Artemidore of Ephesus

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Papyrus of Artemidor of Ephesus from the Museo Egizio in Turin (approx. 25 BC to approx. 50 AD, under discussion as a possible modern forgery)

Artemidor of Ephesus ( Greek Ἀρτεμίδωρος Artemídōros , Latin Artemidorus ; * in Ephesus ) was a Greek politician and geographer at the turn of the 2nd to the 1st century BC. Before Isidorus of Charax , who wrote in Augustan times , he is considered the most important specialist geographer.

Life

Artemidor's professional career led him into politics. In the capacity of an envoy from his hometown Ephesus , he visited Rome, among other places . The Roman Empire was becoming more and more influential in the eastern Mediterranean at this time. So came after 133 BC. Also Ephesus with the Pergamenischen realm through the testament of the last king, Attalus III. , to the empire and from then on belonged to the province of Asia . In Rome it was Artemidor's task to win back the nearby Selenusian Lake with a neighboring lake for the city treasury of Ephesus. Even under the Kingdom of Pergamon , the city had lost large sums of money through the withdrawal of these waters. In the course of the Roman takeover, the lakes fell back to the city, but powerful tax tenants had then forcibly brought the area under their control. The negotiations in Rome turned out to be successful. The city in Asia Minor received its waters back. During another embassy he was able to assert the standpoint of Ephesus in relation to the autonomous area of ​​Herakleia, for which he was duly honored in his hometown.

In the form of extensive research trips, Artemidor got to know many countries bordering the Mediterranean . On the basis of this periplus , he possibly wrote around 100 BC. A representation of Ionia (Ionika hypomnemata) as well as his main work, the Geographoumena , a description of the world known at that time in eleven books. The Geographoumena were not based exclusively on the processing of older literature and the authority of canonized authors, but to a considerable extent on autopsy , and can therefore be methodologically assigned to ancient empiricism in the tradition of Aristotle . However, they were not in the tradition of the scientific geography of Eratosthenes (276/273 - around 194 BC), but were based on the pragmatic geographical tradition founded by Polybius (around 200 - around 120 BC) , which he in the second part of his main work Historíai (universal history) explains. According to this, science should not be an end in itself, but should serve practical purposes as an orientation for action. The completely lost historical work of Artemidor was probably also written in this tradition.

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Lore

Artemidor's literature is best known through quotations in the works of other ancient authors. Otherwise research would hardly have been tangible about this scholar. Until the discovery of a secondarily used papyrus at the end of the 20th century, which is now in the Museo Egizio in Turin, but its authenticity also twelve years after the Editio princeps (first edition) by the two papyrologists Claudio Gallazzi and Bärbel Kramer and the archaeologist Salvatore Settis is still the subject of intense discussion, no copy of one of his works has survived. Thus the modern history was based on the analysis of the work Artemidors mainly based on the time of Augustus writing Strabo (63 BC * -... After 23 AD.), Whose geographical work remained largely intact. Among all the writings that survived the loss of books in late antiquity , this contains most of the quotations from his older colleague. Later authors also had a preference for Artemidor. Among other things, the geographical writings of the elder Pliny (around 23 - 79 AD) have 17 extracts in Latin. Artemidor's writings were available to the late antique epitomator Markian of Herakleia . Even after 500 years, he calls its periplus the clearest and most precise in the Mediterranean . In the introduction to his epitoms, Markian mentions that Artemidor made extensive ethnographic excursions in addition to geographical descriptions . Since he saw these explanations as superfluous accessories, Markian left them out in his summary. This also meant that these sections of the Geographoumena were lost. Another important source are the fragmentary excerpts from the lexicon Ethnika , written by Stephanos of Byzantium in the early 6th century AD .

description

Artemidor began his representations with the national borders, the spatial dimensions and the topographical situation. He also gave the names of the rivers, lakes and mountains. He attached particular importance to a very precise description of the coastline, with the harbors, capes, sea bays, peninsulas and islands, which he could personally inspect on his travels. He localized the cities and gave the distances to other important places. The descriptions of the cities with their important buildings also included an outline from the respective local history, which was sometimes attributed to a mythical founder . In addition to ethnographic information, Artemidor also included climatological information in his work .

Artemidor's sources

Although Artemidor was able to get to know many locations from his own experience on his research trips, he also had to rely on other authors who covered those areas to which he personally had no closer access. That is why there are geographical quotations from Eratosthenes, Aristagoras of Miletus (to Egypt), Agatharchides of Knidos (about Asia and the Red Sea ) and of Pytheas of Massilia. Artemidor, like Strabo later, describe the latter as untrustworthy. Historians apparently prefer the authors Ephoros of Kyme , Timaeus of Tauromenion , Polybius, Ktesias of Knidos and Silenus of Kaleakte , while Homer is often to be read among the poets' quotations . Artemidor was particularly valued by later authors due to his source-critical review of the quotes.

Outline of the Geographoumena

The Geographoumena can be reconstructed as follows:

The Artemidor papyrus

description

In the opinion of the editors, who considered the papyrus mentioned above to be genuine, the fragments bear clear traces from three different phases of use, which probably go back to different editors. These three periods of use might not have been far apart in time, since the papyrus with other scrolls was shipped as waste paper from Alexandria up the Nile to a funeral parlor around AD 100 at the latest . There are no longer required documents were to mummies cardboard for making mummy cases have been processed. The dating of some of the animals drawn on the verso from the last phase of use leaves a terminus post quem for 20 BC. Seem possible. According to an analysis by the papyrologist Fabian Reiter from the papyrus collection in the Neues Museum Berlin, the letter shapes on the recto corresponded to a comparative piece from the chancellery of Queen Cleopatra VII (69–30 BC), dating back to 33 BC. Can be dated BC.

During the first phase of use, a scribe in Alexandria was busy copying the second book of Geographoumena from an original on the recto of the papyrus scroll . At the same time, another scribe created a map to illustrate the work. Both works were canceled for an unknown reason. At a somewhat later point in time, a draftsman or a drawing workshop used the unused back for studies.

A total of 41 drawings were found that depict real and mythical animals. Some were named by a brief caption. The representations come from the hand of a single person. Just a little later, too, traces or drawings of heads, hands and feet for works of sculpture were also made on the recto .

If, as a result of the scientific discussion, it turns out at the end that, as some of those involved assume, the papyrus is a forgery from the 19th century, all these reconstructions would be invalid.

History of the papyrus

The original bundle was first discovered in an Egyptian museum at the beginning of the 20th century. An exact indication of origin could no longer be determined. The bundle, glued to a lump of papyrus, ended up in the extensive private collection of Sayed Bey Khashaba from Assiut and was subsequently sold to Europe. In 1971 it was bought by the antiques dealer Serop Simonian, who lives in Hamburg. In 1980, Simonian arranged for the bundle to be opened in Stuttgart and the papyri that had been exposed to be restored. It was found that the roll of Artemidor papyrus was 32.5 centimeters high and 2.50 meters long, with a gap in the middle of the fragment. Before the bundle was opened, the only known photo was taken that showed the original condition at the time. In 1998 the later editors of the monograph identified the text. In addition to the remains of an Artemidor text, the bundle contained documents that came from the reigns of the Roman emperors Vespasian (69–79 AD) and Domitian (81–96 AD). The Artemidor papyrus itself consisted of a geographical Greek text with an unfinished map sketch inserted into this text, as well as animal and human drawings. The fragments were acquired in 2004 by the Italian “Fondazione per l'Arte delle Compagnia die San Paolo” in Turin for 2.75 million euros . The map sketch was considered to be the only known authentically transmitted map of antiquity and evidently represented part of the Iberian Peninsula . The text and map were identified by the editors as a fragment of the introduction to the second book of the Geographoumena , which contains Spain. In 1998 the papyrologists Claudio Gallazzi ( University of Milan ) and Bärbel Kramer ( University of Trier ) presented their first, provisional publication.

The debate

The first exhibition of the find took place in Turin in spring 2006, but it was not until 2008 that it was fully published for the first time. Here, among other things, the scientific dating methods and chemical analyzes of the inks were presented. The archaeologist and art historian Salvatore Settis as well as Claudio Gallazzi and Bärbel Kramer were responsible for this publication . Shortly thereafter, the papyrus gained an otherwise unusual international fame, as the classical philologist Luciano Canfora saw it as a product of the notorious Greek forger Konstantinos Simonides (approx. 1820–1890). Canfora, however, had not inspected the papyrus himself, but only argued on the basis of the text, which in his opinion had anomalies that speak against the fact that it was actually written in antiquity. His hypothesis initially met with approval and rejection. The doubts about Artemidor's authorship are to be distinguished from the forgery thesis. The position that the papyrus of Artemidor could in no way be considered a piece of the real Artemidorean work has been taken since 2008 by several scholars, including renowned papyrologists such as Dominic Rathbone and Peter van Minnen, who at least expressed considerable doubts about the question of authorship, but did not question the ancient origins of the papyrus.

Pro authenticity

In the opinion of the representatives of the authenticity of the papyrus, the large number of details recognized in the course of the publication showed that knowledge must be assumed that a forger could not possibly have available until 2008. For full publication, an exhibition of the Egyptian Museum and the papyrus collection in the Altes Museum in Berlin took place in 2008 under the title "Anatomy of the World - Science and Art on the Artemidor Papyrus". The papyrus was then shown in the State Museum of Egyptian Art in Munich .

It was argued that the chronology of the papyrus itself could no longer be shaken by means of the radiocarbon dating, among other things. There is also the question of why the forger of the 19th century, cited by Canfora, should have glued genuine Roman documents with an imperial title with his forgery to form a mixture. Since such a forgery seemed to make little sense, some of Canfora's supporters now directed their arguments to the original bundle, which had hitherto been less noticed. In April 2009, for example, the Italian police officer Silio Bozzi appeared at a colloquium co-organized by Canfora and claimed that the photo of the bundle was a digital forgery and that the Artemidor text that was partially visible there had been digitally projected into it. Hans D. Baumann , an expert in digital image processing, countered this accusation during a presentation in 2010 at the University of Cologne . The classical philologist and papyrologist Jürgen Hammerstaedt gave the introductory speech for this lecture . He too assumed that his examination of the papyrus had been able to refute all of Canfora's allegations.

Published in 2009 Giambattista D'Alessio, one at King's College London active Hellenist , an essay. He, too, considered Canfora's accusation of forgery to be untenable, since Simonides could never have had the relevant knowledge, which had only been acquired since the opening of the bundle. In addition to the, in his opinion, scientifically verifiable authenticity of the papyrus, the proven Simonides forgeries, in contrast to this, in the light of modern research did not come close to the originals. D'Alessio's criticism was mainly directed towards the internal textual reconstruction that was presented in 2008. In the texts that have been preserved on the roll, he sees excerpts from various works by different authors, only the beginning of which is said to come from Artemidor. However, he was unable to give a clear answer as to the intention of the original editor of this papyrus.

Doubts about the attribution to Artemidor

Doubts about the attribution - at least in part - of the texts to Artemidor were expressed, for example:

  1. Germaine Aujac: "Que ce papyrus ne soit pas un authentique fragment de la Géographie d'Artémidore ne semble pas pouvoir être véritablement contesté."
  2. Peter Van Minnen: “Is the weird text of cols. 1–3 really Artemidorus'? I have my doubts. "
  3. Didier Marcotte: «...; si les col. IV-V, à leur tour, ne peuvent être qu'un résumé du livre II d'Artémidore, on est moins fondé à vouloir prêter à cet auteur le contenu des col. I-III ... »
  4. Dominic Rathbone: "There is now wide agreement that the content of coll. I-II (apparently continued by col. III), a disquisition on the importance and difficulty of geographical studies, is so bizarre that it cannot be Artemidorus."
  5. Doubts about Artemidor's authorship are also reflected in the allegedly unclear and anachronistic map.

Doubts about the authenticity of the papyrus

As part of a font analysis, Nigel Wilson described the papyrus in 2009 as "fake". In the same year Richard Janko gathered weighty arguments for Simonidis as the author. He came to the conclusion that the three sections of the work supposedly written by different authors were in fact by the same scribe. The aim of Simonides was to prove the superiority of ancient Greek knowledge over modern Western European scholars by forging. Janko argued that the text of the papyrus essentially corresponds to the introduction to Carl Ritter's Geography from 1818 and that it was translated from German into ancient Greek in a competent but imperfect manner.

James Keith Elliott also believes that a fake is possible: “Forgery it may well be”.

On the alleged manipulation of the photo of the so-called "bundle" cf. Fotografia e falsificazione. Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici, Aiep editore, San Marino 2011; and also Alberto Cottignoli : Il Papiro di Artemidoro: un clamoroso falso .

Confirmation as forgery by court order (December 2018)

On December 10, 2018, a court ruling was published in the Italian daily press, which came to the conclusion that the papyrus was indeed a forgery, but this is of no relevance to the ongoing scientific discussion.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Klaus Günther Sallmann : The geography of the elder Pliny in its relationship to Varro (= studies of ancient literature and history. Volume 11). Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1971, p. 60.
  2. ^ Stefan Radt (Ed.): Strabons Geographika. Volume 4, Book XIV – XVII: Text and Translation. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-525-25953-0 , p. 27.
  3. ↑ a b c Johannes Engels : Augusteische Oikumenegeographie and Universalhistorie in Strabon's work by Amaseia (= Geographica Historica. Volume 12). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-515-07459-7 , p. 221.
  4. ^ Gerhard Dobesch :  Helvetiereinöde. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 14, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1999, ISBN 3-11-016423-X , p. 359.
  5. ↑ See entry in the Trismegistos database .
  6. ↑ a b c Johannes Engels: Augusteische Oikumenegeographie and Universalhistorie in Strabon's work by Amaseia (= Geographica Historica. Volume 12). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-515-07459-7 , p. 222.
  7. ↑ a b Ragnar K. Kinzelbach: The Artemidor papyrus. Animal pictures from the first century. A zoological commentary on the Artemidor papyrus (= archive for papyrus research and related areas. Supplement 28). Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-022580-8 , p. 3.
  8. ↑ a b Ragnar K. Kinzelbach: The Artemidor papyrus. Animal pictures from the first century. A zoological commentary on the Artemidor papyrus. (= Archive for Papyrus Research and Related Areas. Supplement 28). Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-022580-8 , p. 4.
  9. ^ A b Alfred Stückelberger : Book review: Il Papiro di Artemidoro, Milan 2008. In: Anzeiger für die Altertumswwissenschaft. Volume 61/2008, Issue 3-4. S, pp. 149-152; here p. 150.
  10. ↑ Michael Rathmann : The Artemidor Papyrus (P. Artemid.) In the mirror of research. In: Klio. Contributions to ancient history. Vol. 93/2, pp. 350-368; here p. 350.
  11. ↑ Claudio Gallazzi, Bärbel Kramer: Artemidor in the art room. A papyrus roll with text, map and sketchbooks from the late Hellenistic period. In: Archives for Papyrus Research and Related Areas. Volume 44 (1998), pp. 189-208.
  12. ↑ Harald Froschauer : Drawings and paintings from the papyrus collections in Berlin and Vienna. Verlag Walter De Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-020739-2 , p. 1; Claudio Gallazzi (Ed.): Le tre vite del papiro di Artemidoro. Voci e sguardi dall'Egitto greco-romano. Torino, Palazzo Bricherasio, 7 febbraio - 7 maggio 2006. Electa, Milan 2006, ISBN 88-370-4130-6 .
  13. ^ Ragnar K. Kinzelbach: The Artemidor papyrus. Animal pictures from the first century. A zoological commentary on the Artemidor papyrus (= archive for papyrus research and related areas. Supplement 28). Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-022580-8 , p. 1.
  14. ^ National Museums in Berlin, Anatomy of the World - Science and Art on the Artemidor Papyrus  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.smb.museum  
  15. ^ Artemidor papyrus. Fake Why actually? In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung. September 27, 2010, accessed on August 23, 2012. About it: Fotografia e falsificazione. Aiep editore, San Marino 2011.
  16. ↑ University of Cologne: Expert refutes falsification allegation. ( Memento of the original from September 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 22, 2012.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.portal.uni-koeln.de
  17. ^ Giambattista d'Alessio: On the "Artemidor" -Papyrus. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy . Volume 171, 2009, pp. 27-43; here p. 30.
  18. ^ Giambattista d'Alessio: On the "Artemidor" -Papyrus. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy . Volume 171, 2009, pp. 27-43; here p. 41.
  19. ↑ Germaine Aujac: Polémique autour d'un papyrus. In: Anabases. Volume 8, 2008, pp. 225-229, here p. 229 ( online ).
  20. ↑ Peter van Minnen: Review of Il papiro di Artemidoro (P. Artemid.) By Claudio Gallazzi, Bärbel Kramer, Salvatore Settis, Gianfranco Adornato, Albio Cesare Cassio, Agostino Soldati. In: The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists. Volume 46, 2009, pp. 165–174, here p. 171.
  21. ↑ Didier Marcotte: Le Papyrus d'Artémidore: le livre, le texte, le débat. In: Revue d'Histoire des Textes. NF, Volume 5, 2010, pp. 333-371, here p. 360 ( doi : 10.1484 / J.RHT.5.101261 ).
  22. ^ Dominic Rathbone: The Artemidorus Papyrus. In: The Classical Review. New Series, Volume 62, No. 2, 2012, pp. 442–448, here p. 444.
  23. ↑ Cf. Vladimiro Valerio, Sulla rappresentazione cartografica del so detto papiro di Artemidoro. In: Revue d'Histoire des Textes. NF, Volume 7, 2012, pp. 371-384.
  24. ^ Nigel Wilson: P. Artemid .: A Palaeographer's Observations. In: Kai Brodersen , Jas Elsner (Ed.): Images and Texts on the Artemidorus Papyrus: Working Papers on P. Artemid. (St John's College Oxford, 2008) (= Historia - individual writings. Volume 214). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, pp. 23–26.
  25. ^ Richard Janko: Review: The Artemidorus Papyrus. In: Classical Review. Volume 59, 2009, pp. 403-410.
  26. ↑ James Keith Elliott: Book Notes In: Novum Testamentum: Volume 51, 2009, pp. 199–204, here p. 201.
  27. ↑ News report

literature

  • Kai Brodersen , Jas Elsner (Ed.): Images and Texts on the Artemidorus Papyrus: Working Papers on P. Artemid. (St John's College Oxford, 2008). (= Historia - individual fonts. Volume 214). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-515-09426-9 .
  • Kai Brodersen: The Tabula Peutingeriana: Content and shape of an "old card" and its ancient model. In: Dagmar Unverhau (ed.): Interpretation of history on old maps. Archeology and history. (= Wolfenbüttel research. 101). Wiesbaden 2003, pp. 289-297.
  • Luciano Canfora: Costantino Simonidis - Opere greche I : Eulyros di Cefalonia. Ethnic Anthropina. List di manoscritti greci (1848–1864). Bari, Edizioni di Pagina, 2012, ISBN 978-88-7470-217-6 .
  • Luciano Canfora: Pseudo-Artemidoro. Epitome: spagna; Il geografo come filosofo. Roma-Padova, Antenore, 2012, ISBN 978-88-8455-666-0 .
  • Luciano Canfora: Simonidis conosceva direttamente, ricopiava e metteva a frutto le epigrafi di Priene (a proposito del sampi in P. Artemid. Col. V). In: Quaderni di storia. 73 (2011), pp. 199-216.
  • Luciano Canfora: La meravigliosa storia del falso Artemidoro. Palermo, Sellerio, 2011, ISBN 978-88-389-2561-0 .
  • Luciano Canfora: Il viaggio di Artemidoro. Vita e avventure di un grande esploratore dell'antichità. Milano, Rizzoli, 2010.
  • Luciano Canfora (ed.): Artemidorus Ephesius. P. Artemid. sive Artemidorus personatus. Editore di Pagina, Bari 2009, ISBN 978-88-7470-089-9 .
  • Luciano Canfora, Luciano Bossina (Ed.): How can that be an Artemidor papyrus? Editore di Pagina, Bari 2008.
  • Luciano Canfora: Il papiro di Artemidoro . Laterza, Bari 2008, ISBN 978-88-420-8521-8 .
  • Luciano Canfora: The true history of the so-called Artemidorus Papyrus. Editore di Pagina, Bari 2007, ISBN 978-88-7470-044-8 .
  • Federico Condello: Artemidoro 2006–2011: l'ultima vita, in breve. In: Quaderni di storia. 74 (2011), pp. 161-256. [1]
  • Giambattista D'Alessio: On the “Artemidorus” papyrus. In: Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy . 171 (2009), pp. 27-43.
  • Michael Donderer : And they did exist! A new papyrus and the testimony of the mosaics prove the use of ancient "sample books". In: Ancient World . 36, 2 (2005), pp. 59-68.
  • Claudio Gallazzi, Bärbel Kramer, Salvatore Settis (eds.): Intorno al Papiro di Artemidoro II: Geografia e Cartografia. Atti del Convegno internazionale del 27 November 2009 presso la Società Geografica Italiana . Villa Celimontana, Roma. Colloquium. Milano 2012. - Review by: Irene Pajón Leyra, in: BMCR 2013.09.15
  • Claudio Gallazzi, Bärbel Kramer, Salvatore Settis (eds.): Il Papiro di Artemidoro. With the collaboration of G. Adornato, AC Cassio, A. Soldati. 2 volumes with DVD. Edizioni Universitarie di Lettere Economia Diritto. Milano 2008, ISBN 978-88-7916-380-4 .
  • Claudio Gallazzi, Bärbel Kramer: Iberia, Hispania and the new Artemidor fragment. In: Andreas Halthoff, Fritz-Heiner Mutschler (Ed.): Hortus litterarum antiquarum. Festschrift for Hans Armin Gärtner on his 70th birthday. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2000, pp. 309–322.
  • Claudio Gallazzi, Bärbel Kramer: Artemidor in the drawing room . A papyrus roll with text, map and sketchbooks from the late Hellenistic period. In: Archives for Papyrus Research and Related Areas . 44 (1998), pp. 189-208.
  • Ragnar K. Kinzelbach: The Artemidor papyrus: animal pictures from the first century. In: Zoology. Communications from the German Zoological Society. 2011, pp. 13–26.
  • Ragnar K. Kinzelbach: The Artemidor papyrus. Animal pictures from the first century. A zoological commentary on the Artemidor papyrus. In: Archives for Papyrus Research and Related Areas. Supplement 28. Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-022580-8 .
  • Robert C. Knapp: The new Artemidorus fragment and the cartography of ancient Iberia. In: José Maria Candau Morón u. a. (Ed.): Historia y mito. El pasado legendario como fuente de autoridad. Actas del Simposio Internacional celebrado en Servolla, Valverde del Camino y Huelva entre el 22 y el 25 de April 2003. Málaga 2004, pp. 277-296.
  • Bärbel Kramer: El nuevo papiro de Artemidoro. In: Javier de Hoz, Eugenio R. Luján, Patrick Sims-Williams: New approaches to Celtic place-names in Ptolemy's Geography. Ediciones Clásicas, Madrid 2005, pp. 19–31.
  • Bärbel Kramer: The earliest known map of Spain (?) And the geography of Artemidorus of Ephesus on papyrus. In: Imago Mundi. 53 (2001), pp. 115-120 (abstract of the 1998 article).
  • Stephan Lehmann: Sketches from an Egyptian painter's workshop: animals, mythical creatures and people in the Artemidor papyrus. In: Hypotheseis. Festschrift for Wolfgang Luppe on the occasion of his 80th birthday = archive for papyrus research. 57 (2011), pp. 267-273.
  • Fabian Reiter (with the assistance of Harald Froschauer , Annemarie Stauffer, Olivia Zorn): Anatomy of the World. Science and art on the Artemidor papyrus. Booklet accompanying the exhibition (Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection, National Museums in Berlin, March 13 - June 30, 2008, State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich, July 18 - September 28, 2008), Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-88609-618 -3 .

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Artemidore of Ephesus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Artemidorus of Ephesus; Artemidorus Ephesius
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Greek geographer
DATE OF BIRTH 2nd century BC BC or 1st century BC Chr.
PLACE OF BIRTH Ephesus
DATE OF DEATH 1st century BC Chr.