Eschenau (Eckental)

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Eschenau
Eckental market
Coordinates: 49 ° 34 ′ 27 ″  N , 11 ° 11 ′ 54 ″  E
Height : 343 m above sea level NHN
Residents : 3919  (Jan. 1, 2020) 
Postal code : 90542
Area code : 09126
The Eckentaler district of Eschenau
The Eckentaler district of Eschenau

Eschenau is a Franconian parish village in the Erlanger Albvorland .

geography

The village is one of 17 districts of the Eckental market in the northeastern part of Middle Franconia . The at an altitude of 343  m above sea level. NHN- lying center is about 400 meters west of the Eckental administrative center, which is on the eastern edge of Eschenau.

history

The first written mention of Eschenau took place in 1146 under the name Esckenuwe , in other mentions the place is referred to as Eschenowe in 1199 and Eschenaw in 1360 . The name of the village was derived from the ash tree , the name Eschenaus can be explained as an original alluvial forest that was overgrown with this type of tree before the village was established.

Eschenau was founded at a place where two medieval long-distance connections crossed. On the one hand, there was the route known as the Iron Road , which led from Forchheim via the Upper Palatinate to Bohemia . The second connection was the trade route leading from Nuremberg to Bayreuth , the route of which is still largely identical to that of Bundesstraße 2 .

The development of the place took place in the context of a competitive situation between secular and ecclesiastical power, which had developed from an actually existing cooperation. This complex situation arose because around the year 900 Bavarian settlers advancing from the southeast began to immigrate to the Schwabach valley, among other places . Because the Frankish colonization that had previously taken place from the opposite direction had opened up the Regnitz valley , among other things with the establishment of the Forchheim Palatinate . The Franconian colonists, on the other hand, had hardly penetrated the side valleys of the river and therefore remained very sparsely populated. The wave of Bavarian colonization that penetrated these areas now withdrew large parts of the Franconian area from the rule of the royal power. In order to counteract this Bavarian attack with a locking bar, the Frankish King Henry II equipped Eastern Franconian imperial churches with generous donations from the Forchheim Palatinate region at the beginning of the 11th century . The diocese of Bamberg , which was able to achieve a considerable expansion of its territorial rule with these transfers of ownership, benefited particularly from this .

A few decades later, however, King Heinrich III. from the year 1039 the attempt to at least partially push back the immense increase in church power. As the most important measure, he initiated the construction of a castle complex in the ban area of ​​the Reichswald in order to create a base against the Bamberg dominance. This fortification became the nucleus of the later Nuremberg Castle , under whose protection the city of Nuremberg, mentioned in a document for the first time in 1052, could develop. The king assigned the protection of the areas north of Nuremberg to the Reichsministerial Otnand , who resided in the Forchheim Palatinate . This now caused the establishment of new settlements in the Schwabach valley, such as Pettensiedel , to the great displeasure of the Bamberg church power . The Bamberg bishop even went so far as to refer to Otnand as Pontius Pilate . Otnand became the ancestor of the noble family von Eschenau , which is occasionally mentioned in documents under the name von Eschenowe from 1132 and whose ancestral seat was Eschenau. The crystallization core of this seat is likely to have been a moth that was often found in the Franconian region at that time , a tower hill castle built on an artificially created elevation. The rather rare documentary mention of the noble Eschenauer is due to the fact that their possessions were allodial goods , i.e. free property . A change of ownership caused by succession therefore did not have to be confirmed again in a document. The Eschenau line of this noble family later became extinct, but the noble branch of the von Egloffstein , which still exists today, also regards the Reich Ministerial Otnand as his progenitor.

Muffel's Castle in Eschenau

In the period that followed, Eschenau experienced several changes of ownership until it was finally owned by Muffel von Eschenau towards the end of the Middle Ages . This patrician family were Nuremberg owners , so that Eschenau was under the sovereignty of the imperial city of Nuremberg . In the course of the centuries up to 1752 the Muffel lived in several mansions in Eschenau, where they shared the rule with the Hallers from 1379 to 1503 :

  • 1382–1502 Eschenau Castle, Von-Muffel-Platz 1, 2 (destroyed)
  • 1512–1751 Muffelschloss ▲ , Von-Muffel-Platz 1 (heavily changed - only fragments available)
  • 1512–1751 Mahlsches Schloss ▲ , Von-Muffel-Platz 2 (heavily changed - only fragments available)
  • 1639–1737 Gronesches Schlösschen, Schlosshof 10 (heavily changed)

As a stopover on the trunk road leading to Bayreuth, the place played an important role in securing and supplying the rural area east of Nuremberg. The imperial city was able to appropriate this as a result of its participation in the Landshut War of Succession and the fastest connection to the three northern care offices of Graefenberg , Hiltpoltstein and Betzenstein was the trade route leading to Bayreuth.

The lowlands of the Hohenzollern Principality of Bayreuth with the Oberamt Eschenau on its eastern periphery

These circumstances did not change for a long time, until in 1751 a Muffel community of heirs sold the place for 90,000 guilders to the Hohenzollern margraviate of Brandenburg-Bayreuth , whereby the Muffel heirs were granted a lifelong right of residence in their Eschenau castles.

With the unexpected loss of Eschenau, the imperial city had to accept a serious breach in the unity of its eastern land area and the associated defense system. It therefore pulled out all the stops to prevent Brandenburg-Bayreuth from being officially enfeoffed with Eschenau, which it succeeded in doing by the end of the century. However, this did not change the real power relations on site and the margravate set up the Oberamt Eschenau , which as an exclave now formed the easternmost cornerstone of the margravial-Bavarian Unterland. For the Franconian Zollern , the acquisition of Eschenau meant a big step on the way to realizing the age-old vision of a coherent land connection between their lower region in Middle Franconia and the upper region mainly in Upper Franconia . With the village of Bronn on the road to Pegnitz , the closest outpost of the Oberland was only 30 kilometers away by road. The importance of the new acquisition was shown, among other things, by the fact that the Bayreuth Margrave Friedrich III. Eschenau paid a visit just a year after taking possession of the property and made extensive commitments to the local residents. For the next four decades, however, there were no more serious changes in the territorial balance of power in and around Eschenau. The most important change took place when the Bayreuth branch of the Franconian Zollern expired in 1769 with the death of Margrave Friedrich Christian . Its inheritance now came to the related line of the Ansbach branch of the Zollern, which now ruled the margravates of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Bayreuth in personal union. In 1791/1792, Karl Alexander , the last Margrave of Ansbach, renounced his two principalities in return for a life annuity and handed them over to the main line of Hohenzollern ruling in Berlin . These incorporated the two margravates into the Prussian kingdom and summarized them as Ansbach-Bayreuth . The administration of this territory was transferred to the governor Karl August von Hardenberg , who was seated in Ansbach .

After the Prussian defeat in the Fourth Coalition War , Eschenau, together with the entire Principality of Bayreuth , was then placed under a military administration set up by the French Empire in 1807 . With the acquisition of this principality by the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1810 , Eschenau finally became Bavarian.

As a result of the administrative reforms carried out in the Kingdom of Bavaria at the beginning of the 19th century , Eschenau became an independent rural community with the second municipal edict, to which the wasteland of Brandermühle also belonged. In the course of the municipal territorial reform carried out in Bavaria in the 1970s , the one-place community of Oberschöllenbach was incorporated into the community of Eschenau on October 1, 1971. The thereby enlarged community then became a part of the newly formed Eckental community on July 1, 1972. In the run-up to the formation of the community, the State Archives had actually suggested the historically significant name "Eschenau" as the namesake for the new community to be founded. The residents of the other parts of the community opposed this proposal with such vehemence that at a citizens' meeting it was only possible to agree on the word Eckental, derived from the Eckenbach, as the name for the new large community. From Eschenau only the title “Market” was transferred to the new municipality. The administrative center for the new community was later built on the eastern outskirts of Eschenau. In 2019 the place Eschenau had 3783 inhabitants.

traffic

The connection to the public road network is mainly through the federal highway 2 , which formerly ran directly through the town, but now leads around the center of Eschenau in a bypass road north of the town.

Attractions

Listed house in Eschenau

In Eschenau there are more than two dozen architectural monuments, including a house from the first half of the 19th century, which is designed as a two-storey eaves-standing sandstone block.

literature

Web links

Commons : Eschenau  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Population of Eschenau , accessed on May 29, 2019
  2. ^ Eschenau in the local database of the Bayerische Landesbibliothek Online . Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, accessed on May 29, 2019.
  3. ↑ Geographical location of Eschenau in the BayernAtlas , accessed on May 29, 2019
  4. ↑ a b Axel Gosoge: Eschenau 1. From the foundation to 1751 . S. 2 .
  5. ↑ Herbert Maas: mouse Gesees and ox leg. Small north Bavarian place-name studies . S. 69 .
  6. ^ Sigmund Benker, Andreas Kraus (ed.): History of Franconia up to the end of the 18th century . 3. Edition. Beck, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-406-39451-5 , p. 148-149 .
  7. ^ Fritz Fink: Hike through the past of the Schwabach valley - the landscape between Erlangen and Graefenberg . Self-published, Eschenau 1999, ISBN 3-00-004988-6 , p. 160-163 .
  8. ↑ History of Eschenau -pdf
  9. ↑ a b Axel Gosoge: Eschenau 2. The history of the Eschenau market 1751–1972 . S. 4-5 .
  10. ↑ Robert Giersch, Andreas Schlunk, Bertold Frhr. von Haller: Castles and mansions in the Nuremberg countryside . Ed .: Altnürnberger Landschaft. W. Tümmels Buchdruckerei und Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Nuremberg 2006, ISBN 978-3-00-020677-1 , p. 101-103 ( herrensitze.com [accessed May 29, 2019]).
  11. ^ Gustav Voit: Stadtlexikon Nürnberg . Ed .: Michael Diefenbacher, Rudolf Endres. W. Tümmels Verlag, Nuremberg 2000, ISBN 3-921590-69-8 , p. 255 ( nuernberg.de [accessed on May 29, 2019]).
  12. ^ Sigmund Benker, Andreas Kraus (ed.): History of Franconia up to the end of the 18th century . 3. Edition. Beck, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-406-39451-5 , p. 529 .
  13. ^ Sigmund Benker, Andreas Kraus (ed.): History of Franconia up to the end of the 18th century . 3. Edition. Beck, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-406-39451-5 , p. 530 .
  14. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 710 .
  15. ↑ a b Axel Gosoge: Eckenhaid . S. 4 .