Lu Shan

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Lu Shan
Fog over the Lu Shan

Fog over the Lu Shan

height 1474  m
location Jiujiang , Jiangxi Province , People's Republic of China
Coordinates 29 ° 26 '0 "  N , 115 ° 52' 0"  E Coordinates: 29 ° 26 '0 "  N , 115 ° 52' 0"  E
Lu Shan (China)
Lu Shan

The Lu Shan ( Chinese  庐山 ) is a mountain in the area of ​​the urban district Lushan of the city of Jiujiang in the Chinese province of Jiangxi . It is one of the most famous mountains in China and has been designated a World Heritage Site and a Global Geopark by UNESCO . The Chinese government has classified it with 5A in the highest category of tourist destinations. Its landscape is particularly praised as magnificent (雄), surprising (奇), dangerous (险) and beautiful (秀). Its diverse landscape and beauty is considered unsurpassed in China among the famous mountains (匡庐 奇秀 甲天下). It has been an important tourist destination since ancient times.

The Lu Shan was formed during the Quaternary Ice Age . It is located north of the Poyang Hu plain on the south bank of the Yangtze River , about 200 km southeast of the city of Wuhan and 100 km north of Nanchang , the provincial capital of Jiangxi. Its foothills reach the largest freshwater lake in China, the Poyang Hu, to the east and northeast. The highest point of the mountain is the Hanyang Peak (汉阳 峰), 1474 meters above sea level. Since the temperature on the mountain remains pleasantly cool even in midsummer, it is a popular place to escape the summer heat.

The Lu Shan is also a famous culture mountain in China, it is considered a miniature of the Chinese landscape culture. Many famous writers, monks and politicians have left their mark here since the Eastern Jin Dynasty . There are over 4,000 traditional poems describing the Lu Shan. Writers who have had a great influence on Lu Shan as a place of culture have existed since ancient times: Sima Qian , Tao Yuanming , Wang Xizhi , Huiyuan ; during the Tang and Song periods it was Bai Juyi , Li Bai , Su Shi , Zhu Xi and others; in modern times it is Chiang Kai-shek , Mao Zedong and others.

In modern times, some important political events took place on the Lu Shan. Since 1895, Great Britain , France , the United States, and other western states began to erect on the Lu Shan building. To this day, they have left behind many western buildings that form the origin of the city of Guling . After the Northern Campaign , the entire government of the Republic of China gathered regularly on Lu Shan to escape the heat in the capital, Nanjing. Lu Shan gained the reputation of the "summer capital" (夏 都). In June 1937, Zhou Enlai came to the Lu Shan as an envoy from the Chinese Communist Party to negotiate with Chiang Kai-Shek over a united front against the Japanese invasion. In July, Chiang declared war on Lu Shan Japan. In 1959, 1961 and 1970, Mao Zedong convened three conferences with high-ranking party leadership and an expanded Politburo after Lu Shan.

Origin of name

North gate

The name Lu Shan consists of two Chinese characters. 庐 (Lu) denotes a small, simple farmhouse with a thatched roof, 山 (Shan) means mountain and is commonly used in names to denote mountains. Lu Shan was first used in Shiji . Before that there was no written evidence, but many legends and more or less well-founded theories surround this name.

There are three legends floating around:

  1. At the time of the Zhou dynasty , a Taoist lived in the mountain who was looking for the way of eternal life. The king heard about it and asked him to come and rule the world. However, the Taoist fled even further up the mountain from the ruler and his traces were lost. It was later said that he had found the divine way and ascended to heaven. That is why the place where he lived was called the house of a god (神仙 之 庐), from which the name Lu Shan was formed.
  2. During the Zhou Dynasty, Laozi was here to meditate. Later he gained the divine way and went to heaven; only the house in which he had meditated remained. Hence the name Lu Shan came from.
  3. When Liu Bang created the Han dynasty , he had many helpers, one of whom died after the establishment of the imperial dynasty. To reward his help, the emperor gave his son the office of Lord of Yue Lu (越 庐 君). The son, however, loved Taoism more than his office, so he resigned to study Taoism, and so the name Lu Shan came about.

The study of scriptures revealed the possibility that the name was derived from the shape of the mountain: Lu Shan was on the plain around Poyang Hu, it looked like a hut in a rice field. The sentence 中 田 有 庐 ( Zhong Tian You Lu , in the middle of the field stands a hut) comes before the small festival songs in the Book of Songs . The sentence is interpreted as a description of the shape of the mountain. In the Song of Praise of Lu Shan (庐山 赋) from the Jin Dynasty there was a similar description (寻 寻 郡 南 有 庐山 ， 九江 之 镇 也 ， 临 临 彭 蠡 之 泽 ， 持平 敝 之 原). Because of this, the majority of scientists today believe that the name was derived from the shape of the mountain. However, a minority believes that it is derived from the name of a small kingdom from prehistoric times. It was reported in the Guoyu that at the time of the spring and autumn annals, the area was called Lu County (庐 邑). As the King of Chu visited this place often, he gained notoriety over time and the prominent mountain that was in this area was named Lu Shan.

126 BC Chr. The historian visited Sima Qian Mountain and wrote in his book about Shiji (南登余庐山 ,观禹疏九江). This was the first time the name appeared in a historical document. It has been in use since then.

geology

Recognition document carved in stone as a Geopark

Geologically, the Lu Shan is a broken formation. Its overall shape looks like a bunker. In detail, however, it has numerous lakes, rivers, mountain peaks and hills. Particularly striking are characteristics as glaciers from the Quaternary . That is why it was named a world geopark. The formation of the mountain body began a billion years ago. After a series of mountain formation - such as during the Ediacarium with the formation of the Lüliang Shan , during the Cretaceous with the formation of the Yan Mountains , and 20 million years ago during the mountain formation of the Himalayas - the Lu Shan arose. The rock broke in several places. During the Quaternary Ice Age, the rock formation continued to rise while the surrounding land sank. The resulting broken rock formations were divided by the glaciers and formed the peaks, while steep valleys formed between them. Poyang Hu later formed on the lowlands. Especially in the northern part, folds under the action of glaciers have formed many steep slopes and valleys, which has contributed to the diverse landscape of the Lu Shans.

Before the 1930s , Western scientists denied the Ice Age influences on the Lu Shan before Li Siguang refuted this thesis. After conducting field research in 1931, Li concluded that numerous glacier tracks could be found on Lu Shan. This proved that the Lu Shan was formed by the Quaternary glaciers. Furthermore, Li was able to prove that during the Quaternary Ice Age the glaciers of the Lu Shan expanded into the surrounding lowlands, so that the Lu Shan was in fact the center of that ice age in China. Today you can see many very typical glacier remains on the Lu Shan. Its unique geological formation was decisive for it to be chosen as a world geopark.

In 2004, UNESCO recognized the Lu Shan as one of the first global geoparks .

Geology museum

In order to bring geological research and the development of the unusual landscape closer to the public, Mao's former villa was converted into the Geological Museum of Lu Shan in 1984. The museum has four exhibition rooms. In addition to extensive rock samples, the museum also houses many documents. In addition to imparting educational knowledge, it also offers researchers and institutes data as research material.

geography

The Lu Shan is located south of the Yangtze River, on the banks of the Poyang Lake. The Beijing-Kowloon Railway and the Fuzhou-Yinchuan Highway run on its western side. The mountain range extends from the northeast to the southwest. The total area of ​​the mountain massif is 282 square kilometers, the area of ​​the landscape park is 302 square kilometers, around it there is still a protection zone of 500 square kilometers. The mountains protrude almost vertically from the plain. The highest point is the Hanyang peak (1474 m). Near the summit there are two shallow valleys with clear streams and beautiful scenery, where the town of Guling arose. 76.6% of the area of ​​the mountain range is forested. It forms a "natural botanical garden". The Lu Shan is often shrouded in mist. The poet Su Shi from the Song Dynasty described him as 不 识 庐山真面目 ， 只 缘 身 在 此 山 中 (“You do not recognize the true figure of Lu Shan because you are in the middle of the mountains”). Along with Mogan Shan , Beidaihe and Jigong Shan , the Lu Shan is one of the four ideal places in China to escape the summer heat.

Climate and Hydrography

The Lulin Hu is the main drinking water reservoir of the mountain range.

The Lu Shan is located in the subtropical monsoon zone , has very high amounts of rain and a very distinctive mountain climate . The annual average temperature in Guling is 11.6 ° C. This is 5 to 6 degrees lower than in the surrounding plains. July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 25.6 ° C. The highest temperature ever recorded is 32 degrees. This is far lower than in Jiujiang City. That is why Lu Shan is a famous place to escape the summer heat. Winter on the Lu Shan is about two months longer than on the plain. In addition there is often snow. January is the coldest month, the average temperature is −2.9 ° C, the record temperature is −16.8 ° C. Because of its dense vegetation and high evaporation rate as well as the low temperature, the humidity on the massif is very high. That's why there is often fog and strong wind on the massif. On an annual average, the mountain range is covered by fog for 200 days and there is strong wind for an average of 100 days.

The Lu Shan is located in the catchment area of ​​the Yangtze River and also belongs to the catchment area of ​​the Poyang Hu. Although it has no large rivers, there is a lot of groundwater and it has many streams. Due to the steep slopes there are also numerous waterfalls on its flanks. The famous Sandiequan Fall ( 三叠泉 瀑布 ) has a height of 155 meters. The Tang poet Li Bai described him with the sentence 飞流 直下 三 千尺 ("The flying current falls three thousand chi "). The average amount of precipitation on the mountain is given as 2068.1 mm, whereby it is mainly concentrated in the months May to July. The largest lake in the mountain range, the Lulin Hu , is 1040 m above sea level. It is an artificial lake that was dammed by a dam built in 1954. Its area is 90,000 square meters and it has a storage capacity of 1.2 million cubic meters. It is the main drinking water reservoir for the mountain dwellers.

Soil and flora

Wooded mountainside

Below 400 meters the soil consists mainly of reddish earth, between 400 and 1200 meters the color of the earth changes to brownish and yellowish tones, above 1000 meters there is mainly brown earth.

The living conditions on and around the mountain range are very difficult. Not only the altitude determines the species that grow there, but also the distribution of the groundwater and the heat from the ground. The biodiversity on Lu Shan is very high, including some very old tree species such as the Chinese tulip tree and the finger fruit family Sargentodoxa cuneata . There are a total of 210 families , 735 genera and 1720 species . The climatic zones vary from the tropical to the subtropical to the temperate zone . Evergreen deciduous forests predominate below 700 meters , and between 600 and 100 meters the tree species gradually change to deciduous trees . Mainly conifers grow over 1300 meters. The particularly valuable tree species include the sickle fir , the Hinoki false cypress and the pine species Pinus hwangshanensis . The Lu Shan Botanical Garden, built in 1934, is now owned by the Chinese Academy of Sciences . The botanical garden has an area of ​​300 hectares and is home to over 3400 species. It maintains cooperation relationships with almost 300 institutes from over 60 countries.

fauna

Because of the diverse living environments, there are a large number of animals on the Lu Shan, insects are particularly numerous. So far, 28 orders , 163 families and over 2000 species are known. Some of these, such as the spanner Ourapteryx nigrociliaris , the field locust Sinopodisma kellogii and the cudgel- horned sawfly Leptocimbex gracilentus, are endemic to the mountain . About 170 species of birds from 16 orders and 42 families are also known. The southeastern part of the mountain range is designated as a protected area for migratory birds together with the Poyang Hu. So far 15 orders, 37 families and 148 species have been registered here. Seven orders, 14 families and 37 species are known of mammals, three orders, ten families and 33 species of amphibians are known, some of which are endangered animals such as the Chinese giant salamander and the frog Quasipaa spinosa .

summit

The Lu Shan has many peaks. Depending on how they are counted, there are over 90 or over 170. The Hanyang and Wulao peaks ( 五老峰 ) are particularly well-known . The Hanyang peak is located on the southern side of the massif, about 14 km from Guling. Apparently you could see the lights of Hanyang on it and that's how it got its name. Hanyang peak is 1,474 meters high and is the highest peak of Lu Shan. On the summit there is a viewing platform and a stone stele. On clear days you can from the top of the Poyang Lake and Jiujiang and the Yangtze River overlook. The Wulao peak is on the northeast side of the massif. The name comes from its appearance, which is reminiscent of five sitting or standing elderly (Wu, 五 , means 'five', Lao, 老 , means 'old man'). The Wulao peak reaches 1436 meters. Li Bai described it as "The sky cut a golden hibiscus out of the stones" ( 青天 削 出 金 芙蓉 ). Li Bai wrote of the other peaks, "When the sun shines, smoke rises as if they were censer" ( 日照 香炉 生 紫烟 ).

history

Tao Yuanming was one of the poets who lived on the Lu Shan.

Early days

Before Qin Shihuangdi unified China, the Lu Shan was in the territory of the Chu Kingdom . Then he belonged to the Jiujiang Commandant (九江 郡). 201 BC At the time of Han Wendi , a vassal kingdom (庐江 国) was established here. 126 BC BC Sima Qian climbed the mountain and first used the name Lu Shan. 122 BC At the time of the Han Wudi it was added to the Caisang (柴桑 县) district. In 221, Sun Quan divided the Lu Shan to Wuchang (武昌 郡) headquarters. In 291 at the time of the Western Jin , he was added to the Caisang County again. In 367 the Buddhist temple Xilin (西林 寺) was opened, Huiyuan (慧远) became its head. Tao Yuanming had lived on the mountain since 405 and wrote several poems there. In 412 Huiyuan died on the Lu Shan. In 483, Lu Xiujing came to Lu Shan. After that, in the years 483, 489 and 536 three important Taoist temples were built. Since then, the Lu Shan has been an important place for Daoism .

Sui and Tang periods

589 that destroyed Sui Dynasty , the Chen Dynasty . Caisang was renamed Xunyang County (寻 阳). During the Southern Tang period it was added to Dehua County (德 化). During this time, new Taoist temples were built. In 750 Jianzhen came to the Lu Shan and became a teacher of the temple head of the Donglin Temple. In 756, Li Bai came to Lu Shan and wrote several poems that had a lasting impact on posterity. In 795, Li Bo (李渤) came across the Lu Shan. The Academy for the White Deer Grotto later developed from his house . In 815 the poet Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang (then called Jiangzhou). He built a straw hut on the mountain. In 821 Wang Bo expanded the academy and was able to persuade a high-ranking Buddhist monk to preside over a temple on Lu Shan. During the rebellion of General Gao Pian in 880, the works of Bai Juyi and Huiyuan were destroyed. In 937 the academy was expanded again. In 951, the Emperor of the Southern Tang Dynasty donated 10,000 pounds of silver to buy land for the academy and build a pagoda in the Xilin Temple.

From Song to Qing times

In 1008 the academy was expanded again. In 1036, 1053, and 1059, Fan Zhongyan , Ouyang Xiu, and Wang Anshi all visited Lu Shan. From 1072 Zhou Dunyi lived on Lu Shan and opened his own school here. In 1080, 1084, and 1094, Su Zhe , Su Dongpo, and Huang Tingjian all attended Lu Shan. In 1129 the Lu Shan was sacked by the invading Jin troops . In 1170 and 1178 Lu You visited the mountain. In 1179, Zhu Xi was transferred to Jiujiang. He rebuilt the academy that had been destroyed in the chaos of war. Lu Jiuyuan became a teacher at the academy in 1181. In 1182, Zhi Xi took 300,000 pounds of silver to build the Academy's Hall of Rites. The three-tier waterfall became known in 1191. In 1208 two chronicles of the Lu Shan were published. In 1324 a book about people and culture of the mountain was published. In 1351 the academy was again destroyed by the chaos of war. In 1352 the Buddhist temples were also destroyed. In 1360, Chen Youliang appointed himself emperor in Jiujiang and began a lengthy trench war with Zhu Yuanzhang over the Lu Shan and Poyang Hu.

It was also Zhu Yuangzhang who raised Lu Shan to a sacred mountain (Yue, 岳) and thus equated it with the other five sacred mountains (this position could not prevail over a long period of time). From 1411 the core area of ​​the mountain, including the peaks, was declared a restricted area, only the emperor and persons authorized by him were allowed to enter. This arrangement was later adopted by the Qing Dynasty . In 1436 the destroyed academy was reopened. By 1497 it had more than 500 teachers and students. From 1573 further Buddhist temples were built. In 1579, Emperor Wanli ordered the dissolution of all academies, and the academy for the White Stag Grotto was also affected. However, the academy was able to reopen after a few years. In 1645 Jiujiang and the Lu Shan were ravaged by the troops of the Southern Ming Dynasty . In 1668 the 15-volume "Book of Lu Shan" was published. In 1694, the academy's land was confiscated by the government and the academy had to be downsized. Between 1853 and 1856, Jiujiang was the battlefield between Taiping insurgents and troops loyal to Qing. Several temples suffered destruction.

Edward Selby Little

As a result of the unequal treaties , the Chinese Empire had to declare Jiujiang as a treaty port in 1860 . Many western adventurers came to Jiujiang because of this. In 1884 Russian traders occupied the Jiufeng Temple on Lu Shan and began the occupation of the western powers of Lu Shan. With this in mind, Edward Selby Little came up with the Lu Shan. By bribing Little succeeded in leasing 4500 mu of land in Guling in 1885 . However, due to quarrels with the farmers on the mountain, the land could not be used effectively for a long time. After the lost sea ​​battle on the Yalu , the Qing government was very weak. With the help of the British government, Little managed to force a concession for 999 years. Little then set up a company to market and lease the land. He hired a German and a British engineer to plan the country. They first built and expanded the paths on the mountain and paved all the paths with stone slabs. They also divided the land into smaller plots. The purposes of use of the individual properties have been clearly defined. However, there were no restrictions in terms of design and style. Little began promoting the Lu Shan through all sorts of channels and won over so many foreigners that they bought land and built buildings on the mountain. By 1927 over 560 villas had already been built.

In 1908 Little established a land registry office for Guling based on the western model. In 1914 France also acquired a concession on the Lu Shan and there were clashes with the monks living there. In 1919 Russia opened a bank in Guling. Little is revered as "the man who changed the fate of Lu Shan" for his contribution to the development and construction of Guling. In 1929 Little was hired by the British government to direct the development of the New Zealand colony .

From the withdrawal of the concessions to the Lu Shan conferences

The CCP's Lu Shan Conference was opened in this building.

In 1924, China withdrew the Russian concession and opened the mountain to the public. In 1927, a Lu Shan Administrative Bureau was established under Jiujiang City. Within the concessions, police power was again subordinated to China. After the Chinese reunification in 1928, Lu Shan was declared the summer capital of China. In 1932, Chiang Kai-shek gathered his senior generals on the Lu Shan to plan the attack on the communists. The botanical garden was opened in 1934. In 1935 the concession was withdrawn from Great Britain. After the Marco Polo Bridge incident , Chiang delivered a high-profile speech on the Lu Shan in July 1937, widely regarded as the beginning of the Chinese resistance to the Japanese invasion. In 1938 the Lu Shan was trapped by the advancing Japanese . The Chinese troops contributed nine months resistance, many temples and buildings of gunfire during which hit and destroyed. On April 18, 1939, Japanese troops occupied Guling. After the Japanese surrender , the Chinese government took over the Lu Shan again in October 1945. In 1946, Lu Shan Middle School opened. On April 16, 1947, a fire ravaged Guling. On May 18, 1949, the Lu Shan was handed over to the communists.

The People's Republic moved the administrative office from Jiujiang to Guling. In October 1952, the provincial government began building a road to Guling. This road was completed in August of the following year. This led to an increased number of tourists. Two reservoirs were built in 1954 and 1956. They are used as a source of drinking water and for generating electricity. In 1959, 1961 and 1970, three conferences of the Central Communist Party of China were held on the Lu Shan. In 1971 the road from the south was completed.

Development of tourism

The 1980 film Love on the Lu Shan made the mountain famous in China and tourism boomed. In 1982 Lu Shan was named a national tourism priority by the State Council. A general plan for the development of the landscape zone was drawn up. In 1984 an administrative office for the landscape zone was set up and footpaths were built connecting the sights. In 1994, the Lu Shan was awarded an award for the sanitary facilities by the Chinese government. In early 1996, the trail was named after Xu Xiake . In December 1996, the Lu Shan was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, which led to a further increase in the number of tourists. On February 13, 2002, UNESCO named Lu Shan a World Geological Park and made it even better known. In November 2006, the Administration Office increased the entry fee drastically, which led to heated controversy.

Religions

The picture 虎溪 三 笑 图 (Three Laughing at Huxi, excerpt) from the Song Dynasty shows Huiyuan (Buddhist, center), Lu Xiujing (Daoist, left) and Tao Yuanming (Confizian, right) at a meeting on the Lu Shan and symbolizes the harmonious togetherness of the three religions.

Lu Shan is not a sacred mountain for either Buddhism or Daoism. Nevertheless, the activity of these two religions is particularly high here. Important Buddhists like Huiyuan and Daoists like Lu Xiujing have worked here. At the time of the summit, there were 360 ​​Buddhist and around 200 Taoist temples and monasteries on the mountain. This made the Lu Shan a religious center in southern China. Religion had played an important role in the development of Lu Shan. The religious impulses that came from the Lu Shan had a great impact on the rest of China. Since the end of the 19th century, many Europeans and Americans came to the Lu Shan after Little. They built villas and churches and introduced Catholic and Protestant teaching. By the early 20th century, Guling had over a thousand missionaries from around 20 countries. Today there are Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, Protestant and Catholic churches on the Lu Shan.

Buddhism

The Dongling Temple is Lu Shan's Buddhist center.

In the 4th century, Huizong founded Amitabha Buddhism in Dongling Temple and began a Chinese tradition of Buddhism. The temple was founded by Huiyuan in 386 and is the most influential temple on the Lu Shan. The mountain is considered one of the eight important Buddhist sites in China and was even called the second center at times. Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Bai Juyi, Su Shi and many other famous writers have visited the Dongling Temple and left many poems. This contributed to the popularity of the temple. At the time of the summit there were over 300 temples on the mountain. To this day, many important steals have been preserved in the Dongling Temple, documenting the former importance of the temple.

Daoism

According to legend, a man once built a hut on the mountain next to Boyang Hu to meditate and search for the divine path, which he actually succeeded in doing. Because of this, the place where he meditated was considered a god's hut. Since then, the Lu Shan has been regarded by many Daoists as an ideal place for meditation and search. At the time of the Southern Tang , the famous Daoist Lu Xiujing came to the Lu Shan, which greatly strengthened the development of Daoism on the Lu Shan. Since then, Buddhism and Daoism have existed side by side on the mountain. During the Tang time, Lü Dongbin came to the Lu Shan. According to legend, he should have met a god here who taught him the art of swords. Today there is still a stone carved poem on the Lu Shan that is attributed to him. Later he is said to have withdrawn into a cave and found his divine path there. In 1071 Zhou Dunyi came to the Lu Shan and developed the diagram " Taiji Tu " there. "The cave of God", where Lü Dongbin is said to have found his divine path, is the center of Daoism on Lu Shan. It is also a magnet for visitors to Lu Shan.

Western religions

Catholic Church

Little's impact on Lu Shan made the mountain a center of Christianity in China. In 1886 Little Land leased in Guling. In addition to villas, a large number of churches were built. Every summer over hundreds of missionaries gathered here. The churches took on many functions in Guling and were also involved in politics, social life and the economy. In addition to proselytizing, they gave seminars, opened schools, hospitals and other charitable institutions. After the Reformed Church, the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church were added later. Later, Islam came to the Lu Shan. At the time of the summit there were 13 churches on the mountain, around 16 different churches worked there. The churches had a great influence on the Lu Shan. For example, they were allowed to have their own police force. Today most of the churches have been preserved and are part of Lu Shan's cultural heritage.

Culture

The Lu Shan has a unique position in Chinese cultural, religious and political history. Many artists and writers have come here since ancient times. That is why it is also seen as an ideal of Chinese landscape culture. Over 4,000 poems have survived to this day that have the mountain as their subject. Engravings have been made on over 400 rocks on the mountain. The Lu Shan is considered to be the origin of Chinese landscape poetry and painting.

painting

匡庐 图 (Portrait of Lu Shan) by Jing Hao from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

The picture of Lu Shan by the painter Gu Kaizhi from the Eastern Jin Dynasty is generally regarded as the first Chinese landscape painting . In the stylization, Gu was influenced by the philosophy of the monk Huiyuan. The painter Jing Hao from the Later Liang Dynasty painted the complete portrait of Lu Shan (匡庐 图). The picture shows the steep peaks of the mountain. The clouds and waterfalls in the picture are very detailed and kept alive. Today, the overall portrait of Lu Shan counts as a classic of Chinese painting, which must be studied by all students of this painting tradition. Shen Zhou from the Ming Dynasty painted the High Picture of Lu Shan (庐山 高 图). The picture is considered a masterpiece and is now kept in the National Palace Museum. There are also many modern painters who have used the Lu Shan as an object in their works, for example the imitation of Sheng Zhou's High Picture of Lu Shan by Zhang Daqian .

literature

Over 4000 poems have survived that have the Lu Shan as their theme. Jin Dynasty Tao Yuanming had written poetry about this mountain all his life. His works have had a lasting influence on the landscape poems of China. At the time of the Southern Dynasties , the book Two Women of Lu Shan (庐山 二 女) was published, which was the first Chinese novel to deal with spirits and gods. Li Bai visited Lu Shan five times and left 14 poems. Especially The waterfall of Lu Shan (望庐山瀑布) became a classic of ancient Chinese poems. Bai Juyi built a hut on the mountain. His work Hut auf dem Lu Shan (庐山 草堂 记) is celebrated by posterity as an example of the Chinese landscape essay. Su Shi wrote "You do not recognize the true face of Lu Shan because you are in him" (不 识 庐山真面目 ， 只 缘 身 在 此 山 中). The sentence is also used in many ways in philosophical disputes. Another famous phrase of his is "If you tilt your head, you see a forest, if you turn it upright, you see a peak" (横 看成 岭 侧 成 峰), describes the shape of the mountain. Even Mao Zedong wrote a poem about his ascent of Mount Lu. Today, literary competitions are often held at Lu Shan to keep tradition alive.

Neo-Confucian Center

Academy for the White Deer Grotto

There are two neo-Confucian centers on Lu Shan. One is the Lotus Grotto built by Zhou Dunyi, the other is the Academy for the White Deer Grotto. Zhou Dunyi left the imperial court in 1072 and settled in the Lotus Grotto. He opened an academy there and began teaching. He compared himself to Lotus and wrote the article The Love of the Lotus , which had a great impact on posterity. The phrase “Lotus comes from the mud, but is not soiled by the mud” became particularly famous (出 污泥 而不 染). Zhou Dunyi wanted to say that he himself was not tainted by the corruption at the imperial court. His students Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi completed his teaching and formed a self-contained philosophical thought structure from it. During the Southern Song Period, Zhu Xi taught in the White Deer Grotto. He developed Zhou's philosophy further. Zhu's theory became the doctrine of the rule of Chinese feudalism and dynasties. She had a profound influence on Chinese politics and society. Zhu also expanded the academy, thereby lifting the academy's position in China. He also strengthened the position of his own teaching for the next 700 years. The White Deer Grotto thus became the leader of the four great classical academies in China.

architecture

The architecture on Lu Shan is completely different from the one down on the mountain in Jiujiang City. Today several hundred old buildings have been preserved on the Lu Shan. They were built by clients from 18 states, almost all of them in the western architectural style. The buildings mostly use the natural landscape and intervene very little in the topography of the mountain. Many slopes and empty spaces were laid out as lawns or gardens. Most buildings are one or two story high and have a floor space of between 100 and 300 square meters. The roofs are mostly red and the walls are mostly made of natural stone. The architectural styles correspond to the respective country styles of the client.

The love on the Lu Shan and its influence

Poster of Love on the Lu Shan in front of the cinema

In 1980, the Shanghai Film Studios shot on the Lu Shan The Love on the Lu Shan . In the film, the daughter of a Kuomingtang official who had emigrated to America came to the Lu Shan as a tourist and met a young man there who was the son of a communist party official. They fell in love and ended up getting married. The film went through rigorous political scrutiny and was widely acclaimed. It characterizes the change in attitude of the communist party towards the Komingtang and is actually a very political film. Both the exterior and interior scenes were filmed on the Lu Shan. The film has been shown continuously on the Lu Shan since its premiere and is considered the longest-listed film in the Guinness Book of Records .

Before 1980, only the Communist Party leadership was allowed to recover on the mountain. Normal visitors were not allowed. That's why the mountain was hardly known. The mountain quickly gained notoriety after the broadcast of "Love on Lu Shan". Many visitors came, so that the entire infrastructure of the mountain could no longer accommodate all visitors. Many went to the places that appeared in the film. Even locations that had been shot in the studio were searched in vain. Due to the rush of visitors, a cinema was selected in 1982 to show the film as a tourist attraction.

World Heritage

In 1982 the central government raised the Lu Shan to the national priority landscape area. In 1991 it was named one of the top 40 Chinese vacation spots. Then the Lu Shan was advertised as a World Heritage Site at UNESCO according to the criteria C (II) (III) (IV) and (VI). At its meeting in Mexico in December 1996, UNESCO decided on recognition. The official name is "Lu Shan National Park" (庐山 国家 公园) and the classification is cultural heritage (numbering 200-015). Thanks to the recognition, the Lu Shan also gained international attention.

politics

Political center

President Chiang Kai-shek declared war on Japan on Lu Shan in July 1937

It was only since the Republic of China that the Lu Shan became a center of Chinese politics. The capital of the Republic of China was Nanjing . However, the city is notorious for its summer heat. A steamer only needs one night from Nanjing to Lu Shan. That is why the national government chose the Lu Shan as their summer residence. During the summer time, the leaders of the party, government, and military moved to Lu Shan. All government business was done there too. Several momentous decisions in modern Chinese history were made on the Lu Shan. For example, in the summer of 1932 there was a series of important political and military meetings. In the summer of 1933, the national government planned its war against the communists on Lu Shan. In the summer of 1937, Chiang Kai-shek declared war on Japan by speaking on the Lu Shan in response to the Marco Polo Bridge incident . This was the start of the Sino-Japanese War . Japanese troops occupied the Lu Shan in April 1939 and the Lu Shan has since lost its function as a summer residence.

After the proclamation of the People's Republic, important meetings were held on the Lu Shan three times in 1959, 1961 and 1970. At the party headquarters conference from July to August 1959, Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai came into conflict and Peng was dismantled. In August 1961, another party conference was held at Lu Shan. The content of this conference has not yet been published. According to media reports, the main focus was on food, cadre training and industrial management. In August 1970, the party held another conference at Lu Shan. Lin Biao made his last speech at the conference. The conferences show the importance of the mountain in the recent history of China.

Assassination attempt on Chiang

In February 1931 Hanmin Hu was placed under house arrest in connection with the power struggle between Chiang Kai-Shek and Hu . General Sun Fo then decided to assassinate Chiang and commissioned Wang Yaqiao to do it. In June, Wang learned that Chiang had moved to Lu Shan and organized an attack group with three other people. They hid the weapons in Jinhua Ham and disguised themselves as the grocery store. This enabled them to successfully get through the control to Gulin. However, they did not thoroughly cover up the traces of the hidden weapons during the repackaging, so that Chiang's guards suspected that guns were hidden in the ham. The guard was reinforced and the attack made more difficult. On June 14, one of the assassins believed he had spotted an opportunity and wanted to shoot Chiang, who was taking a walk. However, he was spotted by the guard and was able to fire two shots that didn't hit. He was then shot dead by the guard. Chiang's intelligence chief Dai Li immediately suspected Wang of being the mastermind. However, he couldn't prove it.

Battle of the Lu Shan

During the Second Sino-Japanese War , fierce fighting broke out between the Chinese National Army and Japanese troops on the Lu Shan. In July 1938, Jiujiang was occupied by the Japanese troops. The Chinese defense units there withdrew to the Lu Shan and were surrounded by Japanese troops. This cut them off completely. At that time there were two brigades on the mountain that were inferior in armament. On July 30th, the Japanese troops started the first storm and were repulsed with heavy losses. The Japanese commander Okamura Yasuji called for air support. The bombardment hit the defenders hard. After the Battle of Wuhan , the Chinese troops withdrew to the southwest. The defenders of Lu Shan lost all contact with the main army. The Japanese troops received reinforcements from Wuhan. From February 1939 onwards, Japan stepped up its attack on the Lu Shan. In late March, over half of China's defenders were wiped out. The remaining troops were able to break through the encirclement and flee into the hinterland. The mountain was occupied by Japan.

traffic

Long-distance transport

The Lu Shan has air, water, rail and road connections and is very well connected in terms of transport. The Jiujiang Lushan Airport is located on the western foothills of the mountain. The Nanchang Changbei International Airport is 60 kilometers south of the Lu Shan. Both airports connect the mountain with the main cities in the country. Trains on the Beijing-Kowloon, Wuhan-Jiujiang, Hefei-Jiujiang and Tongling-Jiujiang railway lines stop at Jiujiang or right down on the mountain. This allows you to travel directly to Beijing, Canton and Wuhan by train. The Yangtze River as a waterway is the oldest transport link on the Lu Shan. You can go by ship to Wuhan, Chongqing, Nanjing and Shanghai. Three motorways lead on Mount Lu by: Highway Hangzhou-Ruili , highway Daqing-Guangzhou and highway Fuzhou-Yinchuan .

The distance from Guling to the transportation hubs are 38 km to Jiujiang Passenger Port, 40 km to Jiujiang Lushan Airport, 34 km to Jiujiang Railway Station and 38 km to Lushan Railway Station.

Mountain path

Before the road was built, there were only very simple paths used by the loggers. Mountaineering was very difficult back then. In 1895 Edward Selby Little began buying land on the mountain and adding stone steps to the logging trails. That was the first real mountain trail. The path led from the lotus grotto to Guling. Nevertheless, the path was arduous and required a good physical condition. When the Lu Shan became the summer residence of the Chinese government in the 1930s, all material had to be transported through this mountain route. After the Sino-Japanese War, the use of the path increased again. There were more than 2000 litter carriers for the tourists at the time of the summit .

Streets

The south entrance of the park

Due to the increased usage, the mountain trail soon reached its capacity limit. So the government decided to build a car road. Engineers were sent up the mountain several times to map the topography. A German was hired as an architect, but since the situation was difficult and the government lacked money, the project was not carried out. In 1949, the People's Republic took over the administration of Lu Shan and began building the road. A provincial government committee was established in October. Construction began in October 1952. In August 1953 the road was completed. The road connected Jiujiang and Guling and was 15 miles long. It was a gravel road 7.5 meters wide. The driving width was 4 meters. The total construction cost was 3.23 million yuan . Since the road led up the mountain from the north side, it was called the north road. It was Lu Shan's first highway. In October construction began on Lu Shan's second highway, South Road. This road was completed on July 5, 1971. From then on, cars from the south didn't have to make a detour to Jiujiang to get to the top of the mountain. From 1980 to 2000 the streets were rebuilt several times. The gravel road was paved with cement and bitumen. The streets were also widened. In January 2005 a 64 km long ring road was built around the mountain.

Litter and load carriers

Before the road was built, everything was transported on the mountain by human power. While most people climbed the mountain on foot, the rich, powerful, officials, warlords and foreigners mainly used sedan chairs . The normal sedan chairs have four carriers. For stout guests there are sedan chairs with six porters. For those in a hurry, eight porters who work alternately are provided. Before 1949 there were over thousands of litter carriers on the mountain trail. From 1937 the government began to introduce an administration for the litter bearers. A test procedure was introduced. The porters had to show a license and wear uniform uniforms with numbering. In 1937 there were a total of 39 supervisors and 2041 “official” litter carriers, plus 443 porters. Some senior officials, foreigners, and companies also had their own porters.

Even after the road was built, there are still places that can only be reached on foot and that is why there are litter carriers to this day. The living conditions of these people are often very difficult. Chinese media report that on some routes on the mountain a porter has to walk back and forth twice a day. 60 yuan is collected each time. The management company receives 60% of this and the sponsor 40%. This means that a wearer can just feed himself and his family. On days with bad weather, not enough tourists come for the porter to earn a living.

Guling

International city

Guling is located at 1167 meters above sea level. Most of the villas and churches on Lu Shan can be found here. The city is one of the reasons why the Lu Shan was recognized as a cultural heritage site. Because of its height, the city is often covered in fog, which is why it is also known as the “mountain city in the clouds” (云 中 山城). From 1895 the Englishman Edward Selby bought Little Land in Guling and began to build villas and churches. This drew many western buyers to the Lu Shan. Since then, the population on the mountain has increased sharply. The Christian churches also became very active.

Guling

The name Guling comes from Gu Niu Ling (牯牛 岭, Buffalo Mountain). When the English built the area they took the name and called it Cooling, later the English name was taken back to Chinese and became Guling. Since the builders in Guling came from all of the Herrnländer, the buildings here are of very different styles and shapes. Guling was therefore also called "buildings from tens of thousands of countries" (万 国 建筑). That is a rarity in China. The city's residents were also diverse. They came from Great Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Greece, Austria, the Czech Republic, the USA, Canada and Japan. Each of the groups had their own churches, schools, hospitals, even banks and police. In the 1930s, the concession was withdrawn by the Chinese government and the population on Lu Shan decreased.

Originally there were no real roads in Guling. The villas were connected by small paths. Most of the multi-story buildings that tourists see in the city today were built after the colonial era, while the old foreign mansions are mostly much more hidden and smaller. Guling is the only city in China that is embedded in a garden and integrated into its natural environment.

VIP villas

The one- to two-story and quite hidden and detached villas designed by Little are particularly popular with Chinese politicians. Important top politicians, both from Komingtang and from the communists, such as Chiang Kai-Shek, Chiang Ching-kuo , Chen Cheng , Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai , Lin Biao , Chen Yi , Lin Boqu , Ye Jianying , Deng Xiaoping , Xu Xiangqian , Yang Shangkun , Li Xiannian had their own mansions. Even the Vietnamese leader Hồ Chí Minh , who was friends with the Chinese Communists, owned a villa on Lu Shan. The most famous villas included Chiang Kai-Shek (Zhongzheng Palace, 中正 行宫) and Mao Zedong (Lu Lin 1, 芦林 1 号).

Chiang Kai-Shek had two villas on Lu Shan. One was bought from a foreigner by his wife, Song Meiling . The other is the palace that was built by the government. The palace is on a steep slope and has a very nice view. It is a two-story structure and was built in 1934. In front of the building are two crescent firs planted by the couple , which are a popular souvenir photo motif .

Mao also had several villas, including Madame Chiang's villa and villa 175, which was built by an American woman. There is also the government-built Lu Lin 1. The building is located next to Lu Lin Lake and was Mao's place of residence and work on Lu Shan. It was built in 1960 and is five times larger than Madame Chiang's villa. The building is built like a fortress and can even withstand cannon fire. The interior is designed like Mao's apartment in Zhongnanhai .

Remodeling and current situation

Guling

From 1953 onwards, the government in Guling undertook several renovations. New parks were built, the stone streets were expanded and converted into bismuth streets. After the reform and opening up, many stores were leased to private companies. Due to a lack of regulation, the shops increasingly defaced the original street scene. In order to restore the original street appearance, the government had initiated some redesigns of the streets and buildings. In this way the western mood was restored at the beginning of the 20th century. Some VIP villas have been converted into hotels. However, the hotels take exorbitant prices. An overnight stay in Deng Xiaoping's and Chiang Ching-kuo's villas costs 10,800 and 28,880 yuan, respectively.

Today Guling belongs to Jiujiang City and is a fully fledged large community with all associated administrative offices. The large community has a total area of ​​46.6 square kilometers. The large community is divided into three residents' committees (居委会) and has a permanent population of 12,000.

Specialties

The specialty products from Lu Shan are Lu Shan mist tea, stone fish, stone rooster and Iwatake . The mist tea is a green tea , the cultivation of which can be traced back to the time of the Han dynasty, and is one of the most famous types of tea in China. In the Song Dynasty, it was one of the types of tea that was supplied to the Imperial Palace. In modern times, Zhu De wrote a poem about the mist tea, which has pushed the reputation of the tea very much. The stone rooster is actually a species of frog that lives in the lakes and streams of the Lu Shan. It looks similar to the bullfrog, has a rough back and a smooth belly. Stonefish is a small white fish three to four inches long that lives in the streams of Lu Shan. Stone ears are a type of mushroom and grow on stones. They look similar to Judas ears. Stone fish, stone cock and stone ear are regarded as delicacies of Lu Shan and are referred to as the “Three Treasures of Lu Shan” (庐山 三宝).

tourism

Steep peaks and clouds

position

Even if the Lu Shan was not one of the five great mountains of China, its influence and the number of visitors is no less than that of the five great mountains. It is known as the “hut of the gods” and combines nature, culture, religion, education and politics. Many tourists visit the mountain every year.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Center: Lushan National Park. Retrieved March 25, 2017 (English).
  2. ↑ 庐山 天下 秀 . In: 人民网 （江西） , October 12, 2000. Retrieved June 21, 2011. 
  3. ↑ 中共 代表 周恩来 、 秦邦宪 、 林伯渠 和 国民党 代表 蒋介石 、 邵力子 、 张冲 就 两党 合作 抗日 抗日 问题 在 庐山 谈判 . In: 深圳 百姓 . Retrieved June 23, 2011. 
  4. ↑ a b c d 庐山 名称 的 由来 . In: 江西 星子 县政府 , August 24, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2011.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.9juw.com  
  5. ↑ a b c d 庐山 名称 由来 及 文化 背景 . In: 九江 九 聚 网 , March 31, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2011. 
  6. ↑ a b 庐山 名称 由来 及 文化 背景 . In: 星子 旅游 网 . Archived from the original on May 3, 2014 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 24, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lsn-xz.com 
  7. ↑ 《信 南山》 . In: 中国 哲学 电子 化 计划 网 . Accessed June 2011. 
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  9. ↑ a b 江西 “最美” 候选 之一 ： 庐山 世界 地质 公园 . In: 腾讯 新闻 网 , June 26, 2005. Retrieved June 24, 2011. 
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  11. ↑ a b 庐山 概况 . In: Jiujiang City Government . Archived from the original on October 10, 2007 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 24, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jiujiang.gov.cn 
  12. ↑ 游 庐山 感怀 . In: 民心 网 , September 28, 2006. Accessed June 24, 2011.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mxwz.com  
  13. ↑ 苏 诗 “尚 理” 论 . In: 苏 轼 研究 . Retrieved on June 24, 2011.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / sdp.ludongpo.com  
  14. ↑ 庐山 气候 . In: 中国 天气 网 . Retrieved June 23, 2011. 
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  18. ↑ 庐山 的 植物 资源 . In: 江西 大江 , July 30, 2006. Retrieved June 14, 2011. 
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  20. ↑ 江西 庐山 自然保护区 成 野生 动物 “乐土” . In: 搜狐 网 , May 27, 2002. Retrieved June 14, 2011. 
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  23. ↑ 从 冠军 建平 王 登 庐山 香炉峰 . In: 庐山 之 家 . Retrieved December 12, 2009. 
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  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h 庐山 历史 年表 . In: 中国 的 世界 遗产 , May 4, 2008. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Accessed June 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cchmi.com 
  26. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k 独树一帜 的 庐山 宗教 文化 . In: 中国 庐山 . Accessed June 2011. 
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  28. ↑ a b 改变 庐山 命运 的 洋人 . In: 中国 网 . Retrieved June 24, 2011. 
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  30. ↑ 历史 机遇 ： 揭开 蒋介石 庐山 抗战 讲话 发表 真相 . In: 香港 凤凰网 , December 29, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2011. 
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  33. ↑ “虎溪 三 笑” 与 御 制 《一团和气 图》 . In: 中国 庐山 , September 17, 2010. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 24, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.china-lushan.com 
  34. ↑ 李国强 、 王自立: 历代 名人 与 庐山 . In: 公 易 网 . Retrieved June 24, 2011. 
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  47. ↑ 在 同 一个 电影院 放映 同 一部 电影 次数 最多 的 电影 . In: 搜 搜 问答 , December 11, 2008. Accessed on June 17, 2011.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / wenwen.soso.com  
  48. ↑ 新 中国 电影 史上 难忘 的 人物 和 片段 . In: 新华网 （北京） , April 24, 2011. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 17, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bj.xinhuanet.com 
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  51. ↑ a b 庐山 与 第二 次 国共 合作 . In: 中共 海南 党校 . Archived from the original on January 23, 2013 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 17, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dx.hainan.gov.cn 
  52. ↑ Chiang Kai-shek: 对 卢沟桥 事件 之 严正 声明 . In: 益阳 高平 中学 , July 1937. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 17, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yygpzx.com 
  53. ↑ “民国 第一 杀手” 王亚 樵 刺杀 蒋介石 内幕 . In: 黄河 新闻 网 , October 16, 2007. Archived from the original on January 3, 2009 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 24, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sxgov.cn 
  54. ↑ 庐山 刺杀 蒋介石 周密 计划 毁于 火腿？ . In: 中国 双拥 网 , March 9, 2009. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 24, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sy.mca.gov.cn 
  55. ↑ 国 军 庐山 保卫 战 ： 敢死队 深夜 闯 敌营 手刃 300 人 . In: 华商网 , September 10, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2011. 
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  58. ↑ a b 庐山 旅游 提示 . In: 中国 的 世界 遗产 , May 8, 2008. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012 Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 18, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cchmi.com 
  59. ↑ a b 拟建 庐山 第一 条 登山 公路 . In: 中国 庐山 网 . Retrieved on June 17, 2011.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.china-lushan.com  
  60. ↑ a b 北山 公路 . In: 旅游 联盟 . Retrieved June 17, 2011. 
  61. ↑ a b 江西 旅游 第一 路 －－ 庐山 环 南山 公路 工程 建设 进展 顺利 . In: 中国 公路 网 , May 13, 2004. Retrieved June 17, 2011. 
  62. ↑ a b 庐山 近代史 . In: 庐山 旅游 资讯 网 , May 27, 2007. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 24, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.5163u.com 
  63. ↑ 庐山 轿夫 . In: 中国 老年 报 , January 11, 2010. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 24, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zhglnb.com.cn 
  64. ↑ 庐山 轿夫 . In: 宁波 新闻 网 , June 24, 2004. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 24, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nhnews.com.cn 
  65. ↑ 庐山 牯 岭 投资 千万 元 打造 欧美 风情 一条 街 . In: 中国 新华网 , March 26, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2011. 
  66. ↑ 《庐山》 第一集 . In: 中国 网络 电视台 , March 7, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011. 
  67. ↑ 《庐山》 第一 至十 集 . In: 中国 网络 电视台 , March 7, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011. 
  68. ↑ 百年 牯 岭 换新颜 . In: 九江 新闻 , July 31, 2009. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 21, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jjxw.cn 
  69. ↑ 老 牯 岭 新天 街 —— 庐山 旅游 新 亮点 . In: 九江 新闻 , July 28, 2009. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 18, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jjxw.cn 
  70. ↑ 庐山 别墅 . In: 人人 网 , September 2, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2011. 
  71. ↑ 庐山 牯 岭 改造 展现 欧美 风情 . In: 江西 新闻 中心 , February 10, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2011. 
  72. ↑ 欧美 风韵 再现 庐山 牯 岭 . In: 人民网 , August 13, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2011. 
  73. ↑ a b 庐山 人文 圣山: 第六集 牯 岭 . In: 江西 九江 新闻 , August 6, 2010. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 18, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jjxw.cn 
  74. ↑ “古代 庐山” 与 “现代 庐山” (组图) . In: 搜狐 新闻 , August 17, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2011. 
  75. ↑ 庐山 别墅 的 故事 . In: 中国 新浪 , July 10, 2004. Retrieved June 17, 2011. 
  76. ↑ a b 中共 领导人 下榻 过 的 庐山 别墅 . In: Chinapostnews . Archived from the original on November 9, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 23, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.chinapostnews.com.cn 
  77. ↑ a b 庐山 行 （三） ： 中正 行宫 里 的 风云 岁月 . In: 欣欣 旅游 . Retrieved on June 23, 2011.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.cncn.com  
  78. ↑ a b 众多 行宫 今 犹 在 ， 不见 当年 毛 万岁 . In: 启蒙 历史 网 . Archived from the original on November 2, 2012 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 23, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.qmhistory.cn 
  79. ↑ [江西百年 牯 岭 欧美 现 千古 名山 游客 迷] . In: 四川 旅游 政务 , June 20, 2009. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 21, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.scta.gov.cn 
  80. ↑ 江西 九江 庐山 别墅 度假村 . In: 旅游 自助 超市 . Retrieved June 23, 2011. 
  81. ↑ 牯 岭镇 概况 . In: City government . Archived from the original on September 2, 2011 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved June 21, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lushan.cn 
  82. ↑ 第九集 ： 庐山 特产 . In: 海峡之声 , June 24, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2011. 
  83. ↑ 庐山 特产 - 庐山 云雾茶 . In: 广州 旅行 . Retrieved June 20, 2011. 
  84. ↑ 庐山 传奇 美食 - 庐山 三宝 . In: 九江 中国 旅行社 . Retrieved June 20, 2011.