Alfred Hoche

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Alfred Erich Hoche (before 1923)

Alfred Erich Hoche (born August 1, 1865 in Wildenhain ; † May 16, 1943 in Baden-Baden ) was a German psychiatrist , neuroanatomist and neuropathologist . He made a name for himself as a critic of Emil Kraepelin and Sigmund Freud . Above all, however, he is known as the co-author of the publication on The Release of Destruction Unworthy of Life (1920), through which he is considered one of the pioneers of organized mass extermination during the National Socialist era.

Life

Origin and family

Alfred Hoche was born into a Protestant pastor's family. His father Ernst August Rudolph Hoche (1819–1879) was a pastor in Wildenhain near Torgau , later in Bretleben , Neisse and Egeln . His mother, Mathilde von Renouard, Ernst Hoche's second wife, was the daughter of the Prussian major general Maximilian von Renouard (1797-1883). Mathilde's great-great-grandfather Franz von Renouard (1710–1796), a Prussian councilor, was director of the French colony in Potsdam . Alfred Hoche was the grandson of the superintendent and historian Johann Gottfried Hoche (1762–1836) and nephew of the writer and revolutionary Louise Aston , b. Hoche (1814-1871). Alfred Hoche had a sister and half-siblings from his father's first marriage who also lived in the parish. About Eulalie Merx , geb. Hoche (1811–1908), another older sister of his father, was closely related to Alfred Hoche with Ernst Ruska (1906–1988), 1986 Nobel Prize laureate in physics.

Alfred Hoche was married to Hedwig Goldschmidt (1875–1937), daughter of Siegfried Goldschmidt (1844–84), professor of oriental languages ​​and Sanskrit in Strasbourg , and his wife Anna Meyer. The couple had a son, Ernst Hoche (1896–1914), who died as a volunteer primary student in northern France during the First World War .

After he was taken out of elementary school at the age of eight, his father prepared him for high school together with a pensioner of the same age. At the age of twelve he went on a scholarship in the Untersekunda the monastery Roßleben one, then a state oversight foundation of the family von Witzleben , came from a great-grandmother of Hoche.

Studies and career

After graduating from high school, Hoche decided to study medicine . From the winter semester 1882/83 he first studied in Berlin , where he lectured a. a. heard from the physician and physiologist Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymond and the physiologist and physicist Hermann von Helmholtz and where he completed the Physikum . Then Hoche went to Heidelberg . There, his older cousin Adalbert Merx (1838–1909), son of the aforementioned Eulalie Merx and professor of oriental studies, took him under his wing. Hoche worked for the anatomist Carl Gegenbaur , the pathologist Julius Arnold and the neurologist Wilhelm Heinrich Erb . After four semesters, Hoche inserted a new semester in Berlin to study with Karl Schroeder and become a gynecologist . After Schroeder's surprisingly early death, Hoche returned to Heidelberg.

After passing the state examination in 1888 and completing his doctorate , he took up an assistant position with Theodor von Dusch in the Luisenheilanstalt , the University Children's Clinic and Medical Polyclinic. Around Christmas 1889 the great influenza wave reached the city. Von Dusch died in 1890 of influenza pneumonia . After the death of his mentor, the neurologist and psychiatrist Carl Fürstner offered him a job at the Heidelberg insane asylum . Hoche saw himself more as a student of Wilhelm Erb. This was the beginning of Alfred Hoche's more than four decades long path in the field of psychiatry . With Fürstner, Hoche went to the Kaiser Wilhelm University in Strasbourg in 1890 , where he completed his habilitation in psychiatry in 1891 and from 1899 worked as an associate professor. In 1902 he was appointed director of the newly established psychiatric clinic and professor of psychiatry at the University of Freiburg . In Strasbourg, Hoche met his wife, who was Jewish. In May 1933, Hoche retired at the age of 68 ; In 1935 he moved to Baden-Baden .

Political activities

Politically, he was always national and conservative. He was an active member of the German Fatherland Party and its chairman in Baden . At the first public meeting in Heidelberg on October 21, 1917, Hoche gave the main lecture "on the tasks and goals of the Fatherland Party" .

Retirement and death

In his retirement, Hoche only wrote fiction books. Allegedly he had parted with all psychiatric books. In 1934 he published his memoirs in Munich under the title “Jahresringe. Inside views of a person. ” His wife died in 1937.

On the evening of May 13, 1943, Hoche attended a Schubert concert in Baden-Baden with friends , but went home early because he was not feeling well. The next morning his housekeeper found him unconscious in his bed. He died on May 16, 1943 without regaining consciousness. A stroke was named as the cause of death in obituaries . However, there are indications that Hoche, who once coined the term accounting suicide , committed suicide by poisoning himself. There is said to have been a letter to the bereaved confirming the suicide. Some obituaries are also formulated ambiguously. So lifts Max nun out, had been found dead in bed Hoche, "no trace of deliberate action." And Robert Gaupp reports:

“ In the last weeks of his long and rich life he had felt a certain weakening of his strength, and a letter I received at the end of March showed me for the first time a certain change in his otherwise uniform writing. According to his sister's announcement, he himself had made all the preparations for his death. [...] Thus the man who has so often occupied himself with the problem of dying and death has been spared a long illness; we can assume that a benevolent fate dismissed him more suddenly than he himself thought [...]. If he wrote in one of his poems (Christ the Younger):

'I hope when the last veils blow
To see nothing with a clear eye,

so fate has not fulfilled this hope for him. "

Act

Scientific positions

Hoche mainly worked on anatomy , pathological anatomy, and pathology of the brain . His work “On the doctrine of tuberculosis of the central nervous system” (1888) and “On the course and termination of the fibers of the oval posterior cord field in the lumbar cord” (1896), which has since been known as “Hochesches Bund”, were important.

Hoche, on the other hand, hardly submitted any psychiatric work. Psychiatry had never meant much to him. However, he made a name for himself as a critic of Emil Kraepelin's theory of psychiatric forms. As early as 1906, he presented his criticism at the Munich conference of the German Association for Psychiatry and at that time met a broad front of rejection. Six years later, he found more open ears. At the invitation of the German Association for Psychiatry, he gave a lecture “On the symptom complexes in psychiatry” . He formulated a constructivist criticism of the naturalism and universalism of Kraepelin's disease categories, which he called “questions of faith”, “dogmatic matters” and “logical-dialectical fictions”.

“ Certain opinions emerged, quickly grew in number of followers and then dwindled again quantitatively. So for a long time the favor of psychiatric opinion carried paranoia, then dementia praecox, today manic-depressive insanity. In each case the term then encompassed such a large part of all mental disorders for individuals that for practical purposes it was at least a matter of indifference whether they were named like this or another. The extent, height and speed of these waves of development depended on the minds and schools. [...] All these diligent efforts are based on the indestructible belief that it must also be possible in the psychiatric field to find particularly delimited, pure, uniform forms of illness, a belief that takes food from the analogy to somatic medicine again and again without it It is thought that the nature of the relationships between symptom and anatomical substrate, as they are here and as they are there, cannot be compared with one another. "

- Alfred Hoche : The meaning of the symptom complex in psychiatry

In addition, Hoche demonstrated empirical contradictions in the specific relationship postulated by Kraepelin between the cause of the disease, brain pathology and clinical symptoms. Although Hoche did not present his own theory of diseases, he contributed to the discussion of psychiatric theory, as did Eugen Bleuler and Karl Jaspers at the same time . Empirical research, however, hardly provoked the idea of ​​the “symptom complexes”, with the possible exception of Carl Schneider's work on schizophrenia . “Things just happened, as they unfortunately often do and as Hoche predicted for his case,” Oswald Bumke summed up in 1943, “first general rejection, then a zone of silence and gradually the expression of similar views, mostly without anything high Name has been mentioned. After all, the theory of syndromes has become so self-evident that hardly any of the younger ones will understand why its founder should deserve it. "

At the same time, Hoche, who was known for his sarcastic rhetoric, appeared as a critic of the then new doctrine of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis , which he dismissed as “morbid doctrine” and “salvation doctrine for decadents, for weak people of all kinds”. Freud, conversely, called Hoche an “evil spirit”. In addition, Hoche dealt with forensic psychiatry, in particular with the position of the expert. The Law Faculty of the University of Freiburg awarded him an honorary doctorate for his services to the cooperation of lawyers and psychiatrists .

After his retirement , Hoche only published fiction , including the very successful Memories Annual Rings . As early as 1920 he had published a cycle of sonnets under the pseudonym "Alfred Erich" under the title "German Night".

Hoche did not form a school, for which, according to his own admission, he lacked the necessary prerequisites: “The skeptic can have pupils, but does not go to school.” Oswald Bumke noted, however, that “the development of psychiatry in the last 40 years without Hoche's critical intervention is like this but maybe not possible ". “But even if he hadn't established the theory of syndromes, his name would not be borrowed from science. Occasionally he referred to himself as the brake that is necessary for the safety of a vehicle ... ”Among his most famous students were Oswald Bumke , Walther Spielmeyer and, albeit less than a psychiatrist, Alfred Döblin . In an obituary, Kurt Beringer , his successor as head of the Freiburg University Neurological Clinic, wrote that "his name is not associated with any fundamental discoveries or advances in his subject."

"The release of the destruction of life unworthy of life"

In the meantime, the name Hoches is primarily used for the text “The release of the destruction of life unworthy of life . Your measure and your form ” (1st edition 1920), which he wrote together with the criminal law scholar Karl Binding . While Binding dealt with the legal questions, Hoche made 17 pages of “medical remarks” why doctors were entitled to euthanasia . He pleaded for a "killing release" for terminally ill patients with their will and - if they can no longer express it - even under very narrow conditions without their will, but never against their will. Last but not least, he developed an economic argument that the "spiritually dead" meant an unreasonable economic and moral burden:

The release of the destruction of life unworthy of life , cover of the second edition from 1922

“The institutions that serve the care of idiots are withdrawn from other purposes; as far as private institutions are concerned, the interest must be calculated; a nursing staff of many thousands is assigned for this completely sterile task and withdrawn from supporting work; It is an embarrassing idea that entire generations of carers are aging next to these empty human shells, not a few of whom are 70 years and older.
In the past times of prosperity, the question of whether the effort required in all directions for these categories of ballast existence was justified was not urgent; now it has changed, and we have to deal seriously with it. Our situation is like that of the participants in a difficult expedition, in which the greatest possible efficiency of everyone is the indispensable prerequisite for the success of the enterprise, and in which there is no space for half, quarter and eighth strengths. Our German task will be for a long time: a summary of all possibilities, increased to the highest degree, freeing up every available capacity for supporting purposes. The fulfillment of this task is opposed by the modern endeavor to preserve the weaker ones of all varieties as well as possible, to give care and protection to all, including those not spiritually dead, but nevertheless inferior elements according to their organization - efforts that thereby have their special significance received that it has not previously been possible, not even seriously attempted, to exclude them from reproduction.
[…] From
the standpoint of a higher state morality, it cannot be doubted that exaggerations have been exercised in the pursuit of unconditional preservation of life unworthy of life. From a foreign point of view, we have forgotten how to look at the state organism in this respect in the same sense as a whole with its own laws and rights, such as a self-contained human organism, which, as we doctors know, is in the interest of to the welfare of the whole also surrender and repel individual parts or particles that have become worthless or harmful.
An overview of the series of ballast existences listed above and a brief reflection shows that the majority of them are in favor of the question of conscious rejection, i.e. H. Elimination is out of the question. Even in times of need we will never want to stop caring for defects and sicknesses as long as they are not spiritually dead; we will never cease treating the physically and mentally ill to the utmost while there is still some prospect of changing their condition for the better; but perhaps one day we will mature into the view that the elimination of the spiritually dead is not a crime, an immoral act, or an emotional rawness, but a permissible useful act. "

- Alfred Hoche : The release of the destruction of life unworthy of life

Against the background of a psychiatry characterized by degeneration theory and social Darwinism and in connection with racial hygiene , Hoche took up on the one hand considerations that had already been developed by Adolf Jost in his work "The Right to Death" (1895), and above all by the German Monist Association around Ernst Haeckel were discussed. On the other hand, he argued in the context not only of the mood of crisis after the lost First World War , but also of the experiences of an institutional psychiatry, which, in view of the food shortage during the war and afterwards, accepted the "starvation" of its patients.

The work stimulated and shaped the euthanasia debate in the Weimar Republic. Readers readily relate the argument to experiences of the war and post-war periods. The director of the facility, Johannes Bresler, said: "It is difficult to decide whether this treatise is a catalog of guidelines to be applied in the future or merely an agonizing and vague justification of events that have already taken place."

While on the legal side the proposals for euthanasia were largely approved, the "destruction of life unworthy of life" was received with reluctance, the advance among the medical profession met with overwhelming majority - one exception was the Zwickau medical advisor Gustav Boeters - and in some cases resolute rejection. In 1921, the German Medical Association unanimously rejected a corresponding application for the “legal release” of the “destruction of life unworthy of life” against the applicant's vote. The psychiatrist Eugen Wauschkuhn asked polemically in 1922: “Perhaps it is permissible to ask how long our human beings will limit their executions with a medical hangman to only the insane? When will they discover that war invalids, disabled people, the blind, deaf and mute, tuberculous and cancer patients are not productive enough? "

Ewald Meltzer dealt most closely with bindings and Hoches theses. He considered the killing of seriously ill people on request “an obligation of legal compassion”, but rejected the killing of severely injured unconscious people and “incurably nonsensical”. What was also remarkable about Meltzer's work was that he carried out a survey among the parents and guardians of incurably "feeble-minded" children in his institution, in which 73% of the 162 responses indicated that they were willing to "painlessly shorten the life of your child" to agree. Another survey by Meltzer among Protestant theologians revealed a contradicting picture. Only the regional bishop of Saxony, Ludwig Ihmels , spoke out decisively against “euthanasia”. The Catholic Church unanimously rejected the "destruction of life unworthy of life".

In the long term, however, the use of the term “euthanasia” for the active killing of a sick person even without his or her consent. Hoche in particular had anticipated the semantic formulations of National Socialism . During the time of National Socialism, the economic aspect of racial hygiene postulates was particularly emphasized in propaganda, without, of course, explicitly speaking of “euthanasia”. Meltzer's survey was to be used in a planned film entitled “Dasein ohne Leben” to legitimize the murders of over 100,000 people as part of the T4 campaign . It is said that in the summer of 1940, Hoche sharply criticized the euthanasia practiced under National Socialism in a conversation with Viktor Mathes , the director of the Emmendingen sanatorium and nursing home .

Fonts

  • On the doctrine of tuberculosis of the central nervous system. Heidelberg, Diss. Med. 1888.
  • Contribution to the knowledge of the anatomical behavior of the human spinal cord roots in the normal and in the pathologically altered condition '(in the case of dementia paralytica)'. [S. 1–46 appeared as a Strasbourg habilitation thesis in 1891]. J. Hörnings, Heidelberg 1891.
  • The early diagnosis of progressive paralysis. Marhold, Halle 1896.
  • On the question of forensic assessment of sexual offenses. Veit, Leipzig 1896.
  • About the lighter forms of periodic insanity. Marhold, Halle 1897.
  • The neuron theory and its opponents. A. Hirschwald, Berlin 1899.
  • The tasks of the doctor in admitting the insane to the insane asylum. Marhold, Halle 1900.
  • Freedom of will from viewpoints of psychopathology. Bergmann, Wiesbaden 1902 ( full text ).
  • The differential diagnosis between epilepsy and hysteria. Hirschwald, Berlin 1902.
  • Which aspects does the general practitioner, as a psychiatric expert, have to pay particular attention to in questions of criminal law? . Marhold, Halle 1902.
  • The limits of mental health. Marhold, Halle 1903.
  • with August Finger: On the question of the ability of mentally abnormal persons to testify. Attached: From the practice of life. Marhold, Halle 1904.
  • A. Cramer; A. Westphal; A. Hoche; R. Wollenberg (arr.); O. Binswanger & E. Siemerling Ed .: Textbook of Psychiatry. 1904.
  • Modern analysis of psychological phenomena. Lecture given at the meeting of German naturalists and doctors in Dresden on September 16, 1907. Fischer, Jena 1907.
  • Necessary reforms of accident insurance laws. After a report made in Baden-Baden in 1907. Freiburg 1907.
  • with Gustav Aschaffenburg: Handbook of judicial psychiatry. Hirschwald, Berlin 1909; 3rd edition 1934.
  • The question of melancholy. Presentation given at the 40th meeting of the south-west German insane doctors in Heilbronn on November 6, 1909. Barth, Leipzig 1910.
  • Insanity and Culture. An academic speech. Speyer & Kaerner, Freiburg 1910.
  • Dementia Paralytica. Deuticke, Leipzig 1912.
  • The individual and their time. Speyer & Kaerner, Freiburg 1915.
  • From dying. War lecture given at the university on November 6, 1918. Fischer, Jena 1919.
  • with Karl Binding: The release of the destruction of life unworthy of life. Their size and shape. Meiner, Leipzig 1920; 2nd edition 1922.
    • Reprint, ed. by Wolfgang Naucke: The release of the destruction of life unworthy of life. Their size and shape (1920). BWV Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-8305-1169-8 .
  • Leading psychiatrists in self-portrayals: Wladimir Bechterew August Forel Sigmund Freud , Alfred Hoche, Konrad Rieger . Meiner, Leipzig 1930.
  • Counter psychoanalysis. Süddeutsch Monatshefte, Munich 1931.
  • Student suicides. After a lecture given in the Freiburg Pedagogical Society. Reprint from: Deutsche Revue. March 1913.
  • The individual and their time. Speech given at the annual celebration of the Freiburg Scientific Society on October 30, 1915. Speyer & Kaerner, Freiburg 1915.
  • War and soul life. Speyer & Kaerner, Freiburg 1915.
  • Mental mass phenomena in war. DVA, Stuttgart 1916.
  • The professional secret of the medical expert. [Sl] [1917].
  • The psychology of neutrality. Speyer & Kaerner, Freiburg 1917.
  • The German homeland soul in the war. In: The University of Freiburg, its Dr. med. hc Luise Grand Duchess Widow v. Bathing z. 80th birthdays December 3, 1918 ... Poppen & Ortmann, Freiburg 1918.
  • Political flaws. Lecture, Dresden on April 23, 1918. Lehmann, Dresden 1918.
  • German night. Bielefeld, Freiburg 1920.
  • The French and German Revolution. Fischer, Jena 1920.
  • The death of the wicked. Bielefeld, Freiburg 1923.
  • The dreaming me. Fischer, Jena 1927.
  • Spiritual undulations. Speech given at the annual celebration ... on November 13, 1923. Speyer & Kaerner, Freiburg 1927.
  • Menopause in men. Springer, Berlin 1928.
  • Sleep and dream. Ullstein, Berlin 1928.
  • Christ the young man. Urban, Freiburg [1930].
  • Against psychoanalysis. South German monthly books , Munich 1931.
  • The sense of justice in justice and politics. Springer, Berlin 1932.
  • The miracles of Therese Neumann von Konnersreuth. Lehmann, Munich 1933.
  • Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1934; last in 1969.
  • From the workshop. Lehmann, Munich 1935.
  • From the sense of pain. Lecture at the Baden neurologists' meeting on July 4, 1936. Lehmann, Munich 1936.
  • One love way. Reissner, Dresden 1936.
  • Prisoner's diary. Novel. Heyne, Dresden 1938.
  • The insane in poetry. Lehmann, Munich 1939.
  • Strasbourg and its university. A book of memory. Lehmann, Munich 1939.

literature

  • Hoche, Alfred Erich. In: Alma Kreuter: German-speaking neurologists and psychiatrists. Volume 2. Saur, Berlin 1995, pp. 584 ff. ( Limited preview in the Google book search).
  • Friedrich Denk: The censorship of the later born. On literature critical of the regime in the Third Reich. 1996.
  • Ruth Priscilla Kirstein: Alfred Erich Hoche (1865–1943) in Strasbourg. Freiburg i. Br., Univ., Diss., 1998.
  • Walter Müller-Seidel : Alfred Erich Hoche - life story in the field of tension between psychiatry, criminal law and literature. Publishing house of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-7696-1607-3 .
  • Andreas Funke: The psychiatrist Alfred Erich Hoche and "The release of the destruction of life unworthy of life". In: Medicine and National Socialism. 2002.
  • Oliver Tolmein : "Hatred can also take on the mask of pity". The German psychiatrist Alfred Hoche and the release of the destruction of life unworthy of life. DLF feature, November 29, 2002.
  • Ortrun Riha (ed.): The release of the "destruction of life unworthy of life". Contributions to the symposium on Karl Binding and Alfred Hoche on December 2, 2004 in Leipzig. Shaker, Aachen 2005.
  • Hans-Georg Hofer: From war, crisis and cold. Alfred Hoche on "life unworthy of life". In: Mariacarla Gadebusch Bondio, Thomas Stamm-Kuhlmann (ed.): Knowledge and conscience. Historical research into the goals of science and technology. Berlin / Hamburg 2009, pp. 47–89.

Web links

Commons : Alfred Hoche  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Alfred E. Hoche: Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1969 (1934), p. 31 ff.
  2. ^ A b Heinz Röhrich:  Hoche, Alfred. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 9, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-428-00190-7 , pp. 284 f. ( Digitized version ).
  3. ^ Alfred E. Hoche: Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1969 (1934), p. 50.
  4. ^ Alfred E. Hoche: Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1969 (1934), p. 51.
  5. ↑ Hoche, Alfred Erich. In: Alma Kreuter: German-speaking neurologists and psychiatrists. Volume 2, Saur, Berlin 1995, p. 584 ff. ( Limited preview in the Google book search).
  6. ^ Alfred E. Hoche: Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1969 (1934), p. 46.
  7. ^ Alfred E. Hoche: Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1969 (1934), p. 58.
  8. ^ Alfred E. Hoche: Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1969 (1934), pp. 71, 73.
  9. ^ Alfred E. Hoche: Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1969 (1934), p. 84.
  10. ^ Alfred E. Hoche: Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1969 (1934), p. 85 ff.
  11. ^ Alfred E. Hoche: Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1969 (1934), p. 90.
  12. ^ Alfred E. Hoche: Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1969 (1934), p. 98 ff.
  13. ^ Alfred E. Hoche: Annual rings. Inside view of a human life. Lehmann, Munich 1969 (1934), p. 103.
  14. ↑ Hoche, Alfred E., Dr. med. and Dr. jur. hc In: Alfons Labisch / Florian Tennstedt: The way to the "Law on the Unification of the Health System" of July 3, 1934. Lines and moments of development of the state and municipal health system in Germany , Part 2, Academy for Public Health in Düsseldorf 1985, p 430.
  15. ^ Max Weber : On politics in the world war. Writings and speeches 1914–1918. Edited by Wolfgang J. Mommsen. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1984, p. 767.
  16. ↑ Müller-Seidel, Hoche , p. 15.
  17. ^ Nonne, Alfred Hoche , p. 189.
  18. ↑ Robert Gaupp, Alfred Erich Hoche † , p. 1.
  19. ↑ Alfred Hoche: The meaning of the symptom complex in psychiatry . P. 542.
  20. ↑ Hoche: The importance of symptom complexes in psychiatry. In: Journal for the entire neurology and psychiatry 12 (1912), pp. 540–551.
  21. ↑ Volker Roelcke : The development of psychiatry between 1880 and 1932. Theory formation, institutions, interactions with contemporary scientific and social policy. In: Rüdiger Vom Bruch and Brigitte Kaderas (eds.). Sciences and Science Policy. Inventories of formations, breaks and continuities in Germany in the 20th century. Steiner, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-515-08111-9 , pp. 112-114.
  22. ↑ Ferdinand Kehrer: The position of Hoches "syndrome theory" in today's psychiatry. In: Archiv für Psychiatrie 74 (1925), pp. 427–456; RG Dening, TR Dening, TR Dening and GE Berrios: Introduction: Alfred Hoche, The significance of symptom complexes in psychiatry. In: History of Psychiatry 2 (1991): 329-333.
  23. ↑ Oswald Bumke, Alfred Erich Hoche † , p. 341.
  24. ^ Nonne, Alfred Hoche , p. 194.
  25. ↑ See also Heinz Hector (ed.): Three reviews of psychoanalysis (Hoche, Gruhle, Jaspers). Coburg 1975.
  26. ^ Nonne, Alfred Hoche , p. 197.
  27. ↑ Bumke, Alfred Erich Hoche † , p. 342.
  28. ^ Alfred Hoche: The release of the destruction of life unworthy of life , 2nd edition 1922, p. 56 f.
  29. ↑ Johannes Bresler: Karl Binding's “last act for suffering humanity” . In: Psychiatrisch-Neurologische Wochenschrift 22 (1920/21), p. 289 f.
  30. ↑ Eugen Wauschkuhn : "The release of the destruction of life unworthy of life". In: Psychiatrisch-Neurologische Wochenschrift 24 (1922/23), p. 217.
  31. ↑ Udo Benzenhöfer : The good death? History of euthanasia and euthanasia. 2nd Edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-525-30162-3 , pp. 95-96.
  32. ↑ Schmuhl, Rassenhygiene , pp. 284–290.
personal data
SURNAME Hoche, Alfred
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hoche, Alfred Erich; Erich, Alfred
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German psychiatrist and neurologist
DATE OF BIRTH August 1, 1865
PLACE OF BIRTH Wildenhain
DATE OF DEATH May 16, 1943
Place of death Baden-Baden