Body scanner

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Terahertz body scanners from Rohde & Schwarz in Cologne / Bonn airport
X-ray backscatter image of a woman

Body scanners , including body scanners , body scanners or body scanners , with the use of terahertz radiation, terahertz cameras are devices that allow a person's body and items can be displayed under clothing. For example, weapons or explosives can be made visible. This can be done using various methods.

Methods

X-rays

An X-ray scanner ( English backscatter X-ray ) scans an object point-shaped and measures the backscattering . An X-ray scanning beam is 5-10 mm in diameter. In contrast to this, a medical X-ray machine registers the contrast that is created by the different absorption of radiation in different types of tissue (plenty of calcium in the bones, hardly any calcium in the muscles).

The backscattered Compton radiation is suitable for surface analysis. The backscatter decreases with increasing energy. With the Secure 1000 device , the radiation energy is in the range of 20–50 keV. The Compton scattering occurs predominantly in light materials such as hydrogen , oxygen or carbon to, for heavy materials such as metals predominates absorption. This weak backscattering is recorded with sensitive detectors and low intensities are sufficient . The mean total radiation exposure of an X-ray scanner should be 0.1–0.2 µ Sv , whereby the point radiation exposure through averaging is not taken into account.

Terahertz radiation

Recordings from a terahertz scanner

Terahertz radiation ( also known as millimeter waves because of its wavelength ) is electromagnetic radiation in the border area between infrared light and microwave radiation and part of natural thermal radiation . The devices that work with this are called millimeter wave scanners in English . There are two different modes of operation:

Active method

In the active method, a scanning focus lized beam from the body and reconstructed by varying the wavelength of the backscatter image. In this way, razor-sharp three-dimensional representations of the naked body of the inspected person can be generated. Current devices (since July 2009) can scan people outside a cabin in passing.

Passive method

With the passive method, only the natural heat radiation of the human body is detected, whereby an image of the body contours can be generated without anatomical details.

The passive terahertz technology does not require a radiation source, but registers the existing radiation with wavelengths smaller than 1 mm.

At the end of 2009 prototypes were presented that work from a distance of more than ten meters. The Institute for Photonic Technologies in Jena developed cameras that make objects on the body visible.

Voluntary use

EU Directive 2015/1998, Annex 4, No. 4.1.1.10 stipulates that the use of full-body scanners (regardless of the type) by passengers is voluntary. At the passenger's request, security personnel must choose another method of investigation. The directive states exactly:

"Passengers have the right to refuse screening with a security scanner. In this case, the passenger must be screened by an alternative method which includes at least a manual search in accordance with Annex 4-A of Commission Implementing Decision C (2015) 8005."

and still:

"Before checking with a security scanner, the passenger must be informed about the technology used, the conditions associated with its use and the possibility of refusing a check with the security scanner."

To inform the passengers about this right to vote, there are usually only signs from the Federal Police in the security area, there is usually no clearing up. The security staff usually does not point out this possibility either, either out of ignorance or on instructions in order to save time.

Areas of application

The main area of ​​application is airport security, which is discussed in more detail below.

As early as 2008, security experts suggested body scanners for use in the Bundestag . However, this was not implemented. There is no legal basis for the use of body scanners in Germany. The use at German airports for identity checks is therefore voluntary for passengers (see EU Directive 2015/1998, Annex 4, No. 4.1.1.10). If you do not want to go through the body scanner, you can request a personal check from the security staff (Extended Pat Down). The corresponding notice boards with a reference to the voluntary nature of the control must be clearly visible by the Federal Police in the terminal building. The security staff is often unaware of this option or often withholds it.

Airport security

Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam is the first airport to introduce the naked scanner. On December 31, 2009, the first two of the 17 devices ordered went into operation. The airport introduced the body scanner due to the attempted terrorist attack on the approach to Detroit . Since the attempted attack, the naked scanner has come into focus worldwide because the prohibited substances on the attacker Umar Farouk were not discovered in the normal metal detector in Amsterdam. Body scanners are generally used at Moscow airports.

United States

If no object is found, only the message "OK" appears. (Test device at Hamburg Airport)
A find is shown on a neutral pictogram. (Test device at Hamburg Airport)

In the context of airport security , devices that work with terahertz waves are increasingly used in the USA as an alternative to scanning by hand during security checks at airports. Body scanners are called full body scanners ; the process as whole body imaging .

Michael Chertoff , Secretary of State for Homeland Security from February 2005 to January 2009 , was very committed to its introduction.

As of the fall of 2010, more than 310 devices were in use in the United States. Another 450 should be added shortly thereafter. When introducing new body scanners at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York , the Minister of Internal Security, welcomed Janet Napolitano , the device as a breakthrough in the fight against terrorism, but refused to be examined even in a device. At the corresponding airports in the USA, flight passengers can choose between an examination in the body scanner and the so-called extended patdown , an intensive manual scanning with the palms of the hands.

European Union

The devices are not yet approved in the European Union . Some airports in the EU have a special permit and test the devices on a trial basis under strict conditions of the EU Commission. The consent of the passenger concerned must be obtained in order to carry out a scan. The ProVision ATD body scanner from L-3 Communications has been in use with terahertz radiation at Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands since January 2010 . In Great Britain, the use of the scanner has been compulsory for selected people since the beginning of 2010: Without carrying out the procedure, these passengers are not allowed to take their desired flight. 210,000 air travelers were screened during a six-month trial run of the devices in Manchester. Two women refused body irradiation for religious or health reasons and were therefore not allowed to take their flight according to British law.

Germany

The Federal Police Bureau has designated more in early 2010 as unlikely that there will be a widespread use of body scanners before summer 2011 in Germany as a health risk due to radiation exposure can not be ruled out and has failed in attempts with the scanners in some cases, Detecting explosives.

On September 27, 2010, a practical test began at Hamburg Airport , where volunteers can try out the new security check. The tests were initially scheduled for seven months, but were extended by three months to July 31, 2011. According to the Federal Office for Radiation Protection , the devices tested were harmless to health. It turned out that the test devices offered less security than the traditional method with metal detector and scanning. In addition, the new devices signaled sweat stains under the armpits or paper tissues in the passenger's pocket as a security risk. As a result, many passengers had to be checked manually, which delayed the identity checks. Because of frequent false alarms (up to 100%), the body scanners were deactivated several times. After evaluating the ten-month test phase with the participation of 809,000 volunteer passengers, Federal Minister of the Interior Hans-Peter Friedrich decided at the end of August 2011 to for the time being forego the nationwide use of body scanners at German airports. Body scanners have been in use in a further test phase at Frankfurt Airport since November 24, 2012 . The use of the scanner is voluntary. Such devices are currently in use in Stuttgart. Passengers who refuse to enter the device have to wait longer. Since 2014, the now mature body scanners have been used again at Hamburg Airport and passengers can choose between body scanners and scanning.

Body scanners have also been used at the two active airports in Berlin (Tegel and Schönefeld) since mid-2014. In Schönefeld they are in the middle of the two terminals. This point is only allowed to pass with a boarding pass and hand luggage. Since May 2017, Munich Airport has also been using body scanners in Terminal 2 to relieve its employees. The body scanners were introduced nationwide at Tegel Airport Terminal C in January 2019.

criticism

Health hazard

Terahertz radiation is part of the omnipresent radiation spectrum. Due to its lower energy, it has a non- ionizing effect . With devices in passive mode, no radiation source is directed at the body, so that no radiation damage can occur.

The Federal Office for Radiation Protection does not have any reliable information on the health effects of the frequencies used and the performance of the backscattering method with terahertz radiation for active backscatter scanners. There are no long-term studies beyond laboratory tests. In addition, no damage scenarios have been described and no damage events have been reported. There are studies that demonstrate genetic damage as a result of terahertz radiation, but other studies do not suggest damage. In laboratory tests, resonance effects in the cell were established as a prerequisite for an effect on DNA chains. Further studies on such effects with non-ionizing radiation are not available.

In April 2010, four professors from the University of California, San Francisco, including members of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and radiation and cancer experts, published an open letter warning of the potential health hazards posed by X-ray backscatter scanners. In their letter, the professors express doubts, in particular about the effective radiation dose reported by the responsible US authorities, and point out that the radiation dose is not absorbed by the whole body (as the authorities assume in their bill), but only by the topmost Layers of skin, so that the dose on the affected tissue is much larger. In their letter, the professors also complain that the radiation parameters of the scanner that are most relevant to health (photon flow per area and unit of time) are kept under lock and key by the authorities, and fear an increased risk of cancer, especially for women (breast), men (testicles), children, older passengers over 65 years of age, people weakened by HIV, pregnant women and, in general, for blood cells in the upper layers of the skin, the retina of the eye and the thyroid gland. Since X-ray backscatter scanners already make up the majority of the devices used in the USA, the scientists fear that later cancer could pose a greater risk to the life and limb of passengers than terrorism itself.

Differentiation from X-ray scanners

Due to its ionizing effect, X-rays cause cell damage that can trigger cancer. For this reason, radiation exposure in the medical field is only accepted if it is essential for improving health.

Whether the body scanners used for a specific check only use terahertz radiation or also X-rays cannot be clearly determined for the passenger.

Violation of privacy

The use on humans is controversial, as they can be seen naked through the device . In addition, private details such as prostheses, artificial intestinal exits or piercings would be visible in the very sharp images, which would make the people concerned easily suspects of terrorism and would have to explain themselves. According to the assessments of representatives from politics, the church and trade unions, this represents a considerable violation of privacy and human dignity . In Germany, the Federal Ministry of the Interior had ruled out the use of scanners in October 2008. The then Federal Minister of the Interior, Wolfgang Schäuble , had spoken out in favor of a further development of the devices, but criticized the representation of the pictures: "But as long as such pictures are created, they will not be used". "I don't want the federal police to come into the light that they are secret suspects."

The technical specification of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) for body scanners shows that the devices used in the USA have hard drives as well as USB and network connections, which means that images created with them can be saved and transferred. In addition, a "Level Z" mode is described, which allows authorized bodies to deactivate the privacy filter and export image files. This contradicts the assurances of the TSA that the scanners cannot store images permanently. In April 2010, it was announced that the US government had stored approximately 2,000 images taken by body scanners on test devices.

In August 2010, the United States Marshals Service admitted that it had repeatedly permanently saved tens of thousands of scan images from a security system in Florida. The Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) judged in this context that “these devices are built and also used in such a way that images are routinely stored and archived”.

The devices used at Dutch airports only show the inspectors a body diagram. In addition, it was discussed that the intimate areas are generally not displayed and can be displayed via a switch in case of suspicion. Another idea was that the controllers sit in a separate room so that they cannot assign the body images to the people or communicate with them. The Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information stated in January 2010 that he had not yet seen a device in which personal rights were protected; Avoiding nude pictures alone is not enough for this.

British privacy advocates are also calling for additional data protection rules to prevent recordings from being passed on to third parties. The danger of this exists particularly with prominent passengers.

Questioning the security gain

The body scanner does not allow analysis of body orifices or the inside of the body. Objects hidden there can only be found using other methods, such as metal detectors or body searches . Since terahertz radiation and X-rays are only weakly scattered back from textiles, but more strongly from water, objects can be hidden under damp clothing.

In laboratory tests, the federal police have not yet been able to sufficiently identify explosives with the help of body scanners. Metal and ceramics are well represented, but plastic sheets, in which explosives can also be transported, are very difficult to detect. The security gain through the use of the devices is minimal, according to security experts, and in the case of the attempted attack in Detroit it was not the lack of controls, but the insufficient communication of the security authorities that led to the security risk. In addition, there are fundamental security gaps at international airports that allow dangerous goods to be brought in without taking part in a scanning process: For example, at the beginning of 2010 a reporter in the international terminal of Rome-Fiumicino Airport was able to enter the security zone at night without any control, as it only monitors during the day becomes. In this way, smuggled weapons or explosives could be brought on board any aircraft without any problems the next day.

Loss of time

According to initial tests at Cologne / Bonn Airport, only half as many passengers could be smuggled through the security controls at the same time using the body scanner as with the devices currently in use, which could cause congestion and loss of time for passengers. The managing director of Hanover-Langenhagen Airport also expects the speed of inspection to slow down by 50 percent when using the new devices. The tests at Hamburg Airport sometimes resulted in longer waiting times for passengers, as false alarms often (up to 100%) occur.

Examination of children

British child protection activists argue that body scanners are in violation of the UK Child Protection Act of 1978. This prohibits the creation of inappropriate images of minors, which would happen through the scanning process.

costs

New scanners at German airports would be bought by the Federal Ministry of the Interior and thus paid for by the taxpayer. It is not yet known what total amounts will have to be invested for this. The controls themselves would continue to be paid for via the plane ticket. At the moment, each check costs between two and ten euros, depending on the airport. The use of each of the approximately 600 full-body scanners at 65 US airports each costs US $ 170,000 per year.

In the USA, in response to the attack on Flight 253 , an initial billion dollars will be spent on the use of the new devices at airports.

Common models available on the market cost around 120,000 EUR each, which is more than ten times the cost of the metal detectors previously used at airports. For the Berlin-Tegel airport equipment are provided, the price is 300,000 EUR each.

In Germany alone there are 39 commercial airports , each of which would have to be equipped with some devices in order to achieve the required security gain. 22 body scanners would be required at Stuttgart Airport alone . That would mean acquisition costs of around 2.86 million euros. Larger airports with more travelers would need even more: Amsterdam Airport wants to use 75 devices.

Manufacturer

The body scanners, which are to be tested initially at Hamburg Airport, come from the American company L-3 Communications . Another large manufacturer on the European market is Rohde & Schwarz . Among other things, they sold 300 units of their QPS system to the German Federal Ministry of the Interior.

Lobbying

Former US Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff has been criticized for promoting the use of body scanners without disclosing that he is a lobbyist for any of the manufacturers of the devices. Other body scanner lobbyists with ties to the U.S. government include:

  • former senior TSA employees Tom Blank and Chad Wolf
  • Kevin Patrick Kelly, who has close ties with the Department of Homeland Security
  • former US Senator Al D'Amato

Others

Discussion after Northwest Airlines Flight 253

After an unsuccessful terrorist attack on Northwest Airlines Flight 253 from Amsterdam to Detroit on December 25, 2009, in which a passenger was able to smuggle 80 grams of the explosive nitropenta on board, a renewed discussion about the use of the body scanner at airports began, although It is doubted that the explosives would have been detected by the scanner and that the US secret services had sufficient information to uncover the attack plans in advance. In this context, the German Federal Minister of the Interior Thomas de Maizière (CDU) spoke out in favor of use provided that it was "completely harmless " in terms of health and personal rights were "fully respected".

Market development

A boom is forecast for the body scanner business over the next few years. The market volume for safety equipment and products for Europe is around nine billion euros. It is estimated that 50,000 new devices will be sold worldwide in the next few years.

There are four major manufacturers of these devices, three of which are based in the United States. The share prices of the corresponding four companies rose sharply shortly after the attack on Northwest Airlines Flight 253.

The German Federal Ministry of Research supports projects that deal with the development and use of body scanners based on terahertz. The aim is to precisely identify hazardous substances, but only to represent the tested persons schematically.

resonance

Hartfrid Wolff, the head of the FDP working group on law and the interior , emphasized that "with the Liberals, there will be no single national effort to use scanners". Instead of an isolated solution, an EU-wide regulation should be found or the body scanners should not be used at all. At its party conference in April 2010, the FDP demanded that every flight passenger should have the free choice between a body search and an examination using a body scanner.

The German Federal Minister of Justice Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger (FDP) expressed in an interview with the mirror negative about the use of “naked scanners”. Body scanners should only be used if privacy is not violated and health is not impaired.

The police union spoke out in favor of the operation on January 2, 2010, but the entire flight safety system should be put to the test. One could not expect miracles from the use of the scanners, as they could only close one of many security holes. In addition, a scanner cannot replace qualified personnel, which would represent the greatest security gap.

The Cockpit Association , an association for airliner pilots and flight engineers, "regrets the current shortening of the security debate around controls at airports to the so-called body scanners." Points plan to improve security. Raoul Hille, the managing director of Hannover-Langenhagen Airport, was critical of the scanners: "The security gain is marginal, the costs are too high and the health risk for frequent flyers and airport employees is unclear."

In the German population, the response to the use of body scanners at airports is largely positive, according to a Forsa survey by the star . Of 1,006 respondents, 63 percent supported their use, 31 percent rejected it. The remaining six percent hadn't formed an opinion.

Petition: Data protection - no approval of full-body scanners

On January 3, 2010, critics of the whole-body scanner submitted a public petition to the Petitions Committee of the German Bundestag . After approval, the petition was published on the Internet on January 11, 2010. By the time she graduated, she had received 16,925 signatures.

Special occurrences

In autumn 2010 , the blog Gizmodo put 100 of the thousands of scan images that, contrary to other statements, were saved on the Internet in a video. Security guards allegedly got into a fight at an American airport after one of them made a derogatory comment about the other's penis. It is also the case that attractive women are particularly often “randomly” selected for the body scans.

For the Thanksgiving Festival 2010, citizens in the USA who criticize the TSA's approach called for a boycott: Passengers should refuse to be examined in the body scanner and thus force masses of personnel-intensive and time-consuming scanning examinations.

Web links

Wiktionary: Naked scanner  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

References and comments

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  70. ↑ Just a kind of stick figure . In: sueddeutsche.de . December 30th, 2009. Archived from the original on December 31st, 2009. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 9, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sueddeutsche.de
  71. ↑ Researchers develop virtuous all-rounders . In: Spiegel Online . January 11, 2010. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 12, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.spiegel.de
  72. ↑ American Science and Engineering , Inc. (ASEI), USA; L-3 Communications , USA; Rapiscan Systems (OSI subsidiary), USA and Smiths Detection Group Limited, Watford, Hertfordshire, UK and Smiths Heimann GmbH , Wiesbaden, Germany.
  73. ↑ Federal Ministry of Research promotes technology for body scanners according to the guideline “See more, show less”. (No longer available online.) In: Press release 304/2009. Federal Ministry of Education and Research, December 29, 2009, archived from the original on March 4, 2010 ; Retrieved January 2, 2010 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmbf.de
  74. ↑ FDP parliamentary group excludes use of naked scanners for 2010 - police union wants passengers to be checked by terrorist profilers . In: New Osnabrück Newspaper . January 5, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
  75. ↑ FDP party conference against naked scanner, ELENA and data retention . In: heise.de . April 24, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  76. ↑ a b "It has to get better" . In: Der Spiegel . No. 2 , 2010, p. 32–34 ( online - interview with Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, quote p. 34).

    “[...] The privacy must be preserved and there must be no health impairments. [...] If what could come next was a naked scanner, then you'd be right. That's why we won't have a naked scanner either. "

  77. ↑ All flight safety must be put to the test . In: gdp.de . January 4, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  78. ↑ Debate about flight safety: soon naked scanners at German airports? ( Memento from January 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) In: tagesschau.de, January 2, 2010. Retrieved on January 3, 2010.
  79. ↑ Deceptive security - lack of control at the airport . In: gdp.de . January 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
  80. ↑ Body scanners and security checks at airports . In: Association Cockpit . January 12, 2010. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 13, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vcockpit.de
  81. ^ Germans for the use of body scanners. Survey from January 6, 2010 at stern.de , accessed on January 6, 2009
  82. ↑ Norbert Hense: Petition: Data protection - No approval of whole-body scanners. German Bundestag , January 11, 2010, accessed on January 11, 2010 .
  83. ↑ Gordon Repinski: Online petition: Students mobilized against naked scanners. In: Spiegel Online . January 28, 2010, accessed January 28, 2010 .
  84. ↑ A hundred naked Americans online. spiegel.de, November 17, 2010, accessed on November 24, 2010 .
  85. ↑ US citizens boycott intimate controls. focus.de, November 24, 2010, accessed on November 24, 2010 .