Boeing 757
| Boeing 757 | |
|---|---|
 Boeing 757-200 from Thomson Airways |
|
| Type: | Twin - engine narrow-body aircraft |
| Design country: | |
| Manufacturer: |
Boeing Commercial Airplanes |
| First flight: |
19th February 1982 |
| Commissioning: |
January 1, 1983 |
| Production time: |
1981 to 2004 |
| Number of pieces: |
1050 |
The Boeing 757 is a twin -engine airliner produced by the US aircraft manufacturer Boeing , which was designed for use on medium-length routes . Since 2000, thanks to technical measures to increase the range, it has also been used by US airlines on long-haul routes. Production of the 757 ended on October 28, 2004 after 1050 copies.
history
The Boeing 757 was launched by Boeing as a supplement to the Boeing 767 , in order to round off the range downwards and to develop a successor to the Boeing 727 in the medium-haul class, which is now getting on in years . At first, however, they thought of an extended Boeing 727, which is why the first concepts ran under the name Boeing 727-300. But the trend was now that more than two engines were only desired for ultra-long-haul types. After the official presentation of the project, the name “Boeing 7N7” was chosen, similar to the later project names Airbus A3XX or Boeing 7E7.
The program was started after initial orders from Eastern Air Lines and British Airways in March 1979.
The rollout ceremony took place on January 13, 1982, the maiden flight on February 19, 1982. The model was approved on December 21 of the same year. The first Boeing 757 was delivered to Eastern Air Lines one day later.
23 years later, the last Boeing 757 was launched on May 26th / 27th. April 2005 delivered to the Chinese airline Shanghai Airlines . It was a Boeing 757-200 and also the 1050th Boeing 757 overall. Production was stopped due to a lack of demand. One copy remained with Boeing, the individual versions were delivered to 55 customers as follows:
- 757-200-913
- 757-200M - 1st
- 757-200PF - 80
- 757-300-56
Approx. 70% of the aircraft built are still in service. In March 2005, a 757 was fitted with winglets for the first time , an aircraft from Continental Airlines .
The aircraft type is unusually long for a narrow-body aircraft . In this respect, the 757-300 is only surpassed by a few aircraft types, such as the Super Sixties series of the Douglas DC-8 . The 757 is extremely popular among pilots, which is not least due to the high power reserves of the two turbofans of the PW-2000 series, each with up to 191 kN of thrust .
Boeing planned several times to equip the 757 with new, more economical engines, but announced in February 2015 that it would refrain from such a project because it would not be economically viable. In Argentina, a Boeing 757 equipped with additional tanks has been used as a presidential aircraft under the callsign Tango 01 since 1992 .
market
Most recently, the 757-200 competed primarily with the stretched versions of the Boeing 737 , the Airbus A321 and the Tupolev Tu 204/214 family, which now also hold almost 200 passengers, but are much more economical . In the basic version, all three are much smaller aircraft, which after several revisions have been stretched to a size corresponding to the 757-200. The 757-300 is largely unrivaled; however, the market for the very large number of seats combined with a short range is very limited. As competitors, you can see the smallest versions of the types actually designed for longer ranges such as the Airbus A330 and Boeing 767. Both are wide-body aircraft .
- Biggest operator
- American Airlines - 124 (757-200)
- Delta Air Lines - 177 (757-200), 16 (757-300)
- United Airlines - 96 (757-200)
Commonality
The Boeing 757-200 was developed together with the Boeing 767, which is why both aircraft have a lot in common. This should lead to lower training and maintenance costs if both types of aircraft are used within one airline . This means that pilots with the appropriate certification can fly both the 757 and the 767 without restrictions because the viewing angle from the two cockpits is absolutely the same. After initial problems with the implementation of a new cockpit, the Boeing engineers first designed a new layout with a new instrument panel, center console and windshield and then the bow sections of the 757 and 767. This made the 757 look rather untypical for Boeing.
Versions
In the 25 years of production, the Boeing 757 was offered in several model variants:
Boeing 757-100
The Boeing 757-100 was the initial concept of the 757, which corresponded in size to the Boeing 727 and should be able to carry 150 passengers. However, Boeing switched to the 757-200 model before the official start of the program, as no customers could be found for the small version.
Boeing 757-200
Basic version, the production of which Boeing announced in March 1979 after sales contracts with British Airways and Eastern Air Lines for 40 (19/21) machines had been concluded. The first flight took place on February 19, 1982, and on December 22, 1982 the first machine was delivered to Eastern Air Lines.
Boeing 757-200M (Combi)
The 757-200M (or 757-200CB according to the type certification of the FAA ) is a version derived from the 757-200 for the simultaneous transport of passengers and a maximum of two freight pallets on the main deck. Only one aircraft was originally built by Boeing. This flies today with Nepal Airlines . In addition, there are combi conversions from passenger planes from several providers.
Boeing 757-200PF (Parcel Freighter)
Is a freight version especially for parcel freight, it is used by DHL and UPS.
Boeing 757-200SF (Special Freighter)
As Special Freighter are generally (see: Boeing 747 SF ) denotes cargo planes that were originally one passenger planes, but were then converted into freighters. To do this, the passenger seats will be removed, the floor will be reinforced and the aircraft will have a large cargo door in the front left of the fuselage, behind the front entrance. An automatic loading system for containers and transport pallets will be installed in the cargo hold . The initiator was DHL , which wanted to acquire 44 757-200s that were formerly flying for British Airways and were sold to Boeing (sale / multi-year lease arrangement). Boeing started the program on October 5, 1999 and on February 15, 2001 the first converted aircraft had its maiden flight, which was handed over to DHL in March 2001. The 757-200SF can transport 27,210 kg of freight over a distance of 4630 km and offers a freight volume of 226.5 m³.
Boeing 757-200WL (winglet)
The economy to increase the Boeing 757-200, has Aviation Partners Boeing (a joint venture of Boeing and Aviation Partners ) already by the Boeing models 737-300 , 737-700 , 737-800 and 737-900ER known Blended Winglets for the Boeing 757-200 further developed. These are 2.48 m high and should bring about a kerosene saving of up to 5%. This can save around 1.13 million liters of kerosene per year and machine . The range of the aircraft increases by 370 km. On March 9, 2005, the first Boeing 757-200WL from launch customer Continental Airlines had its maiden flight. On May 23, 2005, the extension was approved by the FAA . At the time, Continental Airlines had signed sales contracts for eleven conversions, with options for their remaining 757-200 fleet, and Icelandair with seven conversions and 15 options.
C-32A ("Air Force Two")
The C-32A is a military version of the Boeing 757-200. A total of six machines of this type in VIP equipment have been in service with the USAF since the beginning of 1999 and their main task is to promote the US Vice President , the US Ministers / members of the Cabinet , the members of the US Congress and other dignitaries. When the Vice President is on board, the aircraft receives the "Air Force Two" radio call sign, which is often used for the aircraft as such. Occasionally a C-40B / C ( Boeing 737 BBJ) also serves as "Air Force Two". The construction is the same as the 757-200 series, but they are technically very complex on the inside. All four C-32A are powered by Pratt & Whitney PW 2040 engines and are designed for up to 45 passengers and 16 crew members. With additional tanks, the range has been increased to up to 7,685 km. The four C-32As are flown by the 89th Airlift Wing and are stationed at Andrews Air Force Base .
Boeing 757-300
The Boeing 757-300 is a stretched version of the Boeing 757-200 with a larger passenger capacity and was specially developed for European charter traffic .
Studies for an extended 757 began in the mid-1990s; the actual development took place after an order by Condor at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1996. The machine completed its maiden flight on August 2, 1998, followed by the approval in January 1999. Condor took over the first aircraft in March of the same year. A total of only 55 of this version were built.
After Aviation Partners decided in 2008 to also offer blended winglets for this version , Continental Airlines received its first 757-300 with winglets on February 3, 2009, which should ensure fuel savings of around 5%. As a result, the 757-300 could also perform transatlantic flights, which was previously not possible due to the range of only 3,395 NM = 6,287 km, as the tank capacity of the 200 model for the 757-300 had not been expanded. In winter 2009/2010 Condor had its entire fleet of 13 units equipped with winglets from Finnair .
Technical specifications
| Parameter | Boeing 757 200 | Boeing 757 300 |
|---|---|---|
| Application area | Short / medium haul (partly long haul) | Short / medium distance |
| length | 47.32 m | 54.43 m |
| span | 38.05 m (-200WL: 41.10 m) | 38.05 m (-300WL: 41.10 m) |
| height | 13.56 m | |
| Wing area | 181.25 m² | |
| Wing swept | 25 ° | |
| Wing extension | 7.988 | |
| Hull diameter | 3.76 m | |
| Seats | up to 239 | up to 295 |
| Empty mass | 57,840 kg | 64,590 kg |
| Max. Takeoff mass | 99,790 kg (-200ER: 115,665 kg) |
122,400 kg |
| Fuel capacity | 43,490 l | 43,400 l |
| Cruising speed | 850 km / h (at optimal flight altitude) | |
| Service ceiling | 12,800 m | |
| Range | 4320–7870 km (-200ER: 7,220 km to 9,170 km) |
6421 km |
| Takeoff route | 2911 m (at max. Takeoff weight) | 2926 m (at max. Takeoff mass) |
| Engines | two Pratt & Whitney PW2000s or two Rolls-Royce RB211-535s | |
Incidents
Aviation accidents
With 0.25 fatalities per 1 million flights, the Boeing 757 is on the same high level of safety as the comparable Airbus A320 , Boeing 737 and McDonnell Douglas MD-80 models . Notable incidents with this type:
- On October 2, 1990, a hijacked Boeing 737-247 of Xiamen Airlines ( aircraft registration number B-2510) collided with two other aircraft at Guangzhou Baiyun Airport (old) . When the captain wanted to make an emergency landing due to lack of fuel, there was a scuffle with the kidnapper during the landing phase, whereupon the machine landed hard and came off the runway. It collided with a parked Boeing 707 from China Southwest Airlines (B-2402) and a Boeing 757-21B from China Southern Airlines (B-2812) , the pilots of which were waiting for take-off clearance. In the runaway Boeing 737, 82 of the 102 people on board were killed, while in the Boeing 757, 46 of the 122 occupants were killed. In the Boeing 707, the only crew member on board survived (see also Xiamen Airlines flight 8301 ) .
- December 20, 1995: A machine of American Airlines (N651AA) flew during the landing approach to Cali in a mountain near Buga , Colombia . There were 159 deaths (see American Airlines Flight 965 ).
- February 6, 1996: A clogged pitot tube generated incorrect speed information in the cockpit, and the Birgenair (TC-GEN) plane crashed into the sea off Puerto Plata . All 189 crew members and passengers on board were killed. This accident was attributed to poor maintenance (according to the press). In retrospect, Boeing was blamed for the confusing error message “Rudder Ratio, Mach trim speed” (see Birgenair flight 301 ).
- On October 2, 1996, an Aeroperú Boeing 757 (N52AW) crashed into the sea near Pasamayo after a maintenance fault . All 70 occupants on board were killed in this accident. The on-board computer delivered erroneous, sometimes divergent error messages “Stall stick shaker, overspeed warning, rudder ratio, mach trim speed” (see also Aeroperú flight 603 ) .
- September 11, 2001 : An American Airlines (N644AA) 757 (Flight AA77) was hijacked shortly after take-off in Washington DC and flown into the Pentagon . 64 people died on board and a further 125 people in the building (see American Airlines Flight 77 and terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 ).
- September 11, 2001: A United Airlines (N591UA) 757 (flight UA93) was hijacked shortly after take-off in Newark and was swooped into an open field near Shanksville , Pennsylvania by the hijackers . All 44 people on board were killed (see United Airlines Flight 93 and Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001 ).
- July 1, 2002: A cargo plane of DHL (A9C DHL) collided in flight with a Tu-154 of Bashkirian Airlines and crashed near Ueberlingen from. The two pilots of the 757 and 69 crew members and passengers of the Tupolev were killed (see Bashkirian Airlines flight 2937 ).
- November 9, 2018: A Fly Jamaica Airways Boeing 757-200 (N524AT) crashed at Georgetown Airport ( Guyana ) after an emergency landing due to problems with the hydraulic system against sand obstacles at the end of the runway. Six of the 128 people on board were initially injured, and later an elderly woman died of her injuries. The aircraft had to be written off as a total loss.
Occurrence of the aerotoxic syndrome
In addition to BAe 146 , most of the incidents of the rare aerotoxic syndrome were reported on the Boeing 757 . This leads to contamination of the breathing air, as it is tapped and fed in directly in the engine , but not filtered. As of March 2010, 444 cases were recorded, which corresponds to 42.29% of all cases out of a total of 1050. This syndrome can subsequently lead to serious diseases, for example of the nervous system. However, there is no well-founded scientific research on the subject.
Trivia
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Donald Trump , multi-billionaire and 45th President of the United States , uses a 757-200, which was bought on the second-hand market in 2011, and was jokingly called Trump Force One , a luxuriously converted 757-200 as a private jet.
literature
- Thomas Becher: Boeing 757 and 767. ISBN 978-1-86126-197-7 .
- Robbie Shaw: Boeing 757's and 767's: The Medium Twins. ISBN 978-1-85532-903-4 .
Web links
- The Boeing 757 on the Boeing website
- Type certification of the Boeing 757 - EASA-TCDS-A.205 (PDF; 230 kB)
- Boeing 757 production list
- Boeing 757, very detailed text and technical data (source: FliegerWeb.com)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Eden, Paul, ed. (2008). Civil Aircraft Today: The World's Most Successful Commercial Aircraft. Silverdale, Washington: Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 1-84509-324-0 .
- ↑ Boeing: Boeing Marks Completion of its 757 Commercial Airplane Program ( Memento from June 3, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b Boeing: Orders and Deliveries , there select "All Models - 757"
- ↑ Boeing: Boeing Closes Chapter in Aviation History with Final 757 Delivery
- ↑ Stephen Trimble: Boeing rejects business case for 757 re-engining. In: Flightglobal.com. February 11, 2015, accessed on February 12, 2015 (English): "Boeing vice-president Randy Tinseth says the company has studied reviving and re-engining the 757 'a couple' of times, but concluded that the economics do not make sense . "
- ↑ Argentina is looking for a successor to Tango 01. In: Aerotelegraph. September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016 .
- ↑ The big book of airliners . GeraMond, 2009, ISBN 978-3-7654-7010-3 .
- ↑ Precision Conversions' 757 passenger-to-combi program receives certification In: cargofacts.com, accessed October 2, 2016
- ↑ Continental Receives First Wingletted 757-300 ( Memento from January 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Aviationweek.com, February 4, 2009
- ↑ Condor has its 757 fleet modernized. Airliners.de, November 2, 2009, accessed on May 30, 2012 : "The German holiday airline Condor has its entire Boeing 757 fleet serviced by Finnair and updated with winglets and entertainment systems."
- ↑ 757-200 Technical Characteristics, Commercial Airplanes ( Memento of March 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on October 2, 2016
- ↑ a b 757-200 / 300, boeing.com Airplane Description ( memento from January 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on October 3, 2016
- ↑ 757-300, boeing.com Technical Characteristics ( Memento from February 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on October 3, 2016
- ↑ see accident statistics from Boeing Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Airplanes Accidents (PDF; 153 kB)
- ↑ Accident report of the collision in Guangzhou: B-707 B-2402 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 27, 2019.
- ↑ Accident report of the collision in Guangzhou: B-737-200 B-2510 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 27, 2019.
- ↑ Accident report of the collision in Guangzhou: B-757 B-2812 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 27, 2019.
- ^ Accident report B-757-200, N524AT Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 26, 2019.
- ↑ DasErste.de - Monitor - Unsuspecting air passengers: neurotoxins in the cabin air?
- ↑ Gabriel Knupfer: This is Donald Trump's private Boeing 757. In: aeroTELEGRAPH. August 29, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016 .
- ↑ Top 10 Facts About Donald Trump's Boeing 757 . aerotime.aero. June 4, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2019.