Alpine toadflax

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alpine toadflax
Alpine toadflax (Linaria alpina)

Alpine toadflax ( Linaria alpina )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Plantain family (Plantaginaceae)
Genre : Flax ( Linaria )
Type : Alpine toadflax
Scientific name
Linaria alpina
( L. ) Mill.

The alpine toadflax ( Linaria alpina ) is a species of the toadflax family ( Linaria ) within the plantain family (Plantaginaceae). In Carinthia this type is also called Stanklitter ( stone climber ), in Tyrol and Salzburg it is also known as semolina (semolina = scree, Speik = fragrant plant).

The name "toadflax" indicates the similarity of the leaves with those of the common flax ( Linum usitatissimum ).

description

Illustration from Atlas of the Alpine Flora , 1882

Vegetative characteristics

The Linaria alpina grows as a single , two-year or perennial , herbaceous plant and reaches stature heights of usually 5 to 10 (3 to 15) centimeters. The above-ground parts of the plant are bare. The numerous prostrate to ascending stems are round and bare.

The leaves are arranged in three or four whorls on the stem. The simple leaf blade is somewhat fleshy, glabrous, blue-green pryed and narrowly lanceolate with a length of 5 to 15 millimeters. The leaf nerve is not visible from the outside.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to September. In each case 3 to 10, rarely up to 15 flowers stand together in a terminal, short racemose inflorescence. The flower stalks are 2 to 5 millimeters long.

The hermaphrodite flowers are clearly zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The often intensely purple colored (rarely white or yellow) crown is 10 to 20 millimeters long. The upper lip is deeply split into two columns. The lower lip bulge is usually saffron-yellow to orange-yellow. The crown has a slightly curved, conical, cylindrical to flattened spur with a length of 8 and 10 millimeters , which is almost as long as the rest of the flower.

The egg-shaped capsule fruit opens with serrated holes.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 12.

ecology

Habit

With the numerous unrooted, prostrate or rising, leafy stems , the plant, which is deeply anchored with an underground rhizome, "creeps over" fine rock debris, which is why it is counted among the " debris creepers ".

Flower ecology

The alpine toadflax is pollinated by insects . The species has plenty of nectar ready for pollinators . Long-nosed bumblebees are typical pollinators . According to Kugler , the flowers correspond to the lip flowers of the mask flower type . These are characterized by an articulated, closed flower entrance, with the two lips representing the upper and lower half of a mask. Pollination can only be carried out by insects such as bumblebees, which have the necessary strength to open the masked flower entrance. The orange-yellow bulge of the lower lip, which forms a strong color contrast, can be interpreted as a sap mark .

Propagation ecology

The seeds of the alpine cucumber are spread by the wind, which is botanically known as anemochory .

Occurrence

Alpine toadflax on the Schynigen Platte in the canton of Bern, Switzerland

From Linaria alpina There locality data of Spain and France over Germany , Austria , Liechtenstein , of Switzerland , Italy , the Slovak Republic , Slovenia , Serbia , Croatia , Romania , Albania and Greece .

Alpine toadflax is widespread in the mountains of southern and central Europe. The main areas of distribution are the Limestone Alps , the mountains of Spain, the Balkan Peninsula and the Apennines . In Austria, with the exception of Vienna and Burgenland, stocks can be found in all federal states. The species occurs frequently, but in the subspecies subsp. petraea rarely. In Germany it is common in Bavaria in the Alps. Scattered occurrences are recorded in the foothills of the Alps as far as Landsberg am Lech and Munich . It is considered extinct in southeast Baden-Württemberg. It mostly inhabits the alpine to subalpine altitude range.

Sometimes the seeds are also washed away with the snowmelt or over mudslides in valleys. It penetrates as Alpenschwemmling for example on gravel banks and in the Kiefernauwälder am Lech ago. The climatic conditions such as cold winters, hot summers, high UV reflection of the light gravel there are similar to those of the summit regions of the Allgäu and Lechtal Alps.

The alpine toadflax colonizes moderately fresh rock rubble, pre-alpine river gravel, rubble and crevices in valleys up to an altitude of 4200 meters. It prefers sunny locations mainly on lime-rich substrates.

This type of plant is a typical debris plant . It is a character species of the class of rubble and scree meadows ( Thlaspietea rotundifolii BR-BL. 1948)

Systematics

It was first published in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Antirrhinum alpinum L. by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . The new combination to Linaria alpina (L.) Mill. Was published in 1768 by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary .

There are two subspecies of Linaria alpina (L.) Mill.

  • Common alpine toadflax ( Linaria alpina (L.) Mill. Subsp. Alpina ): The prostrate plant is 3 to 10 centimeters high. Their corolla lobes are oblanceolate, the upper lip is once or twice as wide and the spur is flattened on the underside.
  • Upright alpine toadflax ( Linaria alpina subsp. Petraea (Jord.) Rouy ): The arching ascending plant is 10 to 20 centimeters high. Their corolla lobes are semi-lanceolate, the tips of the upper lip two to three times as long as they are wide, and the spur is cylindrical. It occurs only in France, Switzerland and Austria.

Varieties have been described:

  • In the Linaria alpina var. Concolor variety , the lower lip bulge is blue-violet or whitish in color instead of orange-yellow. This variety without an orange-colored palate is common in Tyrol , Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein .
  • In the Linaria alpina var. Rosea variety , the otherwise blue-violet colored part of the flower is pink.

Common names

For the alpine toadflax, the names Unser Frauen Haar (Hundstein in Saalfelden ), Blau Johannesblüh ( Fusch im Pinzgau ), Kalbernase ( Graubünden ) and Goldenes Verschreikraut ( Werfen , Pongau , Lungau ) are or were, sometimes only regionally, in use.

use

Alpine toadflax is sometimes used as an ornamental plant in rock gardens . It is also suitable for planting in troughs and for creating dry stone walls . The propagation takes place via sowing. As light germinators, seeds need light to germinate successfully, so they should be covered with less than 1 centimeter of soil. There are some varieties that differ mainly in the color of the flower. So varieties with pink, purple or yellow flower color were developed.

swell

literature

  • Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (=  Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Karlheinz Senghas, Siegmund Seybold: Flora of Germany and neighboring countries. A book for identifying the wild and often cultivated vascular plants . Founded by Otto Schmeil, Jost Fitschen. 92nd revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2003, ISBN 3-494-01328-4 .
  • Elfrune Wendelberger: Alpine plants - flowers, grasses, dwarf shrubs (=  spectrum of nature ). Book guild Gutenberg, Frankfurt am Main / Olten / Vienna 1984, ISBN 3-7632-2975-2 .
  • Manuel Werner: Which alpine flower is that? Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12576-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Linaria alpina (L.) Mill., Alpine toadflax. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c Manuel Werner: Which alpine flower is that? Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12576-2 , p. 84.
  3. ↑ Edith R. Saunders: On the Relation of Linaria alpina Type to its Varieties Concolor and Rosea ; Ed .: Collected work The New Phytologist Volume 11, number 5/6, 1912 ISSN 0028-646X, pages 167-169, accessed on July 19, 2019
  4. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  829 .
  5. ↑ Alpine toadflax . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  6. ↑ a b c Nowotny G .: The alpine toadflax in the state of Salzburg . in NaturLand Salzburg 2015, 22/4: pp. 22–28.
  7. ↑ Alpine toadflax . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  8. ↑ Ruprecht Düll, Irene Düll: Pocket dictionary of the Mediterranean flora. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 978-3-494-01426-5 , p. 23
  9. ↑ Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora from Austria. Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer . Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 . P. 717.
  10. ↑ Gustav Hegi: Illustrated Flora from Central Europe Volume 1, 1907. Page cxlv
  11. ↑ Linaria alpina in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  12. ↑ Erminio Ferrarini: NUOVI RELITTI GLACIALI SULLE ALPI APUANE E SULL'APPENNINO VICINO: ("LINARIA ALPINA" MILL., "SALIX HERBACEA" L.) . In: Webbia . tape 24 , no. 1 , January 1969, ISSN  0083-7792 , p. 411-417 , doi : 10.1080 / 00837792.1969.10669911 ( tandfonline.com [accessed July 19, 2019]).
  13. ↑ a b Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 462 f .
  14. ^ A b Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpenblumen (=  Steinbach's natural guide . Volume 16 ). Mosaik, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-570-01349-9 , p. 208 .
  15. ↑ a b c Eckehart J. Jäger: Rothmaler - excursion flora from Germany. 21st edition, Springer, 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-49707-4 , pp. 42f and 646.
  16. ↑ Tiroler Lech Nature Park: Alpine Schwemmlinge , accessed on 23 August 2019
  17. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 615 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D615%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  18. ^ Philip Miller: The Gardeners Dictionary. 8th edition. John & Francis Rivington, London 1768 (online).
  19. ↑ a b Karol Marhold: Scrophulariaceae. Linaria alpina In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
  20. ^ A b Edith R. Saunders: On the relation of Linaria alpina type to its varieties concolor and rosea. In: New Phytologist. Volume 11, No. 5-6, 1912, pp. 167-169, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.1912.tb05633.x .
  21. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 34 (online).

Web links

Commons : Alpine Toadflax ( Linaria alpina )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files