Pentlandite
| Pentlandite | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| General and classification | |
| chemical formula |
|
|
Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Sulfides and sulfosalts |
|
System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
2.BB.15 ( 8th edition : II / B.16) 07/02/01/01 |
| Crystallographic Data | |
| Crystal system | cubic |
| Crystal class ; symbol | cubic hexakisoctahedral; 4 / m 3 2 / m |
| Space group | Fm 3 m (No. 225) |
| Lattice parameters | a = 10.04 Å |
| Formula units | Z = 4 |
| Physical Properties | |
| Mohs hardness | 3.5 to 4 (VHN 100 = 268–285) |
| Density (g / cm 3 ) | measured: 4.6 to 5; calculated: 4.956 |
| Cleavage | good after {111} |
| Break ; Tenacity | clamshell; brittle |
| colour | bronze-colored, red-brown |
| Line color | Brown black |
| transparency | opaque |
| shine | Metallic luster |
Pentlandite , dated as ferronickel gravel , Folgerit or Lillehammerit known is a common mineral from the mineral class of " sulfides and sulfosalts ". It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system with the idealized chemical composition (Fe, Ni) 9 S 8 .
Pentlandite develops predominantly opaque, granular to massive mineral aggregates , but rarely also crystals up to about 10 cm in size from light bronze to red-brown in color.
Pentlandite forms a complete mixed crystal series with cobalt pentlandite .
Etymology and history
Pentlandite was named after its discoverer Joseph Barclay Pentland (1797–1873), an Irish scientist and geographer. The alternative designation iron nickel gravel is derived from the high iron and nickel content of the mineral.
Pentlandite was first discovered in 1856 in the “ Craignure Mine” near Inveraray in the Scottish region of Strathclyde and near Espedalen in Sør-Fron, Norway, and described by Armand Dufrénoy .
classification
In the old (8th edition) and new systematics of minerals according to Strunz (9th edition) , the pentlandite belongs to the division of "Sulphides and sulphosalts with a molar ratio of metal: sulfur (selenium, tellurium)> 1: 1" in the 9th edition bears the addition "mainly 2: 1". In addition, in the 9th edition, the division is more precisely subdivided according to the type of cations involved and the pentlandite is accordingly in the sub-division "with nickel (Ni)", where together with argentopentlandite , cobalt pentlandite , geffroyite , manganese hadlunite and shadlunite it forms the unnamed group 2 .BB.15a forms.
The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is common in English-speaking countries, also assigns the pentlandite to the sulphide class, but in the section "Sulphides - including selenides and tellurides - with the composition A m B n X p , with (m + n)" : p = 9: 8 ". There it forms the pentlandite group (isometric: Fm3m) as the main mineral with the other members argentopentlandite , cobalt pentlandite, shadlunite , manganese hadlunite and geffroyite .
Crystal structure
Pentlandite crystallizes cubically in the space group Fm 3 m (space group no. 225) with the lattice parameter a = 10.04 Å and four formula units per unit cell .
In the structure of spinel , the sulfur ions are packed in cubic close packing. Of the metal ions, 4 are octahedral and 32 are tetrahedral coordinated with sulfur.
properties
In contrast to pyrrhotite, pentlandite is paramagnetic and does not react with hydrochloric acid .
Education and Locations
Pentlandite usually forms liquid-magmatically in ultramafic rocks. The most important paragenesis partner is the pyrrhotite , with which it often appears to be intimately connected. The reason for this is the disintegration of the mixed crystal phase of pentlandite and pyrrhotite when cooling below 610 ° C, with characteristic, flame-shaped separation bodies of pentlandite forming in the pyrrhotite or being on the grain boundaries of the pyrrhotite. This aggregate is also known as nickel magnetic gravel . Other accompanying minerals are chalcopyrite , cubanite , mackinawite , magnetite and troilite .
As a frequent mineral formation, pentlandite can be found at many sites, with over 1400 sites being known to date (as of 2017).
In Germany, pentlandite was found in the former mine and today's Friedrich-August-Grube nature reserve in Baden-Württemberg, on the Großer Teichelberg near Pechbrunn and at the Heß quarry in the Wojaleite nature reserve in Bavaria, in the Trebbin meteorite , which fell in 1988 near the town of the same name in Brandenburg , in the mines Ludwigshoffnung near Bellnhausen and Reconciliation near Rachelshausen in Hesse and in some places in Lower Saxony , North Rhine-Westphalia , Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony .
In Austria, the mineral has so far been found in many places in the Hohe Tauern, such as in the Torleiten discovery area in the Carinthian Goldberg Group , in the Gaiswand mine on Haidbachgraben and in a scheelite deposit in Felbental and in the emerald deposit on Leckbachgraben in Habach Valley in the Salzburg region . It was also found in Carinthia in several places in the Friesach - Hüttenberg district , near Wolfsbach in the Lower Austrian municipality of Drosendorf-Zissersdorf , near St. Johann im Pongau in Salzburg and in other places in Styria and Tyrol .
Other locations are in Afghanistan , Egypt , Albania , Argentina , Australia , Ethiopia , Bolivia , Botswana , Brazil , Bulgaria , Burkina Faso , China , Germany , Finland , France , Ghana , Greece , Greenland , India , Indonesia , Italy , Jamaica , Japan , Yemen , Canada , Kazakhstan , Democratic Republic of the Congo , North and South Korea , Cuba , Madagascar , Morocco , Mexico , Namibia , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Russia , Sweden , Switzerland , Sierra Leone , Zimbabwe , Slovakia , Spain , South Africa , Trinidad and Tobago , the Czech Republic , Turkey , Uganda , Ukraine , Hungary , the United Kingdom (Great Britain), the United States (USA) and Vietnam .
Pentlandite could also be detected in rock samples from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as well as from the Mare Crisium on the moon and in the comet dust from Wild 2 .
The most important deposit is located in Greater Sudbury (Canada). Other deposits of pentlandite can be found in Québec (Canada), California , Norway , South Africa and Russia .
use
In addition to garnierite, pentlandite is one of the most important nickel ores with a nickel content of 34%. Pentlandite could also be used in the future as a replacement for platinum as a catalyst in hydrogen electrolysis.
See also
literature
- Petr Korbel, Milan Novák: Encyclopedia of Minerals . Nebel-Verlag GmbH, Eggolsheim 2002, ISBN 3-89555-076-0 , p. 26 .
- Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz : Klockmann's textbook of mineralogy . 16th edition. Ferdinand-Enke-Verlag, 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , p. 424-426 .
- Martin Okrusch, Siegfried Matthes: Mineralogy: An introduction to special mineralogy, petrology and deposit science . 7th edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2005, ISBN 3-540-23812-3 , pp. 32, 33, 36-37 242 ff .
Web links
- Mineral Atlas: Pentlandite (Wiki)
- Mindat - Pentlandite (English)
- American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database - Pentlandite (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel : Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 70 .
- ↑ a b IMA List of Mineral Names; September 2017 (PDF 1.67 MB)
- ↑ Webmineral - Pentlandite (English)
- ↑ a b c Pentlandite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 62 kB ; accessed on December 19, 2017]).
- ↑ a b Martin Okrusch, Siegfried Matthes: Mineralogie. An introduction to special mineralogy, petrology and geology . 7th, completely revised and updated edition. Springer, Berlin [a. a.] 2005, ISBN 3-540-23812-3 , pp. 242 .
- ↑ Mindat - Number of localities for pentlandite
- ↑ a b List of localities for pentlandite in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat
- ↑ New catalyst for hydrogen production. In: aktuell.ruhr-uni-bochum.de. Ruhr University Bochum, July 27, 2016, accessed on December 19, 2017 .
- ↑ Ulf-Peter Apfel: Pentlandite as an efficient electrocatalyst GIT LABORPORTAL August 9, 2016