Spelling board
A spelling board (or spelling alphabet , telephone alphabet , radio alphabet , aviator alphabet ) facilitates the transmission of difficult to understand or rare words (foreign words, technical terms and proper names) in telephone and radio communication as well as in dictation . Unlike normal spelling , the letters of a word individually - according to their phoneticization in the alphabetthe corresponding language - are spoken, each individual letter is spoken as a word with the corresponding first letter when using a spelling table. The spelling table defines the word to be used for each letter. The word "Wikipedia" is spelled as follows on the basis of the international spelling table : " W hiskey I ndia K ilo I ndia P apa E cho D elta I ndia A lfa".
When selecting words for a spelling alphabet, care is taken to ensure that each word is as different as possible from each other in order to rule out misunderstandings even in the event of poor or incomplete transmission (radio). This avoids monosyllabic words and uses words with different accents and sounds. In the case of international tables, it must also be ensured that the words used by speakers of any native language can both be pronounced and recognized while listening without any special training.
German-speaking spelling boards
Basics / use
For dictations, DIN 5009 in Germany suggests the "postal spelling board". In Austria, the spelling alphabet is standardized by ÖNORM A 1081 (identical in the 1985 and 2010 versions). The national alphabet applies to the telecommunications operations service of the authorities and organizations with security tasks. The international alphabet is used in aviation ( ICAO ), in telecommunications to military services and in the warning service .
Comparison table
The following table compares the spelling tables of German-speaking countries with each other and with the ICAO / NATO alphabet:
| Letter |
Germany ( DIN 5009 ) |
Austria ( ÖNORM A 1081) |
Switzerland |
ITU 1927 |
ITU / ICAO / NATO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. | Anton | Anton | Anna | Amsterdam | Alfa |
| Ä | trouble | trouble | Grayling | - | - |
| B. | Berta | Berta | Berta | Baltimore | Bravo |
| C. | Caesar | Caesar | Caesar, Charly | Casablanca | Charlie |
| Ch | Charlotte | Charlotte (Christine) b |
Chiasso | - | Charlie Hotel |
| D. | Dora | Dora | Daniel | Denmark | delta |
| E. | Emil | Emil | Emil | Edison | echo |
| F. | Friedrich | Friedrich | Friedrich | Florida | Foxtrot |
| G | Gustav | Gustav | Gustav | Gallipoli | golf |
| H | Heinrich | Heinrich | Heinrich | Havana | hotel |
| I. | Ida | Ida | Ida | Italia | India |
| J | Julius | Julius (Johann) b |
Jacob | Jerusalem | Juliett |
| K | Merchant | Konrad | Emperor | Kilograms | kilo |
| L. | Ludwig | Ludwig | Leopold | Liverpool | Lima |
| M. | Martha | Martha | Marie | Madagascar | Mike |
| N | North Pole | North Pole (Norbert) b |
Niklaus | new York | November |
| O | Otto | Otto | Otto | Oslo | Oscar |
| Ö | economist | Austria | Örlikon (Oerlikon) | - | - |
| P | Paula | Paula | Peter | Paris | father |
| Q | source | source | So to say | Quebec | Quebec |
| R. | Richard | Richard | pink | Roma | Romeo |
| S. | Samuel (Siegfried) a |
Siegfried | Sophie | Santiago | Sierra |
| Sch | school | school | - | - | - |
| ẞ | Eszett | sharp S | - | - | - |
| T | Theodore | Theodore | Theodore | Tripoli | tango |
| U | Ulrich | Ulrich | Ulrich | Upsala | uniform |
| Ü | Cockiness | evil | Cockiness | - | - |
| V | Viktor | Viktor | Viktor | Valencia | Victor |
| W. | Wilhelm | Wilhelm | Wilhelm | Washington | whiskey |
| X | Xanthippe | Xaver | Xaver | Xanthippe | X ray |
| Y | Ypsilon | Ypsilon | Yverdon | Yokohama | Yankee |
| Z | Zacharias (Zeppelin) a |
Zurich (Zeppelin) b |
Zurich | Zurich | Zulu |
history
The history of the first German spelling table, also known as the German telephone alphabet, begins with the Berlin telephone directory in the 1890 edition (the first edition appeared in April 1881). Back then, letters were simply assigned numbers. So Maier was spelled thirteen, one, nine, five, eighteen . There have been names for letters since 1903 - a concept that is both superior in mnemonic terms and better suited to its actual purpose: to pass on precise text information in a disruptive manner. Maier was spelled Marie, Albert, Isidor, Emil, Richard from 1903 . Apart from small corrections and additions, not much happened in the next twenty years, even if the military tried to enforce their own deviating telephone alphabet as the general standard. That changed in 1933 with a postcard from a certain Joh. Schliemann.
The card was one month later with the following note to the regional directorate forwarded Schwerin:
"Attached is a letter from the local participant, Joh. Schliemann - 2155/56 - about the eradication of the Jewish names contained in the spelling table on page 5 of the telephone book."
The postcard and note were sent to the Oberpostdirektion Berlin a day later with an accompanying letter:
“However, it [the letter from Rostock] fails to recognize that these are the names of men from the Old Testament who were later borne not only by Jews, but also in many cases by men of both Christian denominations of general respect. If these names are removed from the spelling table at the moment, it can be assumed with certainty that this measure will not only offend Judaism, but also that members of the two Christian denominations will not find understanding everywhere and that it may also result in attacks abroad that do not serve the national movement in Germany. The OPD therefore does not consider a change in the desired manner to be appropriate, at least not yet, and intends to have the applicant notified by the Rostock post office in an oral discussion. [...] "
The matter finally landed on March 31, 1933 on the desk of civil servant Neugebauer, who was open to a change. He initiated the test of non-Jewish names and on April 22nd, the proposed changes Dora , Julius , Nikolaus , Siegfried and Zeppelin were published. The feared reactions did not fail to materialize, as can be seen here in the response of the Oberpostdirektion to a complaint by the Reichstag member Jakob Sprenger :
“Dear Mr. Reichsstatthalter!
The suggestions to remove all biblical names from the spelling table for domestic traffic came not only from my department but also from the public. Even today, suggestions for changes are received, which show the lively participation of the audience in a change in the spelling table. [...] "
The changes documented in the telephone directory of 1934 can be seen in the following table (in yellow: change to a new word; in blue: change to the status of 1905). None of the original biblical names were reintroduced in Austria . In ÖNORM 1081, called guidelines for phonodictation , a total of seven characters were named differently from the German standard.
In November 2019, the Baden-Württemberg commissioner against anti-Semitism , Michael Blume , demanded that the "N" in DIN 5009 be replaced by the original "Nathan". In response to this suggestion, the German Institute for Standardization confirmed that it would review the regulation in 2020 and thus earlier than originally planned.
| Letter | German Empire 1905 |
Weimar Republic 1926 |
German Empire 1934 |
Federal Republic of Germany 1948/1950, DIN 5009 (1983/1996) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. | Albert | Albert | Anton | Anton |
| Ä | trouble | modification | trouble | trouble |
| B. | Berta | Bernhard | Bruno | Berta |
| C. | Caesar | Caesar | Caesar | Caesar |
| Ch | - | - | Charlotte | Charlotte |
| D. | David | David | Dora | Dora |
| E. | Emil | Emil | Emil | Emil |
| F. | Friedrich | Friedrich | Fritz | Friedrich |
| G | Gustav | Gustav | Gustav | Gustav |
| H | Heinrich | Heinrich | Heinz | Heinrich |
| I. | Isidore | Ida | Ida | Ida |
| J | Jacob | Jacob | Jot | Julius |
| K | Karl | Catherine | Elector | Merchant |
| L. | Ludwig | Ludwig | Ludwig | Ludwig |
| M. | Marie | Marie | Marie | Martha |
| N | Nathan | Nathan | North Pole | North Pole |
| O | Otto | Otto | Otto | Otto |
| Ö | economist | economist | eyelet | economist |
| P | Paul | Paula | Paula | Paula |
| Q | source | source | source | source |
| R. | Richard | Richard | Richard | Richard |
| S. | Samuel | Samuel | Siegfried | Samuel |
| Sch | - | - | school | school |
| ẞ | - | - | - | Eszett |
| T | Theodore | Theodore | Toni | Theodore |
| U | Ulrich | Ulrich | Ulrich | Ulrich |
| Ü | Abundance | Abundance | evil | Cockiness |
| V | Viktor | Viktor | Viktor | Viktor |
| W. | Wilhelm | Wilhelm | Wilhelm | Wilhelm |
| X | Xantippe | Xantippe | Xantippe | Xanthippe |
| Y | Ypsilon | Ypsilon | Ypres | Ypsilon |
| Z | Zacharias | Zacharias | Zeppelin | Zacharias |
International spelling board
use
The international spelling table is used, for example, in international radio communications and often in military communication by Western forces. Another name is International Spelling Alphabet . The international spelling table is also known as the ICAO spelling alphabet or the NATO alphabet .
The International Spelling Table is published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the Implementation Regulations for the Radio Service (VO Radio), there in Appendix 14 (Appendix 14 [Rev.WRC-07], No. 1 and 2). In the VO Funk it is referred to as “Phonetic alphabet and figure code”, so it also includes the pronunciation of the digits at the same level of regulation. The VO Funk stipulates that callsigns , company abbreviations and words are to be pronounced according to the international spelling table if required . This regulation is binding for all international radio services.
The international spelling table is also published by the ICAO in Appendix 10, Volume II, Chapter 5, Figure 5-1, to the Agreement on International Civil Aviation . There it is referred to as "The Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet". The digits from 0 to 9 are regulated separately in Chapter 5, No. 5.2.1.4.3. Chapter 5, no. 5.2.1.3 states that the international aeronautical proper names, company abbreviations and words of uncertain spelling according to the international Spelling alphabet spell are. Except for the code words for the digits, the tables published by ICAO (simple code words for digits) and ITU (double code words for digits) are identical.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has included the International Spelling Table in the Standard Marine Communication Phrases , General Section, under the heading "Spelling" (2.1 Spelling of letters, 2.2 Spelling of digits and numbers).
In addition to being used in radiotelephony, the International Spelling Table serves a variety of purposes, such as the designation of positions, reporting points, time zones or keywords. The third border crossing from West to East Berlin, Checkpoint Charlie, became world famous.
In the radio services in which call signs are used, the call sign must be named in international radio traffic in accordance with the VO radio using the international spelling alphabet. This affects, for example, the maritime radio service as well as the amateur radio (see web link to Official Gazette Order 13/2005 of the Federal Network Agency ). Although knowledge of the international spelling alphabet is mandatory in order to obtain an amateur radio certificate , it is not always used unchanged in amateur radio. Instead, a mixture of the international spelling alphabet, the ARRL alphabet (here in particular "Nancy", "Queen" and "Sugar") and own creations ("Ocean" - not found in any other spelling table) is used.
Historical development
Overview
The ICAO noticed in 1947 that the spelling table (Able, Baker, Charlie, ...) used until then in international radio communications was unsuitable for non-English native speakers. As a result, the ICAO had the University of Montreal develop a new spelling board in 1948 and 1949 . Communication experts from all over the world met in Montreal and decided to use what was then a new spelling board. This original alphabet, which came into force in 1951, still contained the words “Coca” instead of Charlie, “Metro” instead of Mike, “Nectar” instead of November, “Union” instead of Uniform and “Extra” instead of X-ray. Due to difficulties with these words, the ICAO changed the original ICAO spelling table on March 1, 1956, so that it is now in the form that is still valid today.
As early as 1959, this spelling table was adopted by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), expanded by the double key words for numbers introduced in the ITU in 1947.
In the maritime sector, the International Spelling Table was adopted in 1965 by the fourth general assembly of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), the forerunner of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The IMCO made the International Spelling Table part of the International Signal Book and put this revised version into effect on April 1, 1969.
As a result, other English-language spelling boards no longer play a role in professional international radio services.
Deviating spellings and pronunciations
Some keywords are spelled differently than the term used in English: The reason for the different spelling “Juliett” (instead of “Juliet”) is that Francophone speakers might otherwise get the idea that the “t” is mute. For a similar reason, “Alfa” is also written instead of “Alpha”, because the pronunciation of “ph” and “f” is not a matter of course in all languages.
To avoid pronunciation problems and misunderstandings, some digits are pronounced differently from the spelling: The keywords for "4" and "9" are pronounced with two syllables, ie "fower" ([foʊɝ] or [fɑʊɝ]) instead of "four" ([fɔː ( ɹ)]) and "niner" ([naɪnɝ]) instead of "nine" ([naɪn]), and the "th" at "3" and "1000" are replaced by "t" ([tɹiː] instead of [θɹiː] and ['tɑʊznd] instead of [' θɑʊznd]).
There is another rule for the decimal separator , regardless of whether it is a point or a comma, it is always pronounced “Decimal” . The point as a punctuation mark, however, is represented by the keyword “Stop” .
The correct spelling and pronunciation is determined as follows:
| Digit / letter |
word | Pronunciation ( IPA ) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | zero | ˈZiˈro |
| 1 | One | ˈWan |
| 2 | Two | ˈTu |
| 3 | Three | ˈTri |
| 4th | Four | ˈFo.ə |
| 5 | Five | ˈFai̯f |
| 6th | Six | ˈSɪks |
| 7th | Seven | ˈSɛvən |
| 8th | Eight | ˈEi̯t |
| 9 | Nine | ˈNai̯nə |
| 00 | Hundred | ˈHandrɛd |
| 000 | Thousand | ˈTauzɛnd |
| A. | Alfa | ˈAlfa |
| B. | Bravo | Bravo |
| C. | Charlie | ˈTʃali or ˈʃali |
| D. | delta | ˈDɛlta |
| E. | echo | ˈƐko |
| F. | Foxtrot | ˈFɔkstrɔt |
| G | golf | ˈꞬɔlf |
| H | hotel | hoˈtɛl |
| I. | India | ˈꞮndia |
| J | Juliett | ˈDʒuliˈɛt |
| K | kilo | kilo |
| L. | Lima | ˈLima |
| M. | Mike | ˈMai̯k |
| N | November | noˈvɛmba |
| O | Oscar | ˈƆska |
| P | father | father |
| Q | Quebec | keˈbɛk |
| R. | Romeo | ˈRomio |
| S. | Sierra | siˈɛra |
| T | tango | tango |
| U | uniform | ˈJunifɔm or ˈunifɔm |
| V | Victor | ˈVɪkta |
| W. | whiskey | ˈWɪski |
| X | X-ray | Ksrei̯ |
| Y | Yankee | ˈJaŋki |
| Z | Zulu | Zulu |
| Digit | word | pronunciation |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Nadazero | NAH-DAH-SEH-RO |
| 1 | Unaone | UH-NAH-WANN |
| 2 | Bissotwo | BIS-SO-TUH |
| 3 | Terrathree | TER-RA-TRIH |
| 4th | Kartefour | KAR-TE-FAUER |
| 5 | Pantafive | PANN-TA-FAIF |
| 6th | Soxisix | SSOCK-SSI-SSIX |
| 7th | Setteseven | SSET-TEH-SSÄWN |
| 8th | Oktoeight | OCK-TO-ÄIT |
| 9 | Novenins | NO-WEH-NAINER |
| 1000 | Thousand | THOUSAND |
The NATO took over the ICAO alphabet. Additional identifiers have been introduced for German , Danish and Norwegian , but these are not understood internationally.
- German: Ä anger, E se, Ü bel. There are no words for the ß and the groups Ch and Sch .
- Danish: Æ gir, Ø dis, Å se (for Æ , Ø and Å )
- Norwegian: Æ gir, Ø rnulf, Å got (older version: Æ rlig, Ø sten, Å se)
| Letter | Phonetically |
|---|---|
| A. | Able |
| B. | Baker |
| C. | Charlie |
| D. | Dog |
| E. | Easy |
| F. | Fox |
| G | George |
| H | How |
| I. | Item |
| J | Jig |
| K | King |
| L. | Love |
| M. | Mike |
| N | Nutley |
| O | oboe |
| P | Peter |
| Q | Queen |
| R. | Roger |
| S. | Sail |
| T | Tare |
| U | Uncle |
| V | Victor |
| W. | William |
| X | X ray |
| Y | Yoke |
| Z | zebra |
| 0 | zero |
| 1 | One |
| 2 | Two |
| 3 | Three |
| 4th | Four |
| 5 | Five |
| 6th | Six |
| 7th | Seven |
| 8th | Eight |
| 9 | Niner |
The Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet - JAN Phonetic Alphabet for short - is a spelling board developed in 1941 for uniform communication in all areas of the US military . It was the first unified alphabet used by the American military. Before its introduction, each area had its own spelling board, which regularly caused problems with communication, especially between the Navy and the Army .
The digits are spoken: Zero, One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Niner. The pronunciation niner serves to avoid confusion with the number one. This measure is comparable to two for two in all German-speaking armed forces, so that there is no confusion with the number three.
In 1955 the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet was replaced by the ICAO alphabet.
ITU 1927 (Amsterdam, Baltimore, Casablanca, ...)
The first internationally recognized spelling table was introduced by the ITU in 1927 and modified in 1932 based on experience. It was used in aviation until the end of World War II and at the IMO until 1965.
International letter boards
| Letter | English | ITU 1927 | ICAO / NATO | French | Italian | Niederld. | Turkish | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. | Alfa | Amsterdam | Al fa | Anatole | Ancona | Anna | Adana | |
| Ä | - | Alfa-echo | - | |||||
| B. | Bravo | Baltimore | Bra vo | Berthe | Bari | Bernard | Bolu | |
| C. | Charlie | Casablanca | Char lie | Celestine | Como | Cornelis | Ceyhan | |
| Ç | - | Çanakkale | ||||||
| D. | delta | Denmark | Del ta | Désiré | Domodossola | Dirk | Denizli | |
| E. | echo | Edison | Ech o | Eugène | Empoli | Eduard | Edirne | |
| F. | Foxtrot | Florida | Fox trot | François | Firenze | Ferdinand | Fatsa | |
| G | golf | Gallipoli | golf | Gaston | Genova | Gerard | Giresun | |
| G | - | yumuşak G | ||||||
| H | hotel | Havana | Hotel tel | Henri | hotel | Hendrik | Hatay | |
| İ | - | İzmir | ||||||
| I. | India | Italia | In dia | Irma | Imola | Izaak | Isparta | |
| J | Juliett | Jerusalem | Ju li ett | Joseph | Juventus | Jan | jandarma | |
| K | kilo | Kilograms | Ki lo | Glue | Kilometer | Karel | Kars | |
| L. | Lima | Liverpool | Li ma | Louis | Livorno | Lodewijk | Lüleburgaz | |
| M. | Mike | Madagascar | Mike | Marcel | Milano | Marie | Must | |
| N | November | new York | No vem ber | Nicolas | Napoli | Nico | Niğde | |
| O | Oscar | Oslo | Os car | Oscar | Otranto | Otto | Ordu | |
| Ö | - | Oscar echo | - | Edema | ||||
| P | father | Paris | Pa pa | Pierre | Pisa | Pieter | Polatlı | |
| Q | Quebec | Quebec | Que bec | Quintal | Quadro | Quotient | - | |
| R. | Romeo | Roma | Ro meo | Raoul | Roma | Rudolf | Rize | |
| S. | Sierra | Santiago | Si er ra | Suzanne | Savona | Simon | Sinop | |
| Ş | - | Şırnak | ||||||
| T | tango | Tripoli | Tan go | Thérèse | Torino | Teunis | Tokat | |
| U | uniform | Uppsala | U niform | Ursule | Udine | Utrecht | Usak | |
| Ü | - | Uniform echo | - | Ünye | ||||
| V | Victor | Valencia | Vic tor | Victor | Venezia | Victor | Van | |
| W. | whiskey | Washington | Whis key | William | Vu Doppia | Willem | duble v | |
| X | X-ray | Xanthippe | X-ray | Xavier | Xilofono | Xanthippe | - | |
| Y | Yankee | Yokohama | Yan kee | Yvonne | Ipsilon | Ypsilon | Yozgat | |
| IJ | - | IJmuiden | - | |||||
| Z | Zulu | Zurich | To lu | Zoé | Zara | Zaandam | Zonguldak | |
| Å | - | |||||||
| Letter | Swedish | British marine radio / JAN |
ARRL | European | Finnish | Czech | Esperanto ( Krause system ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. | Adam | Able | Adam | America | Aarne | A Adam Á A s čárkou (dlouhé A) |
Asfalto |
| Ä | Annoying | - | Äiti | - | |||
| B. | Bertil | Baker | Baltimore | Bertta | Božena | Barbaro | |
| C. | Cesar | Charlie | Charlie | Canada | Celsius | C Cyril Čeněk |
C Centimetro Ĉ Ĉefo |
| D. | David | Dog | David | Denmark | Daavid | D David Ď Ďáblice |
PhD |
| E. | Erik | Easy | Edward | England | Eemeli | E Emil Ě E s háčkem É E s čárkou (dlouhé E) |
Elemento |
| F. | Filip | Fox | Frank | France | Faarao | František | Fabriko |
| G | Gustav | George | Guatemala | Gideon | Gustav | G Gumo Ĝ Ĝirafo |
|
| H | Helge | How | Henry | Honolulu | Heikki | H Helena Ch Chrudim |
H Hotelo Ĥ Ĥaoso |
| I. | Ivar | Item | Ida | Italy | Iivari | I Ivan Í I s čárkou [ dlouhé (měkké) I ] |
Insecto |
| J | Johan | Jig | John | Japan | Jussi | Joseph | J Jubileo Ĵ Ĵurnalo |
| K | Kalle | King | kilowatt | Kalle | Karel | Kilogramo | |
| L. | Ludvig | Love | Lewis | Luxembourg | Lauri | L Ludvík L Lubochna |
Legendo |
| M. | Martin | Mike | Mary | Mexico | Matti | Marie | Maŝino |
| N | Niklas | Nan Nutley | Nancy | Norway | Niilo | N Neruda N Norbert Ň N s háčkem (Nina) |
Naturo |
| O | Olof | oboe | Otto | Ontario | Otto | O Oto Ó O s čárkou (dlouhé O) |
Omnibuso |
| Ö | East | - | Öljy | - | |||
| P | Petter | Peter | Portugal | Paavo | Petr | Papero | |
| Q | Qvintus | Queen | Quebec | Kuu | Quido | (Kuo) | |
| R. | Rudolf | Roger | Robert | radio | Risto | R Rudolf Ř Řehoř |
Recordo |
| S. | Sigurd | Samuel / Sail | Sugar | Santiago | Sakari | S Svatopluk Š Šimon |
S Salato Ŝ Ŝilingo |
| T | Gates | Tare | Thomas | Texas | Tyyne | T Tomáš Ť Těšnov |
Triumfo |
| U | Urban | Uncle | uniform | Uruguay | Urho | U Urban Ú U s čárkou Ů U s kroužkem |
U Universo Ŭ Universo-hoko |
| Ü | evil | - | |||||
| V | Viktor | Victor | Venezuela | Vihtori | Václav | Volcano | |
| W. | Wilhelm | William | Washington | Wiski | Dvojité V | (Germana vo) | |
| X | Xerxes | X ray | xylophone | Äksä | Xaver | (Ikso) | |
| Y | Yngve | Yoke | Young | Yokohama | Yrjö | Y Ypsilon Ý Y s čárkou [ dlouhé (tvrdé) Y ] |
(Ipsilono / I greka) |
| IJ | - | ||||||
| Z | Zäta | zebra | Tseta | Z Zuzana Ž Žofie |
Zinko | ||
| Å | Åke | - | Åke | - | |||
Greek spelling board
| Letter | Navy, army, police and radio amateurs | Merchant marine |
|---|---|---|
|
Άλφα [ˈalfa] |
αστήρ [as'tir] ancient Greek and Katharevousa "star" |
Αθανάσιος [aθa'nasios] Athanasios , male Greek first name ("the one belonging to the immortal") |
|
Βήτα ['vita] |
Βύρων ['viron] masculine Greek given name after the surname of Lord Byron |
Βασίλειος [va'silios] Basileios , male Greek first name ("the royal") |
|
Γάμμα [ˈɣama] |
γαλή [ɣa'li] Greek name of the Ichneumon (species of predator) |
Γεώργιος [ʝe'orʝios] Georgios , male Greek first name ( "of the farmer, farmers Associated") |
|
Δέλτα [ˈðelta] |
δόξα [ˈðoksa] ancient Greek " opinion , fame" |
Δημήτριος [ði'mitrios] Dimitrios , male Greek first name ("belonging to Demeter") |
|
Έψιλον ['epsilon] |
Ερμής [er'mis] Hermes , mythical messenger of the gods |
Ελένη [e'leni] Helena , female Greek given name |
|
Ζήτα [ˈzita] |
Ζευς [zefs] Zeus , highest of the gods |
Ζηνοβία [zino'via] Zenobia , Roman ruler of Palmyra |
|
Ήτα [ˈita] |
Ηρώ [i'ro] Hero , mythical Aphrodite priestess on the Hellespont |
Ηρακλής [ira'klis] Heracles , hero of Greek mythology ("who gained fame from Hera") |
|
Θήτα [ˈθita] |
θέα ['θea] or θεά [θe'a] Greek "view" or "goddess" |
Θεόδωρος [θe'oðoros] Theodoros , male Greek first name ("gift of God") |
| Ιώτα [iˈota] or γιώτα [ˈʝota] |
ίσκιος ['iskios] Greek "shadow" |
Ιωάννης [io'anis] Greek form of the male Hebrew given name Johannes ("God is gracious") |
|
Κάππα or κάπα ['kapa] |
κενόν [ke'non] Greek "emptiness, gap, vacuum" |
Κωνσταντίνος [konstan'dinos] Konstantinos , male Latin-Greek given name ("the one belonging to the steadfast") |
| Λάμδα [ˈlamða] or λάμβδα [ˈlamvða] |
λάμα ['lama] Greek " Lama " |
Λεωνίδας [leo'niðas] Leonidas , male Greek first name ("the lion-like") |
|
Μυ or μι [mi] |
μέλι ['meli] Greek "honey" |
Μενέλαος [me'nelaos] Menelaos , mythical Greek king name ("the people's leader") |
|
Νυ or νι [ni] |
ναός [na'os] Greek "temple" |
Νικόλαος [ni'kolaos] Nikolaos , male Greek first name ("winner of the people") |
|
Ξι or ξει [ksi] |
Ξέρξης ['kserksis] Xerxes , old Persian king name |
Ξενοφών [kseno'fon] Xenophon , ancient Greek politician, general and writer |
|
Όμικρον ['omicron] |
οσμή [ozˈmi] Greek "smell" |
Οδυσσεύς [oði'sefs] Odysseus , hero of Greek mythology |
|
Πι [pi] |
Πέτρος ['petros] Petros , male Greek given name ("rock") |
Παναγιώτης [pana'ʝotis] Panagiotis , male Greek first name ("belonging to All Saints [= Mother of God]") |
|
Ρο [ro] |
Ρήγας ['riɣas] First name of the Greek freedom fighter Rigas Velestinlis |
Ρωξάνη [ro'ksani] Roxane , Persian given name of the first wife of Alexander the Great ("the dawn, the shining one") |
|
Σίγμα ['siɣma] |
σοφός [so'fos] Greek "the wise" |
Σωτήριος [so'tirios] Sotirios , male Greek first name ("belonging to the Savior") |
|
Ταυ [taf] |
τίγρης ['tiɣris] Greek "tiger" |
Τιμολέων [timo'leon] Timoleon , Greek politician and military leader |
|
Ύψιλον ['ipsilon] |
ύμνος ['imnos] Greek "hymn" |
Υψηλάντης [ipsi'landis] Ypsilantis , family name of a Phanariote family |
|
Φι [fi] |
Φωφώ [fo'fo] Short form of the female Greek given name Fotini ("the brightly shining one ") |
Φώτιος ['fotios] Photios , male Greek first name ("the brightly shining one ") |
|
Χι [çi] |
χαρά [xa'ra] Greek "joy" |
Χαράλαμπος [xa'ralambos] Charalampos , a male Greek given name ("the radiant joy") |
|
Ψι [psi] |
ψυχή [psi'çi] Greek "breath, breath, mind, psyche " (also mythical princess ) |
ψάλτης ['psaltis] Greek " psalmist , church singer " |
|
Ωμέγα [o'mea] |
ωμέγα [o'meɣa] Omega, 24th letter of the Greek alphabet |
ωμέγα [o'meɣa] Omega, 24th letter of the Greek alphabet |
Historically, the spelling alphabet of the merchant marine (right column) seems to have been used in amateur radio, but the 2011 Amateur Radio Ordinance refers to the alphabet in the left column.
Japanese spelling board
There are three writing systems in Japanese that are used in parallel: the two syllable alphabets katakana and hiragana (collectively referred to as kana ), as well as the kanji . While the reading of the Kana is unambiguous, several readings are possible for the Kanji borrowed from Chinese, the On reading according to the sound or the Kun reading according to the meaning.
In order to eliminate the possible ambiguity caused by the different readings, it may be necessary to describe the Kanji in more detail. This is done by naming a known and unique word in which the character appears. In many cases it is already possible to clearly describe the character with the Kun reading, so that this is often mentioned. In some cases, the graphic structure can also be described in more detail: Nagoya no na means, for example, “na from Nagoya”. If voiced syllables like za have to be spelled, the basic syllable ( sa ) is mentioned first , followed by a ... ni dakuten (" Dakuten an ...").
| character | Spelling | character | Spelling | character | Spelling | character | Spelling | character | Spelling |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ア | 朝日 の ア Asahi no a |
イ | い ろ は の イ Iroha no i |
ウ | 上 野 の ウ Ueno no u |
エ | 英語 の エ Eigo no e |
オ | 大阪 の オ Ōsaka no o |
| カ | 為 替 の カ Kawase no ka |
キ | 切 手 の キ Kitte no ki |
ク | ク ラ ブ の ク Kurabu no ku |
ケ | 景色 の ケ Keshiki no ke |
コ | 子 供 の コ Kodomo no ko |
| サ | 桜 の サ Sakura no sa |
シ | 新聞 の シ Shinbun no shi |
ス | す ず め の ス Suzume no su |
セ | 世界 の セ Sekai no se |
ソ | そ ろ ば ん の ソ Soroban no so |
| タ | 煙草 の タ Tabako no ta |
チ | 千 鳥 の チ Chidori no chi |
ツ | つ る か め の ツ Tsurukame no tsu |
テ | 手紙 の テ Tegami no te |
ト | 東京 の ト Tōkyō no to |
| ナ | 名古屋 の ナ Nagoya no na |
ニ | 日本 の ニ Nippon no ni |
ヌ | 沼 津 の ヌ Numazu no nu |
ネ | ね ず み の ネ Nezumi no ne |
ノ | 野 原 の ノ Nohara no no |
| ハ | は が き の ハ Hagaki no ha |
ヒ | 飛行 機 の ヒ Hikōki no hi |
フ | 富士山 の フ Fujisan no fu |
ヘ | 平和 の ヘ Heiwa no he |
ホ | 保 険 の ホ Hoken no ho |
| マ | マ ッ チ の マ Matchi no ma |
ミ | 三 笠 の ミ Mikasa no mi |
ム | 無線 の ム Muses no mu |
メ | 明治 の メ Meiji no me |
モ | も み じ の モ Momiji no mo |
| ヤ | 大 和 の ヤ Yamato no ya |
ユ | 弓矢 の ユ Yumiya no yu |
ヨ | 吉野 の ヨ Yoshino no yo |
||||
| ラ | ラ ジ オ の ラ Rajio no ra |
リ | り ん ご の リ Ringo no ri |
ル | 留守 居 の ル Rusui no ru |
レ | れ ん げ の レ Renge no re |
ロ | ロ ー マ の ロ Rōma no ro |
| ワ | わ ら び の ワ Warabi no wa |
ヰ | ゐ ど の ヰ Ido no i (wi) |
ヱ | か ぎ の あ る ヱ Kagi no aru e (we) |
ヲ | 尾張 の ヲ Owari no o (wo) |
||
| ン | お し ま い の ン Oshimai no n |
゛ | 濁 点 Dakuten |
゜ | 半 濁 点 hand acute |
Note: In today's Japanese, the syllables wi , we and wo are identical to i , e and o . The words ido and Owari used to be spelled with wi and wo . Kagi no aru e means “the e with the hook”, which becomes clear when comparing the normal katakana-e (エ) and the katakana-we (ヱ). Oshimai no n means “the n at the end”, since the syllable n cannot be at the beginning of a word.
various
In the Federal Republic of Germany the current spelling table is specified in the "Phonodiktat" ( DIN 5009 ) and in Austria the spelling table is specified in the "Guidelines for Phonodiktat", in ÖNORM A 1081.
The song “La Reponse” by the Ton Steine Schherd group begins with the words “ Ici ( French :“ Here (is) ”): L iverpool I talia E dison B altimore E dison ”. Even the song F oxtrot U niform C harlie K ilo the Bloodhound Gang endorses the Spelling alphabet as a euphemism advantage (ICAO alphabet). Also, the title is G olf N ovember of Reinhard Mey a use of the ICAO alphabet. Furthermore, the title of the film Whiskey Tango Foxtrot stands in the NATO alphabet for the letters "WTF", which in turn stand for the surprise expression "what the fuck" (roughly a more vulgar version of the phrase "what the hell ..." ).
In the Vietnam War , the name VC, Victor Charlie, or Charlie was used for the troops of the V iet C ong . The name of the well-known Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin also goes back to the ICAO alphabet (see Checkpoint Alpha , Checkpoint Bravo ).
See also
Web links
- Table with some other alphabets
- Brian Kelk's collection of spelling boards for many languages (English)
- Official Gazette Order 13/2005 on the use of call signs in the amateur radio service (PDF; 9 kB)
- ICAO spelling board with pronunciation examples on maricom.de
- Wolfgang Zaunbauer: How Samuel became Siegfried. Retrieved April 26, 2016 ( Academia , May 2007).
- Spelltool.com with the ability to have entered text spelled
- ContemporaryCodes.com/spell/ spells out all of the mentioned alphabets with speech output
- nato-alphabet.de , memory aids with emojis for learning the ITU / ICAO / NATO alphabet
Individual evidence
- ↑ The Austrian dictionary uses the term spelling alphabet in the introductory grammar section . Page 151 contains the following main and sub-headings: "14 Spelling Alphabets [...] 14.1 Austrian Spelling Alphabet [...] 14.2 International Spelling Alphabet" ( Austrian dictionary. 38th edition, revised, ÖBV / Pädagogischer Verlag, Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-215-12653- 2 , p. 151).
- ↑ Dictation rules according to DIN 5009 (PDF; 39 kB)
- ^ Landesfeuerwehrverband Rheinland-Pfalz eV: Service regulation 810.3 ( Memento from May 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
- ↑ a b c d e f g Appendix 14 ( Memento of July 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) of the Implementing Regulations for the Radio Service
- ↑ The spelling table . In: C. Schwender: How do I use the telephone? 1997
- ↑ Baden-Württemberg.de: Put Nathan back in the spelling table (accessed November 6, 2019)
- ↑ Heilbronn voice: Standards institute wants to review dictation rules Standards institute wants to review dictation rules (accessed on November 6, 2019)
- ↑ a b c Clemens Schwender: How do I use the telephone? The instructions for making calls in the Berlin telephone directory 1881–1996 / 97. Lang, 1997, ISBN 3-631-31378-0
- ↑ Clemens Schwender: How do I use the telephone? The instructions for making calls in the Berlin telephone directory 1881–1996 / 97. Lang, 1997, ISBN 3-631-31378-0 , pages 309-310. Accordingly, the version from 1948 contained "Karl" for "K", the version from 1950 then "Kaufmann" as reproduced here. Without "Eszett" for "ß"
- ↑ Official telephone book 2 for the areas Hamburg, North Lower Saxony, Elmshorn, Kaltenkirchen and Schwarzenbek, edition 1968/69. November 1967, Retrieved April 28, 2020 .
- ↑ DIN 5009 : 1983-06 Rules for Phonodictation , Section 10 Spelling . Identical: DIN 5009: 1996-12 dictation rules , Section 5 Spelling .
- ↑ ICAO: Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Aeronautical Telecommunications - Volume II: Communication Procedures including those with PANS , accessed on July 18, 2019
- ↑ a b Standard Marine Communication Phrases ( Memento from June 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) International Maritime Organization (IMO)
- ↑ ICAO: Milestones in International Civil Aviation , accessed on July 18, 2019
- ↑ Appendix 16: Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code . In: Radio Regulations . International Telecommunication Union, Geneva 1959, pp. 430-431.
- ↑ International Code of Signals 1969. UK Department of Trade, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 1969, ISBN 0-11-513492-1 (historical summary in the foreword)
- ↑ ICAO Phonetics by the FAA ( Memento of October 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Aeronautical Telecommunications, Volume II, Figure 5-1: The Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet
- ↑ Klaus E. Michael: General operating certificate for radio operators. With general radiotelephony certificate for the maritime radio service . Yacht library; Vol. 116. Klasing, Bielefeld 1996, ISBN 3-87412-157-7 , pp. 69 .
- ↑ stressed syllables underlined, cf. Appendix 14 VO radio
- ↑ Turkish Institute for Standards (TSE) April 2005 / TS 13148
- ↑ American Radio Relay League (1948)
- ↑ a b c Γιώργος Μεταξάς [Jorgos Metaxas]: Το φωνητικό αλφάβητο (translated: "The phonetic alphabet"). Source: Homepage of Babis J. Koutroulis.
- ↑ a b Κανονισμός λειτουργίας ερασιτεχνικών σταθμών ασυρμάτου (German "Ordinance on the Operation of Amateur Radio Stations "). In: Εγημερίς της κυβερνήσεως της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας ("Newspaper of the Government of Greek Democracy"), Vol. 2, No. 1969 , September 2, 2011.