Fauna of Lake Malawi

The East African Lake Malawi is one of the freshwater biotopes rich in fish species on earth. The lake's estimated 700 to 800 species of cichlids (over 450 described so far ) form one or two schools of species that have evolved from one or two original species. These are also the largest known swarms of species among vertebrates . To date, almost 60 endemic species of cichlid and over 450 species of fish have been described from Lake Malawi. Numerous species are still undiscovered or undescribed.

The lake's water is unusually alkaline with a pH of 7.7 to 8.6 . It has a total hardness of 4 to 6 ° dGH, a carbonate hardness of 6 to 8 ° dKH and a conductivity (at 20 ° C) of 210 to 285 μS / cm, a surface temperature of 24 to 29 ° C and a deep temperature of 22 ° C. The visibility in the lake is 20 meters. There are no more fish in the zone below 100 to 200 meters because the water there is too poor in oxygen.

Typical rocky coast

The snout-mouth breeder ( Nimbochromis linni ) on an underwater photograph

Habitats

An underwater photo from the rocky area of ​​the lake shows the rich fish fauna

The most species-rich biotope of Lake Malawi is the scree zone, which often covers the first ten to twenty meters of the shore zone and extends down to a depth of two meters. Here the ground is thickly covered with stones the size of a fist or a football, between which there are many small caves and crevices. Above all, Labidochromis species live here . The second most important habitat is the Felslitoral, often designed as a steep coast without shallow water. The ground here consists of larger to huge boulders, so that there are fewer but much larger caves and crevices. Mainly Chindongo , Maylandia and Pseudotropheus species live here. Cichlids of the scree zone and the rocky coast form territory and live individually or in pairs. In contrast, the sandy shore is relatively poor in species. The vegetation-free sand zone is inhabited by Lethrinops species and other Haplochromini . Hemitilapia oxyrhyncha is a typical inhabitant of the sandy bank overgrown with reeds or submerged water plants, especially Vallisneria , who, lying on its side, grabs the ribbon-like leaves of the Vallisneria with its pointed mouth and literally sucks them off in order to strip off the algae and microorganisms that the Colonize leaves. The genera Copadichromis and Mchenga live in the open water ( pelagial ) of Lake Malawi, which are called Utaka after a local name . These plankton-eating cichlids live in huge swarms of several thousand specimens and, adapted to their diet, have a very mobile, retractable mouth with which they can slur in their food like a suction tube.

exploration

The exploration of the fish of Lake Malawi began with John Kirk . He accompanied David Livingstone on his expedition to Lake Malawi and was with him one of the first Europeans on Lake Nyassa. The cichlids he caught in 1864 were described by Albert Günther . The German tropical medicine specialist and natural scientist Friedrich Fülleborn collected more cichlids in 1900 and 1901. These were described by Ernst Ahl in 1927 . Further collecting trips through Wood in 1920 and Christy (3,500 caught cichlids) in 1925 and 1926 and the description of the scientific findings by Charles Tate Regan (1921) and Ethelwynn Trewavas (1935) completed the knowledge of the Malawi fish fauna for the time being.

Fish species

Cichlids

Astatotilapia calliptera

Aulonocara jacobfreibergi

Cyrtocara moorii

Dimidiochromis compressiceps

Diplotaxodon sp.

Fossorochromis rostratus , male

Hemitaeniochromis urotaenia

Lethrinops lethrinus

Lichnochromis acuticeps

Nimbochromis polystigma

Otopharynx brooksi

Placidochromis phenochilus

Protomelas taeniolatus

Rhamphochromis sp. "Chilingali"

Serranochromis robustus

Stigmatochromis woodi

Almost all species of cichlids are endemic to Lake Malawi, which means that they only occur here. Some also live in the upper reaches of the Shiré and in Malombesee . Only four or five species are not endemic, Astatotilapia calliptera , Serranochromis robustus , Oreochromis shiranus , which has formed an endemic subspecies in the lake, Coptodon rendalli and Pseudocrenilabrus p. philander whose occurrence in the lake is doubted. The cichlids of Lake Malawi can be assigned to four groups, bound to rock habitats Mbunas , living in the open water Utaka , the remaining Haplochromine and a few Oreochromini and Tilapiini . With the exception of Coptodon rendalli and Tilapia sparrmanii , all cichlids in Lake Malawi are mouthbrooders .

Alticorpus geoffreyi Alticorpus macrocleithrum Alticorpus mental Alticorpus peterdaviesi Alticorpus profundicola Aristochromis christyi Astatotilapia calliptera , not endemic Aulonocara aquilonium Aulonocara auditor Aulonocara baenschi Aulonocara brevinidus Aulonocara brevirostre Aulonocara ethelwynnae Aulonocara gertrudae Aulonocara guentheri Aulonocara hansbaenschi Aulonocara hueseri Aulonocara jacobfreibergi Aulonocara koningsi Aulonocara korneliae Aulonocara maylandi Aulonocara nyassae Aulonocara rostratum Aulonocara saulosi Aulonocara steveni Aulonocara stonemani Aulonocara stuartgranti Aulonocara trematocephalum Buccochromis atritaeniatus Buccochromis heterotaenia Buccochromis lepturus Buccochromis nototaenia Buccochromis oculatus Buccochromis rhoadesii Buccochromis spectabilis Caprichromis liemi Caprichromis orthognathus Champsochromis caeruleus Champsochromis spilorhynchus Cheilochromis euchilus Chilotilapia rhoadesii Corematodus shiranus Corematodus taeniatus Ctenopharynx intermedius Ctenopharynx nitidus Ctenopharynx pictus Cyrtocara moorii Dimidiochromis compressiceps Dimidiochromis dimidiatus Dimidiochromis kiwinge Dimidiochromis strigatus Diplotaxodon aeneus Diplotaxodon apogon Diplotaxodon argenteus Diplotaxodon ecclesi Diplotaxodon greenwoodi Diplotaxodon limnothrissa Diplotaxodon longimaxilla Diplotaxodon macrops Docimodus evelynae Docimodus johnstoni Eclectochromis lobochilus Eclectochromis ornatus Exochochromis anagenys Fossorochromis rostratus Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus Hemitaeniochromis urotaenia Hemitilapia oxyrhyncha Lethrinops albus Lethrinops altus Lethrinops argenteus Lethrinops auritus Lethrinops christyi Lethrinops furcifer Lethrinops gossei Lethrinops leptodon Lethrinops lethrinus Lethrinops longimanus Lethrinops longipinnis Lethrinops lunaris Lethrinops macracanthus Lethrinops macrochir Lethrinops marginatus Lethrinops micrentodon Lethrinops microdon Lethrinops microstoma Lethrinops mylodon Lethrinops oculatus Lethrinops parvidens Lethrinops stridei Lethrinops turneri Lichnochromis acuticeps Mylochromis anaphyrmus Mylochromis balteatus Mylochromis chekopae Mylochromis ensatus Mylochromis epichorialis Mylochromis ericotaenia Mylochromis formosus Mylochromis gracilis Mylochromis guentheri Mylochromis incola Mylochromis labidodon Mylochromis lateristriga Mylochromis melanonotus Mylochromis melanotaenia Mylochromis mola Mylochromis mollis Mylochromis obtusus Mylochromis plagiotaenia Mylochromis semipalatus Mylochromis sphaerodon Mylochromis spilostichus Naevochromis chrysogaster Nimbochromis fuscotaeniatus Nimbochromis linni Nimbochromis livingstonii Nimbochromis polystigma Nimbochromis venustus Nyassachromis boadzulu

Nyassachromis breviceps Nyassachromis leuciscus Nyassachromis microcephalus Nyassachromis nigritaeniatus Nyassachromis prostoma Nyassachromis purpurans Nyassachromis serenus Otopharynx aletes Otopharynx alpha Otopharynx antron Otopharynx argyrosoma Otopharynx auromarginatus Otopharynx brooksi Otopharynx decorus Otopharynx heterodon Otopharynx lithobates Otopharynx mumboensis Otopharynx ovatus Otopharynx pachycheilus Otopharynx panniculus Otopharynx peridodeca Otopharynx selenurus Otopharynx speciosus Otopharynx spelaeotes Otopharynx styrax Otopharynx tetraspilus Otopharynx tetrastigma Pallidochromis tokolosh Placidochromis acuticeps Placidochromis acutirostris Placidochromis argyrogaster Placidochromis boops Placidochromis borealis Placidochromis chilolae Placidochromis communis Placidochromis domirae Placidochromis ecclesi Placidochromis electra Placidochromis elongatus Placidochromis fuscus Placidochromis hennydaviesae Placidochromis intermedius Placidochromis johnstoni Placidochromis koningsi Placidochromis lineatus Placidochromis longimanus Placidochromis longirostris Placidochromis longus Placidochromis lukomae Placidochromis macroceps Placidochromis macrognathus Placidochromis mbunoides Placidochromis milomo Placidochromis minor Placidochromis minutus Placidochromis msakae Placidochromis nigribarbis Placidochromis nkhatae Placidochromis nkhotakotae Placidochromis obscurus Placidochromis ordinarius Placidochromis orthognathus Placidochromis pallidus Placidochromis phenochilus Placidochromis platyrhynchos Placidochromis polli Placidochromis rotundifrons Placidochromis subocularis Placidochromis trewavasae Placidochromis turneri Placidochromis vulgaris Protomelas annectens Protomelas dejunctus Protomelas fenestratus Protomelas insignis Protomelas kirkii Protomelas labridens Protomelas macrodon Protomelas marginatus Protomelas pleurotaenia Protomelas similis Protomelas spilonotus Protomelas spilopterus Protomelas taeniolatus Protomelas triaenodon Protomelas virgatus Pseudocrenilabrus philander philander , not endemic, occurrence questionable Rhamphochromis esox Rhamphochromis ferox Rhamphochromis longiceps Rhamphochromis lucius Rhamphochromis macrophthalmus Rhamphochromis woodi Sciaenochromis ahli Sciaenochromis benthicola Sciaenochromis fryeri Sciaenochromis psammophilus Serranochromis robustus , not endemic Stigmatochromis macrorhynchos Stigmatochromis melanchros Stigmatochromis modestus Stigmatochromis pholidophorus Stigmatochromis pleurospilus Stigmatochromis woodi Taeniochromis holotaenia Taeniolethrinops cyrtonotus Taeniolethrinops furcicauda Taeniolethrinops laticeps Taeniolethrinops praeorbitalis Tramitichromis brevis Tramitichromis intermedius Tramitichromis lituris Tramitichromis trilineatus Tramitichromis variabilis Trematocranus labifer Trematocranus microstoma Trematocranus pachychilus Trematocranus placodon Tyrannochromis macrostoma Tyrannochromis nigriventer

Mbunas

Abactochromis labrosus

Chindongo elongatus

Cynotilapia axelrodi

Iodotropheus sprengerae

Labeotropheus fuelleborni

Labidochromis caeruleus

Maylandia callainos

Melanochromis auratus , female

Pseudotropheus crabro , male

The mbuna cichlids, adapted to life in the rock and scree zone, are food specialists that eat the vegetal and animal growth that covers all the stones and rocks in the upper water layer. They are unable to survive on sandy soil and without boulders and rocks as the basis of their food and therefore avoid even smaller sandy areas. As a result, a large number of isolated individual populations have emerged that have no contact with one another and have developed into color morphs or independent species. The areas that colonize a morph or a species can be very small and in extreme cases only cover the area of ​​a soccer field.

Abactochromis labrosus Chindongo ater Chindongo bellicosus Chindongo cyaneus Chindongo demasoni Chindongo elongatus Chindongo flavus Chindongo heteropictus Chindongo longior Chindongo minutus Chindongo saulosi Chindongo socolofi Cyathochromis obliquidens Cynotilapia afra Cynotilapia aurifrons Cynotilapia axelrodi Cynotilapia chilundu Cynotilapia zebroides Genyochromis mento Gephyrochromis lawsi Gephyrochromis moorii Iodotropheus declivitas Iodotropheus sprengerae Iodotropheus stuartgranti Labeotropheus artatorostris Labeotropheus chlorosiglos Labeotropheus fuelleborni Labeotropheus simoneae Labeotropheus trewavasae Labidochromis caeruleus Labidochromis chisumulae Labidochromis flavigulis Labidochromis freibergi Labidochromis gigas Labidochromis heterodon Labidochromis ianthinus Labidochromis lividus Labidochromis maculicauda Labidochromis mathotho Labidochromis mbenjii Labidochromis mylodon Labidochromis pallidus Labidochromis shiranus Labidochromis strigatus Labidochromis textilis Labidochromis vellicans Labidochromis zebroides Maylandia barlowi Maylandia benetos Maylandia callainos Maylandia chrysomallos Maylandia cyneusmarginata Maylandia elegans Maylandia emmiltos Maylandia estherae Maylandia flavifemina Maylandia glaucos Maylandia greshakei Maylandia hajomaylandi Maylandia lanisticola Maylandia livingstonii Maylandia lombardoi

Maylandia mbenjii Maylandia mossambica Maylandia nkhunguensis Maylandia phaeos Maylandia pulpican Maylandia pursa Maylandia pyrsonotos Maylandia sciasma Maylandia xanstomachus Maylandia xanthos Maylandia zebra Melanochromis auratus Melanochromis baliodigma Melanochromis chipokae Melanochromis dialeptos Melanochromis heterochromis Melanochromis kaskazini Melanochromis lepidiadaptes Melanochromis loriae Melanochromis melanopterus Melanochromis mossambiquensis Melanochromis mpoto Melanochromis robustus Melanochromis simulans Melanochromis vermivorus Melanochromis wochepa Petrotilapia chrysos Petrotilapia flaviventris Petrotilapia genalutea Petrotilapia microgalana Petrotilapia mumboensis Petrotilapia nigra Petrotilapia palingnathos Petrotilapia pyroscelos Petrotilapia tridentiger Petrotilapia xanthos Pseudotropheus benetos Pseudotropheus brevis Pseudotropheus cyaneorhabdos Pseudotropheus crabro Pseudotropheus fainzilberi Pseudotropheus fuscoides Pseudotropheus fuscus Pseudotropheus galanos Pseudotropheus interruptus Pseudotropheus joanjohnsonae Pseudotropheus johannii Pseudotropheus perileucos Pseudotropheus perspicax Pseudotropheus purpuratus Pseudotropheus tursiops Pseudotropheus williamsi Tropheops gracilior Tropheops lucerna Tropheops macrophthalmus Tropheops microstoma Tropheops modestus Tropheops novemfasciatus Tropheops romandi Tropheops tropheops

Utaka

Copadichromis azureus

Copadichromis borleyi

Copadichromis atripinnis Copadichromis azureus Copadichromis borleyi Copadichromis chizumuluensis Copadichromis chrysonotus Copadichromis cyaneus Copadichromis cyanocephalus Copadichromis diplostigma Copadichromis geertsi Copadichromis ilesi Copadichromis insularis Copadichromis jacksoni Copadichromis likomae Copadichromis mbenjii Copadichromis melas Copadichromis mloto

Copadichromis nkatae Copadichromis parvus Copadichromis pleurostigma Copadichromis pleurostigmoides Copadichromis quadrimaculatus Copadichromis trewavasae Copadichromis trimaculatus Copadichromis verduyni Copadichromis virginalis Mchenga conophoros Mchenga cyclicos Mchenga eucinostomus Mchenga flavimanus Mchenga inornata Mchenga thinos

"Tilapias"

Oreochromis squamipinnis

Coptodon rendalli Oreochromis karongae Oreochromis lidole Oreochromis saka

Oreochromis shiranus Oreochromis squamipinnis Tilapia sparrmanii

Catfish

African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus )

Amphilius chalei Zaireichthys compactus Zaireichthys lacustris , end. Zaireichthys maravensis , end. Zaireichthys monomotapa Zaireichthys rotundiceps Bagrus meridionalis Bagrus orientalis Bathyclarias atribranchus , end. Bathyclarias euryodon , end. Bathyclarias filicibarbis , end.

Bathyclarias foveolatus , end. Bathyclarias longibarbis , end. Bathyclarias nyasensis , end. Bathyclarias rotundifrons , end. Bathyclarias worthingtoni , end. Clarias gariepinus Clarias ngamensis Clarias theodorae Heterobranchus longifilis Chiloglanis neumanni Synodontis njassae

Nile pike

Giant Nile Pike ( Mormyrops anguilloides )

Cyphomyrus discorhynchus Marcusenius livingstonii Marcusenius macrolepidotus Marcusenius nyasensis

Mormyrops anguilloides Mormyrus longirostris Petrocephalus catostoma Pollimyrus castelnaui

Carp fish

Labeo cylindricus

Enteromius arcislongae , end. Enteromius atkinsoni Enteromius innocens Enteromius litamba , end. Enteromius macrotaenia Enteromius paludinosus Enteromius radiatus Enteromius trimaculatus Engraulicypris sardella , end.

Labeo altivelis Labeo cylindricus Labeo mesops Labeo worthingtoni , end. Labeobarbus brevicauda Labeobarbus johnstonii Opsaridium microcephalum , end. Opsaridium microlepis , end. Opsaridium tweddleorum

Others

Brycinus imberi Hemigrammopetersius barnardi Anguilla labiata Mastacembelus shiranus , end.

Aplocheilichthys johnstoni Lacustricola katangae Nothobranchius wattersi

use

The Utaka species that live in large swarms in open water, which are therefore easy to catch in large numbers with nets, and the growing Oreochromis species, Coptodon rendalli and Tilapia sparrmanii, are an important food and protein source for the lake population. The colorful mbuna species in particular are popular aquarium fish and are also known as "freshwater coral fish".

Invertebrates

The invertebrates known in the lake are listed below. Species that only occur in the mouths of the tributaries are not listed.

Molluscs

Snails

Needle crown snail ( Melanoides tuberculata )

• Plate snails (Planorbidae): Biomphalaria pfeifferi , Bulinus globosus , Bulinus nyassanus end., Bulinus succinoides end., Lanistes ellipticus , Lanistes nasutus , Lanistes nyassanus and Lanistes solidus .
• Marsh snails (Viviparidae): Bellamya capillata end., Bellamya ecclesi end., Bellamya jeffreysi end. and Bellamya robertsoni .
• Bithyniidae (Bithyniidae): Gabbiella stanleyi end.
• Crown snails (Thiaridae): Melanoides tuberculata , Melanoides virgulata , Melanoides nodicincta end, Melanoides simonsi end. and Melanoides polymorpha end.

Shellfish

• from the family Iridinidae : Aspatharia subreniformis , Chambardia nyassaensis and Mutela alata alata .
• River and pond mussels (Unionidae): Coelatura hypsiprymna , Coelatura mossambicensis , Nyassunio nyassaensis and Coelatura nyassaensis .
• Cupcake clams (Corbiculidae): Corbicula africana .

arthropod

Crustaceans

Three prepared specimens of Potamonautes lirrangensis

• Branchiopoda (Branchiopoda): Diaphanosoma excisum , Bosmina longirostris , Bosminopsis deitersi , Ceriodaphnia sp. Daphnia lumholtzi , Ilyocryptus sp.
• Fish lice (Branchiura): Argulus africanus , Argulus jollymani , Chonopeltis inermis and Dolops ranarum
• Copepods (Copepoda): 6 species from the order Calanoida , including Thermodiaptomus mixtus and Tropodiaptomus cunningtoni , from the order of Cyclopoida : Eucyclops dubius , Macrocyclops cf. albidus , aequatorialis Mesocyclops , Microcyclops nyasae , two more Microcyclops species, Thermocyclops neglectus , Afrolernaea longicollis , Lamproglena clariae , Lamproglena nyasae , Lernaea Bagri , Lernaea barnimiana , Lernaea hardingi , Lernaea lophiara , Lernaea palati , Lernaea tilapiae and Lernaea sp, 6 species of the order. Harpacticoida including: Schizopera consimilis , as well as, of the order poecilostomatoida , Ergasilus macrodactylus and Trigasilus minutus .
• Shellfish (Ostracoda) a total of 57 species, some of which are endemic.
• Freshwater shrimp (Atyidae): Caridina malawensis
• Crabs (Brachyura) a total of 4 species including Potamonautes lirrangensis

Arachnids

• Arachnids (Arachnida): 5 indeterminate species.

insects

• Under the insect fauna of Lake Malawi, there are dragonflies (Odonata), mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), Hemiptera ( corixidae (Corixidae), Sandpiper (Gerridae) naucoridae (Naucoridae) nepidae (Nepidae), backstroke (Notonectidae)) Beetles (Coleoptera) (families Elmidae and Psephenidae ), two-winged birds (Diptera) and caddis flies (Trichoptera).

Others

• the endemic sponge Malawispongia echinoides .
• the tardigrade Isohypsibius malawiensis .
• three undefined types of roundworms (Nematoda).
• Tapeworms (Cestoda): an undetermined member of the family Dilepididae (host is Copadichromis eucinostomus ), Cichlidogyrus halli (host is Oreochromis s. Shiranus ) and Cichlidogyrus sp. (Hosts are Petrotilapia species).
• Flukes (Trematoda): Haplorchoides cahirinus (hosts are Clarias gariepinus and Bagrus meridionalis ) Clinostomoides brieni (hosts are Clarias TYPES), an indefinite representatives of the family Sanguinicolidae (host is Bathyclarias nyasensis ), Schistosoma haematobium (hosts are the snails Bulinus globose and B. nyassanus ), Schistosoma mansoni (host is the screw Biomphalaria pfeifferi ) Malawitrema staufferi (hosts are Clarias gariepinus and Bagrus meridionalis ) Astiotrema turneri (known hosts are Protomelas annectens , P. cf. taeniolatus , Ctenopharynx pictus , Labeotropheus fuelleborni , L . trewavasae , Maylandia zebra , M. emmiltos and Melanochromis vermivorus ) and Glossidium patum (hosts are Clarias gariepinus and Bagrus meridionalis ).
• Vortex worms (Turbellaria): Mesostoma sp.
• Annelids (Annelida): Epirodrilus mammosus and two Egelarten (Hirudinea sp.).
• three types of rotifers ( Brachionus sp., Keratella sp. and Synchaeta sp.).
• The scratchworms Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) malawiensis and Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) tilapiae .

Terrestrial vertebrates

Water lily frog

The marshland and reed areas by the lake are inhabited by various row frogs (Rhacophoridae) and reed frogs (Hyperoliidae), including the marbled reed frog ( Hyperolius marmoratus ), the water lily frog ( H. pusillus ), Hyperolius nasutus and Hyperolius tuberilinguis . The waterfowl that feed on the numerous fish include the white-breasted cormorant ( Phalacrocorax lucidus ), the more common red reed ( Microcarbo africanus ), the darter ( Anhinga rufa ), pink ( Pelecanus onocrotalus ) and red chalk pelican ( P. rufescens ), Gray heron ( Ardea cinerea ) and Goliath heron ( A. goliath ), the fish eagle ( Haliaeetus vocifer ) as well as the kingfishers' hooded dwarf fishers ( Corythornis cristatus ), stripes ( Halcyon chelicuti ), pygmy king fishers ( Ispidina picta ) and giant fishers ( Megaceryle maxima ). Non-fish-eating birds that can regularly be seen near the shore are the cattle egret ( Bubulcus ibis ) and the greater flamingo ( Phoenicopterus roseus ).

literature

• Horst Linke, Wolfgang Staeck: African cichlids, cichlids from East Africa. Tetra Verlag, 1981, ISBN 3-8974-5103-4
• Hans J. Mayland: The Malawi lake and its fish. Landbuch-Verlag GmbH, Hanover 1982, ISBN 3-7842-0257-8

Individual evidence

1. ^ Staeck and Linke (1981): page 13.
2. ^ Staeck and Linke (1981): page 57.
3. ^ Staeck and Linke (1981): page 17.
4. ^ Staeck and Linke (1981): page 10.
5. ↑ ^{a b} Staeck and Linke (1981): page 12.
6. ^ Staeck and Linke (1981): page 141.
7. ^ Staeck and Linke (1981): pages 36 and 125.
8. ^ Checklist of the Invertebrate Animals of Lake Malawi
9. ↑ Richard, J .; and Clark, PF (2009). African Caridina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae): redescriptions of C. africana Kingsley, 1882, C. togoensis Hilgendorf, 1893, C. natalensis Bouvier, 1925 and C. roubaudi Bouvier, 1925 with descriptions of 14 new species. Zootaxa 1995: 1-75
10. ↑ Mayland (1982), pp. 81-82.
11. ↑ Mayland (1982), pp. 76-81.

Web links

Commons : Fish of Lake Malawi  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Fishbase Fishspecies in Lake Malawi
• Website of the Malawi cichlid specialist Michael Oliver
• Checklist of the Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi (PDF; 85 kB)
• Checklist of the Noncichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi
• Checklist of the Invertebrate Animals of Lake Malawi