage" (from the [[Black Sheep]] album ''[[A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing (album)|A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing]]'')
* 1991: "A Roller Skating Jam Named "Saturdays"" (from the [[De La Soul]] album ''[[De La Soul Is Dead]]'')
* 1994: "Let's Organize" (from the [[Organized Konfusion]] album ''[[Stress: The Extinction Agenda]]'')
* 1994: "Get It Together" (from [[Beastie Boys]] album ''[[Ill Communication]]'')
* 1994: "One Love" (from the [[Nas]] album ''[[Illmatic]]'')
* 1994: "Get Down (Q-Tip Remix)" ([[Craig Mack]] ''Get Down'' single)
* 1995: "All The Way Live" (from the [[Tha Alkaholiks]] album ''[[Coast II Coast]]'')
* 1995: "To Each His Own" (from the [[INI (hip-hop group)|INI]] album ''[[Lost & Found: Hip Hop Underground Soul Classics|Center of Attention]]'')
* 1995: "Drink Away The Pain (Situations)" (from the [[Mobb Deep]] album ''[[The Infamous]]'')
* 1995: "Me and My Microphone" (from the [[A+ (rapper)|A+]] album ''[[The Latch-Key Child]]'')
* 1995: "Extra Abstract Skillz" (from the [[Mad Skillz]] album ''[[From Where???]]'')
* 1996: "Ill Vibe" (from the [[Busta Rhymes]] album ''[[The Coming]]'')
* 1996: "Ital (Universe Side)" (from [[The Roots]]' album ''[[Illadelph Halflife]]'')
* 1996: "The Remedy" (feat. [[Common]], from ''[[Get On The Bus Soundtrack]]'')
* 1996: "3 MCs" (from [[Da Bush Babees]]' album ''[[Gravity]]'')
* 1997: "Stolen Moments Pt. 3" (from the [[Common (rapper)|Common]] album ''[[One Day It'll All Make Sense]]'')
* 1997: "[[Got 'Til It's Gone]]" (from the [[Janet Jackson]] album ''[[The Velvet Rope]]'')
* 1998: "Body Rock" (featuring [[Mos Def]] and [[Tash (rapper)|Tash]]) (from the album ''[[Lyricist Lounge, Volume One]]'')
* 1998: "You" ([[Lucy Pearl]] and Q-Tip)
* 1999: "Listen" (from the [[Heavy D]] album ''[[Heavy (Heavy D album)|Heavy]]'')
* 1999: "Get Involved" (feat. [[Raphael Saadiq]], from ''[[The PJs#Soundtrack|The PJ's Soundtrack]]'')
* 1999: "Showdown" (from the [[Black Moon (band)|Black Moon]] album ''[[War Zone (album)|War Zone]]'')
* 1999: ''[[Hot Boyz]] Remix'' (from the [[Missy Elliot]] album [[Da Real World]])
* 2000: "Hold Tight" (from the [[Slum Village]] album ''[[Fantastic, Vol. 2]]'')
* 2001: "[[Girls, Girls, Girls (Jay-Z song)|Girls, Girls, Girls]]" (from the [[Jay-Z]] album ''[[The Blueprint]]'')
* 2000: "Makin' It Blend" (from [[Lyricist Lounge 2]])
* 2002: "In the Sun" (from the [[Large Professor]] album ''[[1st Class]]'')
* 2003: "Poetry" (from [[The RH Factor]] album ''[[Hardgroove]]'')
* 2003: "1,2 To The Bass" (from [[Stanley Clarke]]'s album ''[[1,2 To The Bass]]'')
* 2004: "The Outsiders" (from [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]]'s album ''[[Around the Sun]]'')
* 2005: "[[Galvanize (song)|Galvanize]]" (from the [[The Chemical Brothers]] album ''[[Push the Button (Chemical Brothers album)|Push the Button]]'')
* 2005: "We can make it better" (bonus track on the [[Kanye West]] album [[Late Registration]])
* 2006: "[[Why You Wanna]]" ([[T.I.]] featuring Q-Tip)([[Mick Boogie]] Remix)(From the T.I. album [[King (T.I. album)|KING]])
* 2006: "[[Like That]]" (from the [[Black Eyed Peas]] album ''[[Monkey Business (album)|Monkey Business]]'')
* 2006: "The Frog" (from the [[Sergio Mendes]] album ''[[Timeless (Sergio Mendes album)|Timeless]]'')
* 2006: "[[Enuff]]" (featuring [[Lateef the Truth Speaker]], from the [[DJ Shadow]] album ''[[The Outsider (album)|The Outsider]]'')
* 2006: "Get You Some", "You Can't Hold A Torch" (from the [[Busta Rhymes]] album ''[[The Big Bang (album)|The Big Bang]]'')
* 2006: "Keep It Moving" (from the [[Hi-Tek]] album ''[[Hi-Teknology 2: The Chip]]'')
* 2006: "Love You Can't Borrow" (from the [[M-1 (rapper)|M-1]] album ''[[Confidential (album)|Confidential]]'')
* 2007: "Just A Lil Dude" (from [[RZA]]’s soundtrack to ''[[The RZA Presents: Afro Samurai OST|Afro Samurai]]'')
* 2007: "Stop, Look, Listen" (from the [[Statik Selektah]] album ''Spell My Name Right: The Album'')
* 2007: "Lightworks" (featuring [[Talib Kweli]]) (from the [[Busta Rhymes]] and [[J Dilla]] mixtape ''Dillagence'')
* 2007: "Too Blessed" (from the [[Kevin Michael]] album ''[[Kevin Michael (album)|Kevin Michael]]'')
* 2008: "Sandcastle Disco" (from the [[Solange Knowles]] album ''[[Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams]]'')
* 2008: "Paris, Tokyo (Remix)" (from the album [[Lupe Fiasco's The Cool]] by [[Lupe Fiasco]] ft [[Pharrell]], [[Sarah Green]])


==Films==
In [[Los Angeles]] in December 2001, a man of Middle Eastern descent named Assem Bayaa cleared all the security checks in the airport. He was an American citizen and he got on a plane to New York. He had barely gotten settled in his seat when he was told that he made the passengers uncomfortable by being on board the plane. Once Bayaa got off the plane, he wasn't searched or questioned any further. The only consolation he was given was a boarding pass for the next flight to New York. The luggage he had checked wasn't even taken off the plane he was originally on. He filed a lawsuit on the basis of discrimination against [[United Airlines]], who filed a counter motion. The motion was dismissed on October 11, 2002. The district judge ruled that a pilot's discretion "does not grant them a license to discriminate" (The Advocate, Santa Clara University School of Law Newsletter). While an example of prejudice and discrimination, this incident was an act by private individuals, and did not involve a government agency as decision makers. It can, however, be shown to illustrate the potential toward abuse of racial profiling.
* 1993: ''[[Poetic Justice]]''

* 2000: ''[[Disappearing Acts]]''
Racial profiling involves police use of race as a key factor in decisions to stop and interrogate people. More specifically, it can be defined as "the practice of constructing a set of characteristics or behaviors based on race and using that set of characteristics to decide whether an individual might be guilty of some crime and therefore worthy of investigation or arrest" (McGraw Hill Online Learning Center). In airports, racial profiling is sometimes used to pick who to search more carefully and extensively than everyone else. If a person's physical features look like those specific to someone of Middle Eastern descent, then they're generally more likely to be stopped and searched thoroughly than someone who has the physical features of a European person. It has also been pointed out that many Arabs and South Asians resemble South (and occasionally even North) Europeans. On the other hand, confusions with Latin Americans and Caribbean people with Arabs is very common at Airports. The constitutional basis for racial profiling has been a point of considerable discussion.
* 2001: ''[[Prison Song]]''

* 2002: ''[[Brown Sugar (film)|Brown Sugar]]''
==United States==
* 2004: ''[[She Hate Me]]''

In the United States, the term "racial profiling" has often been paired with accusations of racial discrimination against [[African-Americans|blacks]], [[Hispanics in the United States|hispanics]], and other minorities, particularly by police.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} It is one type of racially biased policing. Racially biased policing includes other practices such as discriminatory treatment of racial and ethnic minorities not based on profiling, and differential police practices in neighborhoods populated by minorities compared to neighborhoods populated by whites (Weitzer and Tuch 2006).

According to some advocates, only the non-racial factors are justified in suspect profiling; police should ignore any ethnic or racial information they have on people involved in the [[illegal drug trade]]. These advocates regard the inclusion of racial characteristics, even as one of several factors as "racial profiling" and oppose it. Most Americans oppose domestic (non airline) racial profiling. In a 2002 poll, for instance, 73 percent of European Americans and 91 percent of African Americans disapproved of racial profiling by the police (Weitzer and Tuch 2006).

Organizations such as [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|NAACP]] and the [[American Civil Liberties Union|ACLU]] are against "racial profiling." They state that profiling based exclusively on race singles out minorities such as African-Americans and those of Hispanic descent. Some also take issue with the police having the prerogative to use race as a factor, as this leaves minorities little recourse if unfairly harassed by police.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Many people blamed racial profiling for the shooting of [[Amadou Diallo]] by the [[New York City Police Department]]. The officers involved claimed they had mistaken Diallo for a wanted rapist. Critics feel that the police were suspicious of Diallo simply because he was a black man walking down the street after midnight.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

In the wake of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] the issue of "racial profiling" has become political, as the urgency of preventing terrorists from boarding aircraft has again risen.

According to a Gallup poll conducted shortly after 9/11, 71 percent of blacks, and 57 percent of whites, supported racial profiling of Arabs and South Asians at airport security checkpoints.[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,35521,00.html]Another poll conducted in 2002 by the survey group Public Agenda found that in the post-9/11 world the public rejected some forms of racial profiling more strongly than others. The survey found 52 percent said there was "no excuse" for profiling of blacks, but two-thirds said profiling of Arabs and South Asians was "understandable, but you wish it didn't happen."<ref>[http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/red_flags.cfm?issue_type=race#profiling]</ref> Even so, the survey found most people were uncomfortable with blatant profiling of Arabs or South Asian airline passengers.<ref>[http://www.publicagenda.org/specials/constitution/constitution4.htm]</ref> Racial profiling has become an oversimplified focus of discussion;{{Fact|date=June 2008}} more recently, productive alternatives including passport profiling, behavior profiling and age profiling have become topics of consideration.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

Racial profiling has been in use on stopping [[illegal immigration]] targeting mostly [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanics]] suspected of being in the country illegally. It especially came in light of a [[Illegal immigration to the United States|recent political debate]] that started back in 2006. In [[Maricopa County, Arizona]] it has been used by Sheriff's Department headed by [[Joe Arpaio]] to arrest illegal immigrants creating fear in the Hispanic community.

Some statistics from the US and Canada indicate that [[Asian people|Asians]] are among the least arrested by police, proportionally.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The numbers of course differ depending on how one defines Asian.

In the late 1990s, the [[Maryland State Police|Maryland]] and [[New Jersey State Police]] agencies was rocked by a racial profiling scandal. Allegations were made that black motorists were being pulled over disproportionately on the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] and on [[Interstate 95]], for no reason other than race alone. In New Jersey many rank-and-file state troopers testified that their supervisors had ordered them to engage in this practice. A nationwide scandal erupted, which ultimately resulted in a federal monitor watching over the New Jersey State Police. In a "consent decree," the New Jersey State Police agreed to adopt a new policy that no individual may be detained based on race, unless said individual matches the description of a specific suspect.[http://www.state.nj.us/oag/jointapp.htm][http://www.njdcj.org/agguide/directives/racial-profiling/racial-profiling.htm] In Maryland the state reached a settlement to pay the victims for the incident.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

==United Kingdom==

In the UK in the early 1980s evidence showed that black people were as much as five times more likely to be stopped by the police{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, leading satirists to refer to the crime of DWB ([[Driving While Black]]). This is possibly an example of racial profiling but was more likely a mixture of that and low-level prejudice. The [[Sus law]] was a controversial law in the 80s that many accused of being a tool for [[police brutality]] against black people.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}

== Canada ==
Accusations of racial profiling of visible minorities who accuse police of targeting them due to their ethnic background is a growing concern in Canada. In 2005, the [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] Police Department released the first study ever in Canada which pertains to racial profiling. The study focused on in the city of Kingston, a small city where most of the inhabitants are white. The study showed that black skinned people were 3.7 times more likely to be pulled over by police than white skinned people, while Asian people were less likely to be pulled over than whites or blacks. [http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/05/26/race050526.html] Several police organizations condemned this study and suggested more studies like this would make them hesitant to pull over visible minorities.

In 2003, Professional Boxer Kirk Johnson launched a Human Rights Inquiry against the Halifax Regional Police based on Racial Profiling. During the inquiry Johnson claimed that he had had his car stopped 28 times over five years while in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]]. Johnson was awarded $10,000 in damages, in addition to $4,790 to cover his travel expenses. The police service was also ordered to create a scholarship in Johnson's name

== Racial profiling in health and medicine ==
{{POV-section|date=December 2007}}
Racial profiling can occur in health and medicine as well. Doctors may engage in racial profiling in order to customize diagnosis. Sally Satel, a doctor and author of “PC, M.D.: How Political Correctness Is Corrupting Medicine,” states:

<blockquote>
“We do it because certain diseases and treatment responses cluster by ethnicity. Recognizing these patterns can help us diagnose disease more efficiently and prescribe medications more effectively. When it comes to practicing medicine, stereotyping often works.” (2002, “I am a Racially Profiling Doctor”)
</blockquote>

In clinical settings, statistical evidence indicates that:

- enalapril, a standard treatment for chronic heart failure, tends to be less helpful to Black people than to Caucasians

- Black people tend to metabolize antidepressants (e.g. Prozac) more slowly than Caucasians and Asians

- Asians tend to have a greater sensitivity to narcotics

- Asian males tend to have an unusual propensity for a rare condition in which low potassium causes temporary paralysis

The debate involves the “one-size-fits-all” concept dichotomizing customized prescriptions. The notion of racially profiling in the practice of medicine is contested because it takes into account our genetic differences. However, some argue that it is not in patients' best interests to deny the reality of differences in genetics.

Adding to the debate is the argument that patterns found in “genetic” differences disregard environmental factors. For example, the high occurrence of hypertension in African-Americans may be due to socio-economic factors as opposed to genetics.

Nonetheless, Mike Bamshad, in his article “Genetic Influences on Health: Does Race Matter?”, contends,” In the end, however, every human being is genetically unique and so must be treated as an individual, not an example of a group defined by geography or race.”

==See also==
*[[Affirmative action]]
*[[Discrimination]]
*[[Driving while black]]
*[[Flying while Muslim]]
*[[Race and crime]]
*[[Race and Inequality]]

==Resources==
[[Ronald Weitzer]] and Steven Tuch. 2006. ''Race and Policing in America: Conflict and Reform'' (New York: Cambridge University Press).


==References==
==References==
Line 116: Line 105:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.q-tip.com Q-Tip] -- official site.
*[http://www.racialprofilinganalysis.neu.edu The Racial Profiling Data Collection Analysis Resource Center at Northeastern University]
* [http://www.discogs.com/artist/Q-Tip Q-Tip] discography at [[Discogs]].
*[http://www.acluprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database=5-H-Sub-1Q.db&command=viewone&op=t&id=3&rnd=201.58134152644868 Should racial profiling be accepted as a law enforcement practice?]
* {{imdb name|0702580|name=Q-Tip}}.
*[http://www.aclu.org/racialjustice/racialprofiling/index.html American Civil Liberties Union assessment of racial profiling]
* [http://www.myspace.com/qtip Q-Tip] at [[MySpace]].
*[http://www.aclu.org/racialjustice/racialprofiling/19901res20050815.html Definition of Racial Profiling by the American Civil Liberties Union]
* [http://www.twitter.com/QtipMusic Q-Tip] at [[Twitter]].
*[http://www.aclunc.org/discrimination/webb-report.html An Investigation by the Joint Legislative Task Force on Government Oversight into Racial Profiling Practices by the California Highway Patrol as part of a program known as Operation Pipeline]
* [http://heywiregallery.com/profile/theabstract Q-Tip] at [[Heywire Guild & Gallery]].
*[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/crimoff.htm Bureau of Justice Criminal Offender Statistics] and [http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/ascii/piusp01.txt here]
* [http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/statusainthood/archives/2007/08/status_aint_hoo_30.php Village Voice interview].
*[http://www.law2.byu.edu/jpl/Vol%2017.1/Macdonald%20pdf.pdf Rational Profiling in America's Airports] (Law Review Article)
*[http://www.borderaction.org/PDFs/BAN-Justice.pdf Border Action Network report (pdf) on racial profiling by US Border Patrol on the US/Mexico border.]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/racial_profiling/ CBC backgrounder on racial profiling in Canada.]
*[http://www.cato.org/research/terrorism/pubs/levy-011002.html "Ethnic Profiling: A Rational and Moral Framework"], by [[Robert A. Levy]] ([[Cato Institute]], [[October 2]], [[2001]])
*[http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/ethicalperspectives/profiling.html "Racial Profiling in an Age of Terrorism"], By Peter Siggins ([[Markkula Center for Applied Ethics]], [[March 12]], [[2002]])
*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/bombing-our-illusions_b_8615.html "Bombing Our Illusions"], by Sam Harris ([[Huffington Post]], [[October 10]], [[2005]])
*[http://www.spectacle.org/0202/hogan.html "The Ethics of Ethnic Profiling"], by Jonathan Wallace (2007)


{{A Tribe Called Quest}}
{{Template group
{{Soulquarians}}
|list =
{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Segregation by type|state=collapsed}}
}}


{{lifetime|1970| |Q-Tip}}
[[Category:Law enforcement terminology]]
[[Category:Race|Profiling, race]]
[[Category:A Tribe Called Quest members]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:African American musicians]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:American rappers]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Race-related legal issues]]
[[Category:American Muslims]]
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Revision as of 21:41, 10 October 2008

Q-Tip

Q-Tip (born Jonathan Davis, April 10, 1970, in Harlem, New York), is an American hip-hop emcee, singer, actor, and hip hop producer,who went to Murry Bergtraum High School in Manhattan, New York and was the leader of the critically acclaimed group A Tribe Called Quest. He converted to Islam in the mid-1990s, and changed his name to Kamaal Ibn John Fareed.[1] The Q in Q-Tip's stage name stands for Queens, the borough of New York City from which he hails. It is also said to be a name that represents his ability to get into one’s ears (as the Q-Tip cotton swab). He also refers to himself as the Abstract' (originally the Abstract Poetic) and Kamaal the Abstract.

Q-Tip has been a resident of Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.[2]

Biography

Early career

Besides performing with his popular and successful jazz-influenced hip hop group, Tip also did production work (under his production alias the Abstract or often—along with fellow Tribe member Ali Shaheed Muhammad and the late Slum Village member Jay Dee—as part of the Ummah) for artists such as Nas ("One Love," from Illmatic, 1994), Mobb Deep (co-producer on "Give up the Goods (Just Step)," "Temperature's Rising," and "Drink Away the Pain," from The Infamous, 1995) and even R&B divas Mariah Carey ("Honey," from Butterfly, 1997) and Whitney Houston ("Fine," from Greatest Hits).

Solo career

A Tribe Called Quest disbanded in 1998, after which Q-Tip pursued a solo career. His first solo singles, "Vivrant Thing" and "Breathe & Stop," were far more pop-oriented than anything he had done in A Tribe Called Quest, as was his solo debut LP for Arista Records, Amplified. His 2002 follow-up, Kamaal the Abstract, although critically acclaimed and issued a catalog number, was never released because the label believed that it did not have commercial appeal.

A Tribe Called Quest reunited in 2006 and played a limited number of dates. The group was composed of its original lineup, including Tip and occasional member Jarobi White. Early the next year, Tip signed a new solo deal with Motown/Universal Records.

As of late, Q-Tip has been very active, once again happily reunited with the full line-up of A Tribe Called Quest on the 2K7 NBA Bounce Tour, Rock the Bells Tour '08, and regaining control of his previously label-owned MySpace page. He has announced that he is negotiating for the ownership of the masters of earlier material from his previous labels and plans to release them independently.

Q-Tip has recently stated that he will be forming a hip hop group with fellow rapper Common, called "The Standard." [3] His next album The Renaissance is scheduled for release on November 4, 2008 through Universal Motown. The song Shaka features an excerpt of one of presidential candidate Barack Obama's campaign speeches over a guitar-tinged beat.

Discography

Solo albums

Featured appearances

Films

References

  1. ^ Hip-Hop's Next Wave - TIME
  2. ^ Colman, David. "Flat-Panel TVs Sure Look Cool, But They Pose Design Dilemmas", The Wall Street Journal, August 27, 1999. Accessed December 27, 2007. "The rapper Q-Tip has been at the cutting edge of the music world for the past decade. So it was only natural that he'd want the latest for his Englewood Cliffs, N.J., living room: a sleek, flat-panel TV set."
  3. ^ XXLmag.com | Hip-Hop On A Higher Level | » Q-Tip and Common Form New Group, The Standard

External links

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