Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial

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Memorial Genslerstrasse
Berlin-Hohenschönhausen
2012-07-22 Memorial Berlin-Hohenschoenhausen Genslerstr. 66 anagoria.JPG
Watchtower on Genslerstrasse
Data
place Berlin-Alt-Hohenschönhausen , Genslerstrasse 66
opening 1994
Number of visitors (annually) 444,000 (year 2015)
operator
City of Berlin
management
Website
ISIL DE-MUS-917111

The Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial is located on the site of the former central remand prison of the Ministry for State Security of the GDR in the Berlin district of Lichtenberg . The original prison of the Soviet NKVD , established in 1945 , became the central remand prison of the Soviet secret police in 1946. In 1951 it was finally handed over to the GDR, which used it as the “Central Remand Prison of the State Security” until 1989. It was closed in 1990 as part of the reunification of Germany . In the detention center were mainly political prisoners , including almost all well-known GDR opposition activists, detained and physically and mentally ge tortures . The prison was not listed on the city maps at the time, and in 1992 the prison buildings were listed as a historical monument . The memorial began operating on the prison grounds in 1994 and has been a Berlin foundation under public law since 2000. The memorial is a member of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience .

task

The task of the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial is laid down in the law on the establishment of the “Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial” foundation. According to this, the memorial should research the history of the Hohenschönhausen prison from 1945 to 1989 and provide information about it through exhibitions, events and publications in order to stimulate discussion of the forms and consequences of political persecution and oppression under the communist dictatorship . Using the example of the prison in Hohenschönhausen, information is to be provided about the political justice system in the GDR.

history

Berlin memorial plaque , Genslerstrasse 66, in Berlin-Alt-Hohenschönhausen
Memorial stone for the victims of special camp No. 3

Industrial site

The site of the later Hohenschönhausen prison belonged to the machine manufacturer Richard Heike until 1938 . The National Socialist People's Welfare erected a two-story brick building on the property that housed a large kitchen. During the Second World War, there was a barrack camp for prisoners of war and slave labor near the large kitchen .

Special camp No. 3

In May 1945, the Soviet NKVD set up a special camp on the premises of the large kitchen , the number 3 of ten camps in the Soviet occupation zone .

With an average occupancy of 1,800 prisoners (maximum occupancy: 4,000 to 5,000), a total of around 20,000 political prisoners and other people suspected of being in the Soviet Union were detained in this camp and were distributed from here to the other special camps . So-called "hostile elements" were imprisoned, among them former active members of the NSDAP or Gestapo , suspected spies or terrorists, operators of illegal radio stations or printing works, newspaper and magazine editors and authors who had published anti-Soviet writings, as well as young people under " Werewolf ”suspicion. In addition to Germans, former Eastern European forced laborers (such as Russians , Poles , Ukrainians , Estonians , Latvians , Czechs ) were among the prisoners. Special Camp No. 3 was closed in October 1946. The prisoners were transferred to the Sachsenhausen or Buchenwald special camps .

Of the 20,000 detainees in Special Camp No. 3 and a neighboring Soviet detention labor camp, an estimated 1,000 people died. The dead were buried in bomb craters and carbide mud pits. After 1990, 259 dead were exhumed in the vicinity of the memorial and buried in the Hohenschönhausen cemetery on Gärtnerstrasse, which is a memorial there. The central administration of all ten Soviet special camps of the SMAD in the Soviet occupation zone was located in Genslerstrasse .

Central remand prison of the Soviet secret police (1946–1950), the "submarine"

Corridor in the "submarine"

In the winter of 1946/47, prisoners had to build a cell prison in the underground storage and cooling room of the former large kitchen. Sixty windowless cells were created. The inventory of these damp and partly unheatable chambers consisted of a wooden cot and a bucket for faeces. Because lights were on in the cells day and night, the noise of the ventilation system could be heard constantly and the inmates felt “submerged”, they called the prison “submarine”.

The mostly political prisoners reported on the interrogation methods used by the Soviet State Security Service: the interrogations usually took place at night and the prisoners were tortured physically and mentally. In addition to beatings and whipping with a leather belt, the torture methods also included more subtle methods such as permanent sleep deprivation , standing for hours, detention in tiny isolation cells for days, or staying in chambers with raised doorsteps for several days in which prisoners were doused with cold water until they were ankle-deep in the water stood.

In addition to National Socialists, the prisoners at this time included suspected political opponents who belonged to the democratic parties SPD , LDPD and CDU , but also Soviet military personnel and communists, who were accused of lack of loyalty to the line. Erika Riemann , who was 14 at the time , was also one of the prisoners. From 1945 to 1954 she was in Soviet and GDR prisons because she had painted a Stalin poster with lipstick.

Central remand prison of the State Security, "U-Boot" (1951-1960) and "Neubau" (1960-1989)

Corridor with cells in the new building of the former prison

For almost 40 years, the remand prison in Hohenschönhausen was also the most important of the state security. Behind its walls, the injustice state of the GDR isolated, interrogated and tortured more than 10,000 prisoners before their trials, some for years.

In the summer of 1951, the Ministry for State Security (MfS), founded in 1950, together with the restricted area, also took over the cellar prison, which was still referred to as the “submarine”, as the central remand prison for the next ten years. In the late 1950s, a new prison was built right next to it. After its commissioning in 1961, the old cellar prison was mainly used for storage purposes.

In addition, until 1974 there was a secret labor camp run by the Stasi for convicted prisoners, Camp X , in the immediate vicinity of the remand prison . Prisoners in this camp had built the new prison by 1960. This contained over 100 cells and 120 interrogation rooms. The above-ground cells on the outside were given barred glass block windows. Between May 21, 1959 and December 7, 1989, a total of 2694 inmates from all MfS prisons were treated in the adjacent “Central Detention Hospital”. After the last renovation in 1972, it contained 28 beds.

After the Wall was built on August 13, 1961, it served, among other things, as a prison for people who wanted to flee or emigrate , and also for critics of the SED such as Rudolf Bahro , the writer Jürgen Fuchs and the painter Bärbel Bohley . Even after the immediate post-war period there were still occasional Nazi - war criminals such as Heinz Barth and Josef Blösche detained.

When the GDR in the 1950s fought for international recognition and the many victims of torture negative impact on public perception had been held direct physical torture increased psychological attrition of prisoners including through isolation , uncertainty and disorientation (social and sensory deprivation exercised). The aim was to break the will of the inmates without demonstrable physical harm, which is why the Stasi only used white torture from then on .

Personnel trained at the legal college in Potsdam were trained to destabilize and undermine the prisoners' personality . The prisoners were harassed in all situations, for example by waking up regularly at night (every three minutes) or by changing the room temperature.

Jürgen Fuchs describes the changing interrogation strategy and attempts at humiliation in minutes from everyday prison life in Hohenschönhausen. His cell partner continued interrogation and torture at all times. Fuchs was allowed to visit his wife while he was in prison. After the meeting, a guard told him, “The first speaker and without tears. Congratulations. [...] Maybe we should have ordered your child to come with us. "

In order to conceal their location, prisoners only reached the cell wing with windowless prisoner transporters via the also windowless garage.
On the corridor walls an alarm system made of plastered lines, in the background corridor lights to isolate the prisoners outside their cell

Even during the interrogation and the identification service, the prisoners were put under psychological pressure, in that they had to remain in the places assigned to them for hours without being noticed, without knowing what was to happen next. In addition, fake phone calls with false content were made while the prisoner was present. For example, it was suggested in this way that a bad fate had happened to a relative.

As a rule, the prisoners did not know during their incarceration that they were in Berlin: they had to leave the windowless prisoner transporter in the windowless garage of the cell wing. All cell windows were made of barred glass blocks, and the curtains in the interrogation room were closed before each interrogation. Traffic light-like devices in all corridors prevented two prisoners from ever meeting each other outside of their solitary cell. This made it possible to accommodate several suspects or entire families in the same building and interrogate them one after the other without one prisoner knowing that the others were present.

The MfS had other service units on the premises such as the main department IX / 11, the operational-technical sector (e.g. forgery workshops) and the archive of the files from the Nazi era managed by the MfS . All MfS prisons in the GDR were centrally administered from this location.

The entire area surrounding the prison was a restricted area during the GDR era and was shown veiled in city maps. The prison was in the middle of a residential area; in order to guarantee the secrecy anyway, only people loyal to the system lived here, usually Stasi officers. The memorial is particularly hated by the latter, as visitors to the facility are led through the site by former prisoners and can describe the deeds as those affected in a particularly credible manner. Former GDR functionaries and members of the Stasi have therefore founded their own organizations such as the GBM and the GRH , which agitate against the reappraisal of GDR history by the memorial .

Peaceful revolution

With the turning point and peaceful revolution in the GDR , the Ministry for State Security was converted into the Office for National Security (AfNS) by the reform communist government of Modrow on November 17, 1989 . On December 14th, under pressure from the democratic citizens' movement and under the influence of the Central Round Table , the Council of Ministers decided to dissolve the AfNS and thus all prisons. The prison departments were transferred to the administration of the Ministry of the Interior of the GDR. The last prisoners of the Honecker era were released in the spring of 1990, and several high- ranking SED officials were subsequently imprisoned here. The Hohenschönhausen detention center was handed over to the West Berlin judiciary administration and closed on October 2, 1990 in the course of reunification .

History of the memorial

Single cell in the new building

After the Peaceful Revolution , the buildings and facilities largely remained in their original condition. A memorial was set up in 1994. The land and buildings belong to the State of Berlin; the federal government and the State of Berlin jointly finance the memorial. Historian Hubertus Knabe was the scientific director of the memorial from December 1, 2000 to 2018 , Siegfried Reiprich was the deputy director until 2009 and Helmuth Frauendorfer from 2010 to 2018 . During Knabe's tenure, the number of visitors rose from around 50,000 to over 450,000 per year. In June 2019, the historian Helge Heidemeyer was appointed as the new director , who took office on September 1, 2019.

Visitor speakers, mostly former prisoners, guide visitors through the various buildings. The memorial is also aimed at schools with courses and has published teaching material in cooperation with the Berlin State Institute for Schools and Media . The majority of the visitors are now schoolchildren, mainly from the federal states of North Rhine-Westphalia , Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg . Foreigners interested in this memorial mostly came from Denmark , Norway and Great Britain . During a project day offered by the memorial, the pupils should be shown prison conditions from the perspective of the prisoners. Under supervision, the students go through various stations such as listening to a prison song, sitting still for fifteen minutes (to get to know an interrogator method and its "effects on the prisoners by imitating their own body"), writing a cash register , writing a letter under the condition of letter censorship and giving Knock sign.

The guided tours by contemporary witnesses are scientifically underpinned by an exhibition about the history of the Stasi prison, school classes are shown a thirty-minute, didactically prepared documentary before each tour. The head of the Stasi records authority , Roland Jahn , considers the role of contemporary witnesses as museum guides to be essential.

On July 21, 2006, four plaques were set up in Berlin-Hohenschönhausen to commemorate the “victims of the communist dictatorship” to mark the former restricted area around the prison of the State Security of the GDR. The event was preceded by a long debate in the district assembly in the PDS- governed district of Lichtenberg . In the spring of 2009, the memorial was declared a Selected Site for 2009 by the Germany - Land of Ideas initiative .

Politicians from Germany and abroad repeatedly visited the memorial. On May 5, 2009, Chancellor Angela Merkel visited the site for the first time and laid a wreath. On March 11, 2013, the Hungarian President János Áder visited the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial and laid a wreath on the “Memorial stone for the victims of communist tyranny”.

In the older prison building, in the cellar of which the submarine can be viewed, a permanent exhibition on the history of the site was opened in October 2013 after a two-year renovation.

History revisionism by Stasi officers

On March 14, 2006, high-ranking former Stasi officers and functionaries such as Wolfgang Schwanitz and the former prison director Siegfried Rataizick denied the mistreatment of prisoners during a panel discussion, questioned the descriptions of the conditions in the prison and denied the terror carried out by the Stasi political opponents. This caused quite a stir in politics and the public, especially since the PDS Senator for Culture Thomas Flierl who was present did not raise any objection to the whitewashing of the Stasi torture, although Flierl was chairman of the memorial's foundation board through his office. The Berlin House of Representatives , on the other hand, rejected the statements made by the former Stasi officers. The President of the House of Representatives, Walter Momper, assured the victims' associations and the memorial that he would support the House of Representatives and sharply attacked the former Stasi officers. Karl Wilhelm Fricke wrote after this appearance by the former Stasi officers: “Your speculation about a short memory is justified. This is what makes their history revisionism live , which selects the truth and turns it upside down. "

Organized former Stasi officers and employees, some of whom incorrectly pretended to be Saxon historians, for some time regularly caused disruptions through heckling during the tours of the memorial. The agitation of the former Stasi employees led to confusion among visitors who took part in the tours.

Support association

The Friends of the Hohenschönhausen Memorial is a private association that operates independently of the memorial. Since 2008, he has awarded the Hohenschönhausen Prize every two years , which was originally to be named after Walter Linse . The prize, endowed with 5,000 euros, is given to a personality who has “made outstanding contributions to the critical examination of the communist dictatorship” through scientific work or interesting artistic projects or journalistic work.

The winners in 2008 were the writer Joachim Walther , in 2010 the journalist and GDR expert Karl Wilhelm Fricke , and in 2012 the writer Erich Loest . In the same year the journalist Sven Felix Kellerhoff received an honorary award and the Cottbus Human Rights Center received a special award for his efforts to create the Cottbus prison memorial .

In 2014 the Hohenschönhausen Prize went to the writer Reiner Kunze . In 2016, the Chinese writer and dissident Liao Yiwu and the association Doping Victims Aid and its chairman Ines Geipel were honored.

In June 2018, the memorial site management terminated its cooperation with the friends' association on the grounds that the internal conflicts in the association would damage the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial Foundation. The background to this were disputes in which the club's chairman, Jörg Kürschner, was accused of “positioning pro AfD ” by the secretary Stephan Hilsberg . Furthermore, it became known that the then Berlin AfD chairman Georg Pazderski had become a member of the association on Kürschner's initiative.

See also

Replacement of the memorial site management in 2018

As Die Zeit and other newspapers reported in 2018, allegations of sexual harassment by the Deputy Head of the Helmuth Frauendorfer memorial towards employees in the Berlin cultural administration had been on record since 2014. In February 2016, the Berlin State Secretary for Culture, Tim Renner , instructed the memorial site director Hubertus Knabe to take appropriate measures to remedy this. In December 2017, Knabe was "informed in writing and made aware of his duties of care in accordance with the General Equal Treatment Act" after another volunteer complained to the women's representative. After the decision of the foundation council meeting on June 11, 2018, Knabe was commissioned to "develop a prevention concept against discrimination, bullying and sexual harassment in a timely manner". Only three days later, a joint letter from six former and current employees reached the foundation's supervisors, complaining about constant "structural sexism" in the memorial operations. The immediate plausibility investigation by a lawyer commissioned by Senator for Culture Klaus Lederer came to the conclusion that “the allegations were substantiated”. After the letter from the six employees became known to the public, more women came forward and for the first time also accused boys of improper behavior. After Knabe's appearance in front of the memorial's board of trustees on September 25, the latter came to the conclusion that it was not possible to solve the problem with him. In a unanimous decision, the Board of Trustees therefore decided to give Knabe an ordinary termination on March 31, 2019. Frauendorfer, who was initially on leave, was released in September 2018. On February 20, 2020, the Berlin House of Representatives set up a parliamentary committee of inquiry to “clarify the causes, consequences and responsibility for undesirable developments at the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial” during the terms of office of the Senators of Culture Klaus Wowereit , Michael Müller and Klaus Lederer. The committee of inquiry was constituted on March 24, 2020 and is expected to present a final report by the end of 2020, which will be discussed by the plenary session of the House of Representatives in January 2021. The chairman of the committee of inquiry is the MP Sabine Bangert ( Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen ).

reception

literature

  • Matthias Bath : caught and traded free. 1197 days as an escape helper in GDR custody. (= Row imprisoned in Hohenschönhausen ). Jaron, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-89773-566-8 .
  • Susanne Buckley-Zistel: Detained in the Memorial Hohenschönhausen: Heterotopias, Narratives and Transitions from the Stasi Past in Germany. In: Susanne Buckley-Zistel, Stefanie Schäfer (Ed.): Memorials in Times of Transition. Intersentia Series on Transitional Justice. Intersentia, Cambridge / Antwerp / Portland, 2014, ISBN 978-1-78068-211-2 , pp. 97–124 (English).
  • Marc Buhl: 375, three seven five. Novel. Eichborn-Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-8218-5782-4 .
  • Rainer Dellmuth Excursions on the Grotewohl Express. Operational process “apprentice”: a youth is destroyed. Anita-Tykve Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-925434-93-3 .
  • Peter Erler , Hubertus Knabe : The forbidden district. Stasi restricted area Berlin-Hohenschönhausen. Jaron, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-89773-506-7 .
  • Peter Erler: Police major Karl Heinrich - Nazi opponent and anti-communist. A biographical sketch . (= Row imprisoned in Hohenschönhausen). Jaron, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-89773-567-5 .
  • Jürgen Fuchs : Interrogation protocols. Rowohlt, Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-499-12726-1 .
  • Karl Wilhelm Fricke : file inspection. Reconstruction of political persecution with a foreword by Joachim Gauck . Links, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-86153-099-6 .
  • Robert Ide : Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial. (= The New Architecture Guide No. 43). Stadtwandel Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-933743-89-3 .
  • Hubertus Knabe (Ed.): Captured in Hohenschönhausen . (= Row imprisoned in Hohenschönhausen ). List-Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-548-60741-2 .
  • Hubertus Knabe, Andreas Engwert (Ed.): Imprisoned in Hohenschönhausen. Evidence of political persecution 1945–1989. (= Catalog for the permanent exhibition). Nicolai, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-89479-947-2 .
  • Klaus Kordon , crocodile on the neck. Beltz and Gelberg Verlag, Weinheim 2002, ISBN 3-407-80893-3 .
  • Elisabeth Martin: “I only complied with the applicable law”. Origin, working method and mentality of the guards and interrogators at the Stasi remand prison in Berlin-Hohenschönhausen. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2014, ISBN 978-3-8487-1684-5 .
  • Matthias Melster, Oliver S. Scholten: Wall - The control of the images. 20 years since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Onkel & Onkel Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-940029-36-2 .
  • Sergej Mironenko and a. (Ed.): Soviet special camps in Germany 1945–1950. Vol. 1, Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-05-002531-X .
  • Peter Reif-Spirek, Bodo Ritscher (ed.): Special camp in the SBZ. Links, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-86153-193-3 .
  • Anatol Rosenbaum: The GDR is celebrating its birthday and I'm going to be a potato peeler. As a doctor and "agent" in "Kommando X" of the MfS. Lichtig-Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-929905-19-1 .
  • Anna Schlotterbeck: The Forbidden Hope. From the life of a communist. With a foreword by Hans Noll. Facta Oblita Verlag, Hamburg 1990, ISBN 3-926827-31-9 .
  • Beate Niemann: My good father. My life with its past. A perpetrator biography. Verlag Hentrich & Hentrich Teetz, 2006, ISBN 3-938485-43-4 .
  • Julia Spohr: In custody at the State Security. The Berlin-Hohenschönhausen remand prison 1951-1989. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-525-35120-8 .
  • Tobias Voigt, Peter Erler : Medicine behind bars - The Stasi detention hospital in Berlin-Hohenschönhausen. Jaron Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-89773-673-3 .
  • Hans-Eberhard Zahn : The prison labor camp (camp X) of the Ministry for State Security as a model of the German Democratic Republic. In: Peter Erler: "Lager X". The MfS's secret labor camp in Berlin-Hohenschönhausen (1952–1972). Facts - documents - people. Forschungsverbund SED-Staat, Berlin 1997, ISSN  0942-3931 , pp. 7-16.
  • Hans-Eberhard Zahn: Prison conditions and production of confessions in the detention centers of the MfS - Psychological aspects and biographical illustration. (= Series of publications by the Berlin State Commissioner for the Stasi Records. Volume 5). 5th edition. Berlin 2007. ISBN 978-3-934085-01-5 .
  • Peter and Christa Gross-Feurich both in 1975 in Hohenschönhausen custody, “Once Ku'damm and back”, Berlin 2016 ISBN 978-3-7418-3926-9 .

documentary

  • Thomas Gaevert : The Farce - History of an Arrest , Production: Schiwago-Film Berlin, Publication: Literature Office Saxony-Anhalt / State Center for Civic Education Saxony-Anhalt 2002; Premiere: February 13, 2002, Palais am Fürstenwall , Magdeburg , in the series "Art in the Palais"

art

  • Tanya Ury : Artistic Freedom / Artistic Freedom . Photo series, 2013.

Web links

Commons : Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial  - Collection of images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b memorial takes stock . In: Berliner Woche , January 27, 2016, p. 4.
  2. ↑ Pretrial detention center of the Ministry for State Security ( Memento of the original from December 22, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Website of the Hohenschönhausen Memorial. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stiftung-hsh.de
  3. ↑ Peter Erler, Hubertus Knabe: The forbidden district. Stasi restricted area Berlin-Hohenschönhausen . Jaron Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 978-3-89773-506-4 , p. 4-7 .
  4. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List: Genslerstrasse 66, former detention center of the Ministry for State Security
  5. ↑ Law on the establishment of the “Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial” Foundation of June 21, 2000 ( Memento of the original of June 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ; PDF; 33 kB) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the foundation's website. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stiftung-hsh.de
  6. ↑ Section 2 (1) of the law on the establishment of the “Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial” Foundation.
  7. ↑ Sergei Mironenko, Lutz Niethammer, Alexander v. Plato, Volkhard Knigge, Günter Morsch (Eds.): Soviet Special Camps in Germany 1945–1950 , Vol. 1, Akademie Verlag 1998, ISBN 3-05-002531-X .
  8. ↑ Cf. Book of the Dead of the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial .
  9. ↑ Jörg Morré (Mitw.): Special camp of the NKVD. Soviet internment camps in Brandenburg 1945–1950 . Brandenburg State Center for Political Education, Potsdam 1997, ISBN 3-932502-07-8 , pp. 88, 101
  10. ↑ Denkort Hohenschönhausen in the list of honors of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein .
  11. ↑ Peter Erler, Hubertus Knabe: The forbidden district of the Stasi restricted area Berlin-Hohenschönhausen . Jaron, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-05-002531-X , pp. 57-58.
  12. ↑ Peter Erler, Hubertus Knabe: The forbidden district of the Stasi restricted area Berlin-Hohenschönhausen . Jaron, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-05-002531-X , p. 57.
  13. ↑ Riemann, Erika: The bow on Stalin's beard. A girl's prank, eight years in prison and the time after, Munich 2009.
  14. ↑ a b Bickmeyer, Brenner, Krücken: Just get out of here! 18 stories of fleeing the GDR. 18 stories against oblivion. Ankerherz Verlag 2014. p. 9.
  15. ^ Information from the youth opposition project in the GDR of the Federal Agency for Political Education on the use of the submarine
  16. ↑ Call for tenders from the Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development (PDF; 3.5 MB) for the partial renovation of the memorial to create a central exhibition area, p. 20.
  17. ↑ Peter Erler : Information on Camp X. ( Memento of the original from June 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Horch und Guck , issue 20/1997 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.horch-und-guck.info
  18. ↑ Julia Spohr: In custody at the State Security. The Berlin-Hohenschönhausen remand prison 1951-1989. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-525-35120-8 .
  19. ^ Jürgen Fuchs: interrogation protocols. Rowohlt, Berlin 1978.
  20. ↑ Hubertus Knabe: The perpetrators are among us. About the glossing over of the SED dictatorship. Berlin 2009, p. 291.
  21. ↑ Michael Meyer: Die Schönfärber - About attempts to reinterpret GDR history , Deutschlandfunk - " Background " from February 19, 2009}
  22. ↑ Hohenschönhausen Memorial Foundation - History of the Detention Department ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stiftung-hsh.de
  23. ↑ About us. In: stiftung-hsh.de. Retrieved August 9, 2018 .
  24. ↑ Accumulation of harassment allegations. Hubertus Knabe has to leave the Stasi memorial. Spon September 25, 2018.
  25. ↑ Hubertus Knabe | Historian and author of articles on the GDR, the Stasi, the GDR opposition and communism. Retrieved April 8, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial Foundation: 8th activity report (2015/2016). (PDF) In: https://www.stiftung-hsh.de/forschung/publikationen-2/ . Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial Foundation, accessed on April 8, 2019 .
  27. ↑ "I can hardly see the bars in front of my window" . Contribution of the RBB from September 28, 2019.
  28. ^ Political persecution in the GDR. Material for teaching, Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial, Berlin State Institute for Schools and Media (LISUM), Berlin 2003, PDF, 6 MB ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / stiftung-hsh.de
  29. ↑ On the trail of the Stasi with contemporary witnesses , Deutschlandfunk, May 5, 2011
  30. ^ Berthold Seewald: Last Bastion. Why the PDS wants to prevent four information boards about the GDR state security in the East Berlin district of Lichtenberg. In: world. April 26, 2006, accessed December 7, 2014 .
  31. ↑ Hohenschönhausen Memorial Foundation: Memorial is Selected Location 2009 ( Memento of the original from December 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / stiftung-hsh.de
  32. ↑ Armin Fuhrer: Hohenschönhausen: History lesson with the Chancellor . Focus Online, May 5, 2009.
  33. ↑ Homepage of the Hohenschönhausen Foundation ( Memento of the original dated December 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stiftung-hsh.de
  34. ↑ Barbara Bollwahn : The time in the cell . In: Die Tageszeitung , October 7, 2013
  35. ↑ Statement by the Union of Victims' Associations of Communist Tyranny (UOKG) on events in the memorial ( Memento of the original from May 15, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. dated March 20, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uokg.de
  36. ^ Helmuth Frauendorfer: Stasi deployment in Hohenschönhausen. Ex-Stasi people referred to the Hohenschönhausen memorial as a “horror cabinet”. Senator for culture Flierl did not act consistently against the denigration. (No longer available online.) MDR, February 27, 2006, archived from the original on May 27, 2006 ; Retrieved December 7, 2014 (manuscript). ; Karl Wilhelm Fricke : Historical revisionism from the MfS perspective. Former Stasi cadres want to reinterpret their story . In: Deutschland Archiv , Vol. 39 (2006), No. 3, pp. 490–496 ( online (PDF) in the Internet archive).
  37. ↑ Hubertus Knabe : The perpetrators are among us. About the glossing over of the SED dictatorship. Berlin 2008, p. 298
  38. ↑ Walter Momper: Speech by the President of the Berlin House of Representatives, Walter Momper, on the event “Setting signals - actors and former prisoners of the MfS read reports from contemporary witnesses” on Tuesday, April 4, 2006, 7 pm, in the plenary hall of the Berlin House of Representatives. (PDF) (No longer available online.) April 4, 2006, archived from the original on September 24, 2015 ; Retrieved December 7, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stiftung-hsh.de
  39. ^ Karl Wilhelm Fricke : Historical revisionism from the MfS perspective. Former Stasi cadres want to reinterpret their story . In: Deutschland Archiv , Vol. 39 (2006), No. 3, pp. 490–496, here: p. 494.
  40. ↑ Michael Meyer: The Schönfärber. About attempts to reinterpret GDR history. In: Deutschlandfunk . February 19, 2009, accessed May 1, 2014 .
  41. ↑ Information from the Friends of the Hohenschönhausen Memorial ( Memento of the original from February 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.foerderverein-hsh.de
  42. ↑ News from April 3, 2017. Kulturradio; Internet Archive; accessed on October 6, 2018.
  43. ↑ Berlin-Hohenschönhausen: Stasi victims memorial cuts cooperation with friends' association. In: tagesspiegel.de . June 19, 2018, accessed June 20, 2018 .
  44. ↑ Hannah Beitzer: When AfD supporters educate people about dictatorships. In: sueddeutsche.de . September 6, 2018, accessed October 13, 2018 .
  45. ↑ Dispute in Hohenschönhausen Stasi memorial announces cooperation with Förderverein , rbb24.de , June 20, 2018, accessed October 5, 2018.
  46. ↑ Hohenschönhausen Stasi Memorial Employees complain of sexual harassment , Berliner Zeitung of September 19, 2018, accessed October 5, 2018
  47. ↑ Sexual harassment: Lederer examines allegations in the Hohenschönhausen Stasi memorial , Der Tagesspiegel from September 20, 2018, accessed October 5, 2018
  48. ↑ There were already indications of sexual harassment in 2014 , Die Zeit from October 4, 2018, accessed October 5, 2018
  49. ↑ Allegations of harassment in the Hohenschönhausen Memorial , rbb24.de from September 20, 2018, accessed October 5, 2018
  50. ↑ Hubertus Knabe has to leave the Stasi memorial , spiegel.de of September 26, 2018
  51. ↑ No. 2020/54/16 - Insertion of printed matter 18/2505. (PDF) Berlin House of Representatives, February 20, 2020, accessed on May 10, 2020 .
  52. ↑ 3. Investigative Committee "Hohenschönhausen Memorial" . Information about the committee of inquiry on the website of the House of Representatives, accessed on May 10, 2020.
  53. ↑ Review
  54. ^ Review by André Glasmacher .
  55. ↑ Reading with a Jewish Stasi prisoner .
  56. ^ Biography of Anna Schlotterbeck.


Coordinates: 52 ° 32 ′ 30 ″  N , 13 ° 30 ′ 4 ″  E