Bell Boeing V-22
| Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey | |
|---|---|
 A US Marine Corps MV-22B of Squadron VMM-264 at takeoff |
|
| Type: | VTOL - Transporter |
| Design country: | |
| Manufacturer: | |
| First flight: |
March 19, 1989 |
| Commissioning: |
December 8, 2005 |
| Number of pieces: |
400 (as of June 2020) |
The V-22 Osprey ( . English for " Osprey ") is a tiltrotor - convertible aircraft with vertical takeoff and landing capability and short takeoff and -landefähigkeit ( STOL ) from American production. The first flight of the prototype took place in 1989, the US Air Force and the US Marine Corps began with the introduction from 2005.
The main design feature are the two rotors, which are arranged next to one another, similar to a helicopter with transverse rotors , and mounted together with their engines at the ends of the wings so that they can be pivoted about the transverse axis of the aircraft. With the engine and rotor axes in a vertical position, the three propeller blades each rotate in a horizontal plane and can thus generate lift like a helicopter during take-off and landing . For cruising flight, the aircraft swivels both propeller pods with the rotors forward by about 90 degrees and becomes a fixed- wing aircraft with turboprop propulsion and the corresponding cruising speed. To ensure safety, both rotors are connected via transmission shafts in the event of an engine failure . With the rotor axes tilted forward only gradually, STOL, take-off and landing is achieved over a short distance at slow speed. With rotor axes tilted backwards by up to 7.5 ° (= position 97.5 °), landing and starting can be carried out in reverse (compared to air).
history
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The origins of the Osprey's propulsion concept go back to the Bell XV-3 developed by Bell Helicopter in 1951 . This was also used in a further developed version in the Bell XV-15 in 1973 . In 1981, the Department of Defense began defining requirements for the Joint Services Advanced Vertical Lift Aircraft ( JVX ) program. In April 1983, the Bell / Boeing team was commissioned by the US Navy to develop and build the JVX aircraft. Since then this aircraft has been known as the V-22 Osprey.
The demand for such an aircraft goes back to the failure of Operation Eagle Claw on April 24th and 25th, 1980, when it was not possible to free the hostages from the US embassy in Tehran , which was occupied by the Revolutionary Guards . In reviewing the mission, it was concluded that the operation with an aircraft like the V-22 would have been successful. There was a similar need for Combat Search and Rescue , the recovery of pilots shot down over enemy territory or trapped troops. However, the requirements for the V-22 were mainly tailored to the Marine Corps, who needed a fast and agile device for troop transfers and supplies. Other planned applications were connecting flights to and from ships and, in the civilian sector, air traffic to and from oil drilling platforms .
On March 19, 1989, the first flight took place in Arlington , Texas . The first "transition" (the transition between hovering and level flight or vice versa) was carried out on September 14, 1989. The first production aircraft was built on February 5, 1997.
In June 2005 the Osprey completed the last troop tests under operational conditions (OPEVAL - Operational Evaluation), according to the manufacturer, "to the full satisfaction". On September 28, 2005, the Pentagon officially ordered regular series production.
The program suffered from multiple setbacks and accidents from prototypes and troop test models. The delay is illustrated by the following quote: "The V-22 Osprey made its maiden flight on March 19, 1989 and is scheduled to enter service in 1991." ( Rogers - VTOL ) The program has been severely downgraded in funding in the United States. On September 19, 2005, the first CV-22A was delivered to the US Air Force. As of June 3, 2005, the US Marine Corps stopped introducing the Osprey and did not continue it until March 3, 2006. VMM-263 is the first Marine Corps unit to be equipped with this aircraft and is gradually replacing the CH-46E “Sea Knight” and CH-53 “Sea Stallion” helicopters . On March 22, 2006, an Osprey took off for the first time in service with the Marines; It was flown by Captain Elizabeth A. Okoreeh-Baah.
In September 2007 equipped with ten Ospreys squadron VMM-263 of the Marine Corps was relocated to Iraq . The squadron is the first unit to use the aircraft in combat conditions. In November 2008 the US Air Force moved four Ospreys non-stop (with in-flight refueling) to Mali for an exercise . From November 2009 the VMM-263 also used the MV-22B in Afghanistan. USS Kearsarge Ospreys rescued a crew member of an F-15 that crashed over Libya in March 2011 . On February 10, 2011, a VMM-264 (Marine Medium Tilt-rotor Squadron 264) Osprey hit the 100,000 mark. Flying lesson of the model in action over Afghanistan. In March 2011, 131 of the planned 360 MV-22s were in the Marine Corps' inventory. The stationing in Japan began in 2012, the first two squadrons in the Far East are the VMM-265 (MCAS Iwakuni ) and the VMM-561 (MCAS Futenma ).
The US Air Force owned 16 of 50 planned CV-22s as of March 2011, which will be deployed in two Air Force Special Operations Command squadrons . In April 2011 it was announced that CV-22s for special commands will also be stationed in Europe in the future. The first copies arrived at RAF Mildenhall in June 2013 .
On December 11, 2014, a rigid forward-firing missile armament was tested for the first time. This allows unguided and guided rockets of the Griffin B and APKWS II type to be fired. The program was started in mid-2013 and aims to make the protection of Ospreys by other helicopters superfluous.
On January 5, 2015, the US Navy and the US Marine Corps agreed to purchase the CMV-22B variant for the " Carrier Onboard Delivery " task, the delivery of which began in 2020. The first deployment sample arrived in June 2020 at the Fleet Logistics Mission Squadron 30 (VRM-30) on NAS North Island in California.
Textron , the parent company of Bell Helicopter, planned to decrease production figures from 2018.
technology
According to the manufacturer, the aircraft is not a helicopter, but a propeller aircraft that takes off and lands vertically . However, the V-22 uses both control principles, with the on-board computer converting the control commands into one or the other control principle.
Vertical take-off or landing with the rotors swiveled up completely (90 °) or Short Take Off and Landing (STOL) with partially swiveled rotors (75 °) are possible, but not with the rotors set upright, as they would then touch the ground. The hover is controlled by a swash plate by cyclic blade adjustment ( pitch and yaw axis ) as well as by opposing collective blade adjustment (roll axis).
During the development and testing phases, there were several crashes with loss of life, which significantly delayed the project. In an accident the flying machine in the so-called came vortex ring state ( English vortex ring state ), which is dangerous for helicopters and similar flying objects: here, there is at high sink rate, low horizontal speed to a flow short circuit at the blade tips. As a result, the lift drops sharply, which leads to uncontrolled sinking. There are also strong vibrations.
For this reason, the pilots of the V-22 were prohibited from falling more than 240 meters per minute at less than 74 km / h (40 knots) horizontal speed. Bell-Boeing expanded the instruments to include a warning light and an acoustic warning device, which are activated when a critical flight condition is approached. Although the manufacturer claims the opposite, some experts see it as a restriction on airworthiness - especially with regard to combat situations.
Incidents
- The first fatal accident involving a V-22 occurred on June 11, 1991 at the Boeing Helicopter Flight Test Center in Wilmington , Delaware . The machine crashed three minutes after take-off due to stability problems, the accident was ultimately attributed to faulty cabling and the Osprey was written off as a total write-off.
- On July 20, 1992, near Marine Corps Base Quantico , Quantico , Virginia , the fourth prototype fell into the water, killing seven crew members. The cause was a fire in the propulsion system that occurred on a 700- mile non-stop flight from Eglin Air Force Base . The fire was triggered by a mechanical fault that was not caused by the basic design of the aircraft.
- On April 8, 2000, an MV-22 crashed near Marana Airport near Tucson during an evacuation drill; 19 people died. At that time, four Ospreys were stationed at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma in Arizona ; by the time of the accident, only five series-standard machines had been handed over to the Marine Corps for field testing. The official report reports that the data evaluation did not reveal any mechanical or software errors. There should have been a pilot error; the machine descended too quickly if the forward speed was too slow (250% of the specified rate).
- On December 11, 2000, during night training, an Osprey fell over a forest ten miles from Jacksonville , killing four Marines . The crash was caused by a bug in the flight control software as it tried to compensate for problems caused by a leak in a hydraulic line.
- In 2006 and 2007 there were a total of six accidents, but no injuries.
- On April 9, 2010, an Osprey crashed during a mission in southern Afghanistan 11 km west of Qalat-i-Ghilzai for unknown reasons. Four inmates, including a civilian, were killed.
- On April 11, 2012, as part of the African Lion exercise with the Moroccan army, a V-22 of the VMM-261 with four people on board crashed near Agadir , Morocco , killing two. The Osprey was stationed on the USS Iwo Jima .
- On June 13, 2012, a 1st Special Operations Wing V-22 crashed during routine training at Eglin Air Force Base , Florida . The five crew members were seriously injured in the accident.
- On May 17, 2015, a crash in Hawaii left two dead and 20 injured. According to an investigation by the US military, the cause was the failure of the left engine due to persistent pollution caused by long flights in so-called brownout conditions, during which dirt is thrown up by landings on unpaved terrain, which is also sucked in by the engines. In this case, the soiling in the engine caused the air flow in the compressor to break , a so-called compressor stall .
- On December 13, 2016, a machine crashed into the sea near Nago 80 m off the coast of Okinawa . The five crew members were able to save themselves.
- On August 5, 2017, a US Marine Corps MV-22 Osprey launched from the ship USS Bonhomme Richard crashed into the sea east of Australia during routine operations. Of 26 soldiers, 23 were rescued, three missing persons were searched for after an initial report.
Versions
- MV-22A
- The USMC version MV-22A is designed for the transport of troops, equipment and supplies and can be used from ships or from unpaved airfields on land. In order to be stowed in a space-saving manner on board a ship, this version can swivel the wing 90 degrees over the hull and fold in the rotor blades. It therefore requires a hangar area of only 19 m × 5.6 m.
- MV-22B
- There are currently 125 MV-22B in service with the Marine Corps. Machines that were built in the block A variant have a fixed probe for air refueling, while in the block B series this probe has not yet been installed ex works. The Block C series, which is planned for 2014, will receive new software, larger and higher-resolution screens and a weather radar. For the machines used in Afghanistan, an extendable armament built into the ground was developed as an interim solution. This stand must be retracted when landing. There are also installations of a 7.62 mm M240 machine gun in the rear of the MV-22B.
- CMV-22B
- The CMV-22B (originally referred to as the HV-22) are used by the US Navy for search and rescue missions and to support ship supplies as the successor to the C-2 . Thanks to larger tanks, it has an increased range of 1,150 nautical miles compared to the 860 nautical miles of the standard MV-22B.
- CV-22A
- The CV-22A are intended for special operations of the cross-armed United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) (e.g. search and rescue operations ). They are equipped with colored helmet displays from Elbit Systems . Of the 50 aircraft that were ordered, 42 were ready for use in January 2016, the remainder should be delivered by the end of 2016.
Technical specifications
| Parameter | Data | |
|---|---|---|
| crew | 2 pilots | |
| Dimensions | ||
| length | 17.48 m | |
| height | 6.63 m | |
| Side stabilizer height | 5.28 m | |
| Height of rotor hub | 6.63 m | |
| Wingspan | 13.97 m | |
| Rotor diameter | 11.58 m | |
| Masses and payload | ||
| Empty mass | 15,032 kg | |
| VTOL starting mass max. | 21,546 kg | |
| STOVL starting weight max. | 24,948 kg | |
| Transfer take-off mass max. | 27,443 kg | |
| Payload | 24 fully equipped soldiers or 12 stretchers | |
| Internal load max. | 9,072 kg | |
| External load max. | 6,804 kg | |
| Effective internal volume | 24.3 m³ | |
| Fuel capacities | ||
| V-22 base capacity | 4,284 l | |
| V-22 | 2 additional internal tanks in the hold with 3,028 l each | |
| V-22 | 4 external tanks with 280 l each | |
| CV-22 external tank ( CFT ) | 4,784 l | |
| MV-22 external tank (CFT) | 5,481 l | |
| Engines | 2 Rolls-Royce AE 1107C-Liberty attached to pivoting gondolas ; 4,600 kW (6,150 shp) each | |
| Flight performance | ||
| Speed range | 83 km / h to 584 km / h (45 kt to 315 kt) - level forward flight TAS | |
| Operating speed (in 1,000 m) | 509 km / h (275 kt) | |
| Top speed (at 5,000 m) | 565 km / h (305 kt) | |
| Service ceiling | 7,925 m (26,000 ft) | |
| Standard flight altitude | 3,441 m (11,300 ft) | |
| Hover height max. | 4,331 m (14,200 ft) | |
| Rate of climb (vertical / inclined) | 5.5 m / s / 11.8 m / s | |
| g limit | + 4 / −1 | |
| Ranges | ||
| Amphibious assault operation | 935 km | |
| 4,500 kg payload, VTOL | > 650 km | |
| 2,700 kg payload, VTOL | > 1,300 km | |
| 4,500 kg payload, STOVL | > 1,760 km | |
| Overpass | 3,890 km | |
Users
-
United States
- 458 aircraft planned: Unit costs amount to around 68 million US dollars (“flyaway”) or 86 million US dollars (system price).
- United States Air Force : 50 CV-22A planned
- United States Navy : 44 CMV-22B planned
- United States Marine Corps : 360 MV-22A / B planned
- V-22s were intended to replace the CH-46 Sea Knight and CH-53 Sea Stallion in the Marine Corps, and some versions of the H-53 , H-47 , H-60 and the Lockheed C-130 in the Special Operations Command . The latter has also stationed some CV-22A in Europe, currently in RAF Mildenhall and in the future on Spangdahlem Air Base .
-
Japan
- 9 MV-22B Block-C ordered, a total of 17 planned. First machine delivered in August 2017.
interested persons
-
Israel
- originally 6 V-22B Block III planned, currently stopped
-
India
- The Indian Aviation Research Center (ARC) has expressed interest in four machines. They are to be used there for rescuing people and for supply flights; If necessary, the machines should also be available to the paramilitary Special Frontier Force . The order is valued at approximately $ 300 million. The Indian Navy is apparently also interested in some specimens. The V-22 should support the AWACS system there and replace the old Soviet Kamow Ka-31 . However, there are still no orders from the Navy.
See also
literature
- Alexander Lüdeke: Tilt rotor aircraft. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-613-03089-3 .
- William Norton: Bell / Boeing V-22 Osprey - Multi Service Tilt-rotor. Midland Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-85780-165-2 .
- Richard Whittle: The Dream Machine - The Untold History of the Notorious V-22 Osprey. Simon & Schuster, 2010, ISBN 1-4165-6295-8 .
- Boeing Osprey for special operations: The 352nd special operations squadron will soon be relocated from Great Britain to Germany. In: FliegerRevue No. 6/2017, pp. 25–27
Web links
- Official website of the Boeing V-22 Osprey. (English)
- Boeing V-22 Osprey. on combataircraft.com (English)
- Boeing V-22 Osprey. on globalsecurity.org (English)
- Final report on the V-22 program. (PDF; 3.74 MB, English)
- The Special Osprey: Impact on special Operations Doctrine. Thomas J. Trask School of Advanced Airpower Studies June 1996 (English)
- V-22 Osprey deployed in Iraq from autumn 2007. (Mirror online)
Individual evidence
- ^ Karl Schwarz: CV-22 for the Special Operations Command: 400th Osprey delivered. June 12, 2020, accessed June 15, 2020 .
- ↑ The geometrical information given in the chapter is only valid "approximately", ie with angular deviations of up to 5 °.
- ^ Steve Markman, Bill Holder: Bell / Boeing V-22 Osprey Tilt-Engine VTOL Transport (USA). Straight Up: A History of Vertical Flight. Schiffer Publishing, Atglen 2000, ISBN 0-7643-1204-9 , p. 58.
- ↑ Full commitment - V22 Osprey in Afghanistan. In: FlugRevue November 2010, pp. 38–41.
- ↑ a b c AIR International April 2011, p. 19
- ↑ FliegerRevue 2/2015, p. 8, V-22 now with rockets
- ^ Gareth Jennings: Bell-Boeing delivers first Osprey to US Navy. In: Janes. February 11, 2020, accessed on February 11, 2020 .
- ↑ Stephen Trimble: Textron braces for V-22 production cut after 2018. In: Flightglobal. April 20, 2016, accessed April 20, 2016 .
- ↑ Squadron Service - United States Marine Corps . targetlock.org.uk. Archived from the original on May 6, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2011. (English)
- ^ Walter Bittner: Flight mechanics of helicopters: technology, the flight dynamic system helicopters, flight stability, controllability . 3. Edition. Springer, 2009, ISBN 3-540-88971-X , pp. 53 . limited preview in Google Book search
- ↑ Miranda Green: When the Tragedy of Two Marines Killed In a Crash Becomes a Nightmare. In: The Daily Beast, May 27, 2012, accessed on November 3, 2013 (English): “The Osprey had its first fatal crash in 1991. Two died, and the accident was attributed to faulty wiring. The next year seven more people were killed when a V-22's engine caught on fire. "
- ^ ISAF: 4 killed in US aircraft crash in Afghanistan. cnn.com, April 9, 2010, accessed March 5, 2010
- ↑ MV-22 Osprey crashes during military exercise. In: dvidshub.net, April 11, 2012 (English)
- ↑ MV-22 Osprey crash in Morocco ( Memento from November 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: fliegerweb.com
- ↑ Air Force V-22 crash in Florida injures 5. ( Memento from November 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) In: star-telegram.com, June 14, 2012 (English)
- ↑ James Drew: Fatal MV-22 crash in Hawaii linked to excessive debris ingestion. In: Flightglobal.com. November 25, 2015, accessed on November 25, 2015 (English): "The fatal Bell-Boeing MV-22 crash in Hawaii on May 17 could prompt the US Marine Corps to adopt an improved engine filtration system being developed for the CV-22 operated by the air force. "
- ^ Five crew members rescued, two of them hurt, after Futenma Marine Osprey ditches off Nago ( English ) The Japan Times. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
- ↑ US military aircraft crashed off Australia. orf.at, August 6, 2017, accessed August 6, 2017.
- ↑ US Navy reveals CMV-22B as long-range Osprey designation. Flightglobal, February 4, 2016
- ↑ http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2015/pdf/af/2015cv-22.pdf accessed on February 8, 2016 (English)
- ^ A b Paul Jackson, Kenneth Munson, Lindsay Peacock: Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2004-2005 . Jane's Information Group , 2004, ISBN 0-7106-2614-2 .
- ↑ Aerospace Emergency Rescue and Mishap Response Information, Segment 13, Chapters 9 - USAF Helicopter, the Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (PDF; 2.8 MB) (English)
- ↑ USAF - FY 2009 Budget Estimates. ( Memento of February 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 2.1 MB), February 2008 (English)
- ↑ Japan orders additional MV-22 tiltrotors. (No longer available online.) Janes, July 22, 2016, archived from the original on July 24, 2016 ; Retrieved July 25, 2016 .
- ^ Premier V-22 "Osprey" japonais!
- ^ Israel procures V-22 tilt rotor aircraft. ( Memento from January 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: fliegerweb.com, November 14, 2013, accessed on March 5, 2014
- ↑ MV-22 Osprey crashed over Morocco. ( Memento of November 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Israel to get six V-22 Ospreys. ( Memento of July 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: janes.com, accessed on November 18, 2013 (English)
- ^ Israel steps back from V-22 purchase. Flightglobal, October 13, 2017
- ^ India Outlines New Carrier Ambitions. ( Memento of January 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: ainonline.com, May 7, 2015, accessed on June 15, 2015