History of hunting in Germany

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Heinrich Hetzbold von Weißensee hunting wild boar, Codex Manesse , Cod. Pal. germ. 848, fol. 228r., Between 1305 and 1340

The history of hunting in Germany encompasses the history of hunting in the Federal Republic of Germany and the preceding German states. In a narrower sense, it begins with the emergence of Germany, which - according to conventional opinion - took place in 10/11 Century is located parallel to the rise of the Roman-German kingship.

Origin and prehistory

Spear VII of the so-called Schöninger Speere made from pine wood in the find location, 1997

Hunting is one of the most original activities in human history and is older than anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) themselves.

The oldest undisputed archaeological evidence of hunting comes from the Pleistocene and coincides with the emergence and spread of Homo erectus around 1.7 million years ago. From then to around 10,000 BC BC - and in parts beyond - almost all of humanity lived as hunters and gatherers . The hunt represented an important step in the evolution of humans due to the necessity of specialization, division of labor and advance planning of the hunters, for example in the production of tools and weapons . The jointly carried out hunt promoted social and communicative skills and educated people one of the foundations of human culture.

The discovery of the approximately 120,000-year-old Lance von Lehringen and the approximately 300,000-year-old Schöninger spears , the oldest fully preserved hunting weapons in the world, prove that Neanderthals and Homo heidelbergensis had already hunted large game . The hunt served as a food supply and, in addition to meat, provided animal by-products such as bones for tools or for flutes and works of art, skins as clothing , for shoes , for blankets , for dwellings ( tents ) and carrier bags as well as sinews for sewing and for bows . The first cave paintings and figurative works of art by the Ice Age hunters can be found in the Upper Palaeolithic and Magdalenian periods . Originally, for example, the hunting animals were cornered. The oldest forms of hunting are persecution or endurance , ambulance and trap hunting.

With the increasing settling of people and the beginning of agriculture and cattle breeding , hunting as a source of food increasingly faded into the background for large parts of the population. At the same time, the changed living conditions in the protection of the cultivated land from damage caused by game and the fight against predators to protect livestock also resulted in new uses for hunting.

middle Ages

Wild boar hunters with boar swords - detail from the woodcut Triumphal procession of Emperor Maximilian , 1526

Even in late antiquity and at the beginning of the early Middle Ages , the rural population had the opportunity to hunt freely. For the people of that time, the hunted by-products such as hides, furs and bones for the manufacture of clothing and tools were of particular importance. Based on the increasing power of the Franconian kings in the 8th century, in the course of the Middle Ages there was an increasing designation of wild forest areas in which the king or another prince claimed the right to hunt for themselves. The hunt became more and more a privilege of the king or the nobility as well as state and church dignitaries . Among the saints of the Catholic Church there are several who are considered the patron saint of hunters , in the Middle Ages this was - and continues to be, especially in Austria and Bavaria - Saint Eustachius († around 118), later, from around the second half of the 15th century, there was an increasing veneration of Saint Hubert († 727). The distinction between " high hunt " - the hunt for big game reserved for the nobility - and "low hunt" for the lower clergy and free farmers, or as a citizen hunt for smaller animals such as rabbits and game birds , as well as roe deer , also originates from the times of feudalism . which is the only cloven-hoofed game to be classified as small game . Farmers were allowed to Sometimes only scare the game away from their fields to protect their crops from damage caused by game.

German Peasants' War and early modern times

Dianenfest from 1812 at Bebenhausen Castle , Johann Baptist Seele , 1813/14, oil on canvas, 231 × 331 cm, Ludwigsburg Castle Administration.

The combination of high damage caused by game and hunting services for the aristocratic lords was ultimately one of the reasons for the uprising of the peasants in the German Peasants' War from 1524 to 1526. In the twelve articles proclaimed in 1525 by the peasants assembled in Memmingen, the demand for freer was found in fourth place Hunting and fishing. With the defeat of the peasants, however, so did their demands.

In the further course of the 16th century, farmers in some dominions were even forbidden from simply driving game from their fields and the severest penalties were imposed , including the death penalty for poaching . The stately hunt gained further significance as a social event and means of representation for the sovereigns.

The state hunt finally reached its climax in the Baroque era. In particular, elaborate, so-called discontinued hunts , par force hunts with pack of dogs and hunting on the water, in which game was driven into ponds or rivers in order to then stab it from boats, enjoyed great popularity among the nobility. The damage caused by such an elaborately staged spectacle was enormous. Since there was no financial interest in such events under feudalism, the costs far exceeded the yield of the venison.

As a result of the political and social upheavals at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, many princes lost their sovereignty as a result of mediatization , but in many places they kept and used their lordly privileges to hunt on foreign land. In addition to the farmers who were directly affected, the growing, liberal bourgeoisie also demanded freedom of disposal over private property, the legal independence of the individual and the protection of productive property.

Germany after the revolution of 1848

Cheering revolutionaries after barricade fighting on March 18, 1848 in the Breite Strasse in Berlin
Paulskirche constitution of March 28, 1849 with title page and § 169 paragraph 1 hunting law

The German Revolution of 1848/49 marked a turning point and brought about fundamental changes for hunting in the federal states. The law on the abolition of the right to hunt on foreign land and on the practice of hunting of October 31, 1848, the content of which is confirmed in Art. 8, Section 37, Paragraph 2 of the Reich Law on the Fundamental Rights of the German People of December 27, 1848 was incorporated into the Paulskirche constitution of March 28, 1849 with § 169 , represented a turning point in hunting law, as it abolished the hunting shelves of the nobility as well as all hunting services without compensation and tied the right to hunt to the property of the land. Every landowner could now hunt for his property, no matter how big it was. The Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Mecklenburg-Schwerin, which retained their feudal constitution until the end of the monarchy in 1918, were an exception. In contrast to other achievements, the principle of binding hunting rights to landed property survived the suppression of the revolution and the subsequent era of political reaction and has survived in Germany to this day.

As a result of free hunting, which allowed the farmers to limit the damage caused by game on their fields and in their forests by shooting, the hoofed game population was greatly decimated, especially in community areas. The positive effect on forest regeneration that this reduction had can be seen in the many diverse mixed deciduous forests from that time. At the same time, the number of hunting accidents increased dramatically due to unregulated hunting. The intensive persecution made the red deer disappear from some regions, although the much-cited danger of large-scale extinction of wild boar, roe deer and red deer in view of limited transport options and little developed, large forest areas did not exist.

A significant correction of the fragmented practice of hunting caused by free hunting was brought about by later enacted regulations, such as the Prussian Hunting Police Act (JPolG) passed in 1850, which the hunting right, which still belongs to every landowner, from the hunting right, which landowners are only allowed to exercise if you coherent real estate reached a specified minimum size, separated them and thus established the so-called district hunting system that still exists today . By law, owners of smaller areas were united in hunting cooperatives and had to lease the hunting rights to a hunter or jointly exercise the hunting rights on the cooperative area created in this way, usually in a district . In many places, hunting associations were founded in which the local farmers joined together for so-called peasant hunts in order to hunt collectively. This was usually done through one or two driven hunts , while the game remained undisturbed for the rest of the year.

Access to the right to hunt developed into an instrument for the political shaping of hunting practice. Around 1860, official hunting licenses were introduced in the hunting police laws for the first time, with the help of which one wanted to exclude groups of people who were considered unreliable from the hunt.

The German Imperium

Bavarian farmers after a driven hunt with a track consisting of deer, hare and fox, ca.1890
Kaiser Wilhelm II inspecting the route after a wild boar hunt, around 1912

The hunters in the second half of the 19th century can be roughly divided into two groups: the great majority of peasant and proletarian hunters on the one hand and the hunters of the large estates, the high military, the nobility, the higher officials and the upper class on the other. After the establishment of the German Kaiser , representatives of the latter group in the 1870s, the first hunting interest groups, such as the General German hunting Protection Association (ADJV) and the Pfälzisch Bavarian Jagdverband whose aim the suppression of as " Aasjäger designated" or "shooter" Bauer Hunter was. The degree of organization of these hunting associations was very low and the majority of the hunters of the time had nothing to do with the values ​​and goals of these interest groups.

In 1900, of the approximately 260,000 hunting license holders in the German Reich, only around 17,000, i.e. approx. 7%, were members of hunting clubs. The individual hunting clubs therefore endeavored to win over influential public figures in order to influence the hunting legislation.

Weimar Republic

After the First World War, individual countries began to make the issue of a hunting license dependent on passing a hunter's examination. During the Weimar Republic , there was a concentration of associations under the Reichsjagdbund, founded in 1928, which until 1931 comprised all major hunting associations (in particular the ADJV, the German Hunting Association and the Palatinate Bavarian Hunting Association ), dog clubs and the game trade, the gunsmithing trade , the guns and ammunition industry, but also united the forest owners and forest officials associations under the umbrella of the hunt. The proportion of hunting license holders organized in hunting associations rose to 25 to 30% by 1933. The aim of the Reichsjagdbund, whose managing director Ulrich Scherping became, was the standardization of the regionally widely very different hunting law in the German Reich, based on their ideas. An ally of the imperial hunting Bund was doing in the Prussian Prime Minister Otto Braun , who in 1928 at the urging of ADJV the shot with buckshot ban on deer and 1931 commissioned the design of a new Prussian Hunting Act.

National Socialism

(from left to right): Walter Frevert , Hermann Göring and Ulrich Scherping assessing dropping poles

Hermann Göring , later appointed Reichsjägermeister by Adolf Hitler , who personally detested hunting, took over the patronage of the new Prussian hunting law when he took office as Prussian Prime Minister in 1933. The completed set of laws, which complied with all the essential requirements of the Reichsjagdbund, was first introduced in 1934 as the Prussian Hunting Act and shortly afterwards as the Reichsjagdgesetz (RJG) throughout the German Reich .

The Reichsjagdgesetz stipulated that only natural persons were allowed to lease the right to hunt, which excluded village hunting clubs from hunting. The indefinite legal term of " woad justice " (the change of the spelling to "ai" made in the Reichsjagdgesetz) was supposed to symbolize a new beginning) was enshrined in law for the first time. The classification of hunting trophies was also anchored in law and mandatory, regular trophy shows were introduced.

The enormous influence that the Reichsjagdamt had under Göring in the Third Reich can be seen from an example. In the so-called oat war in the winter of 1942/43, grain intended for the nutrition of small children had to be given in order to feed the trophy deer in the state hunting grounds.

post war period

US soldiers of the 4th Infantry Division after a successful hunt for deer and brown hare near Goesdorf in Luxembourg at the end of 1944

After the Second World War, the victorious powers banned all Germans from hunting and had all firearms that could be found withdrawn. At the beginning of the post-war period , hunting was only allowed to occupation soldiers. In the emerging dispute about the future direction of hunting in the newly founded German states, there was early criticism of an update of the content of the Reich Hunting Act and the reinstatement of hunting officials from the Nazi era, but ultimately the advocates of an extensive adoption of the Reich Hunting Act enforce the state hunting laws.

German Democratic Republic

Erich Honecker and Leonid Breshnew on a hunting trip, GDR (1971)

As a result of the GDR's hunting law passed in 1953 , the binding of hunting rights to property was lifted and so-called people's hunt was introduced. From then on, hunting areas were made available by the state and the game shot had to be delivered as state property to a state game collection point. For fear of arming the people , the hunters in the GDR - with the exception of the SED - nomenklatura - were forbidden to own their own rifles. Hunters organized in hunting cooperatives were able to borrow hunting weapons locally and for a limited time for the duration of the hunt from state issuing offices. While hunting customs were largely dispensed with in the early years with reference to its feudal origins in the Empire, the state later switched to reinterpreting the traditional hunter rituals in their own sense and integrating them into the socialist hunting culture.

The SED leadership secured privileges for hunting in several specially designated special hunting areas, including a. in the Schorfheide , where Hermann Göring and Kaiser Wilhelm II hunted before. In the special hunting areas, regardless of the concerns of forestry, wild game species such as red deer were fed all year round and an extensive infrastructure was maintained, which included hunting lodges and vehicles, specially laid out roads and numerous hunting staff. The hunting areas were sealed off from the local population by security personnel with the participation of the state security. In addition to the hunting grounds of the SED leadership, there were numerous special hunting areas of the Soviet Army stationed in the GDR, which comprised around eight percent of the huntable area in the GDR.

The legally anchored dichotomy in the hunting legislation of the GDR ultimately led to a separation into a public and a secret hunting system as well as an excessive game population and, as a result, considerable game damage.

Bonn Republic

Driven hunt with the participation of Federal President Heinrich Lübke, the Prime Ministers of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony and representatives of the Diplomatic Corps, 1960

After the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany, the West German state hunting associations came together at the end of 1949 to form the German Hunting Protection Association, today's German Hunting Association (DJV), in which the vast majority of German hunting license holders have been organized ever since. The most important political goal of the DJV at the time of its founding was the extensive adoption of the content of the Reich hunting law in the new federal hunting law. At the beginning of 1950, the DJV was able to present the Federal Minister of Agriculture with a draft law that corresponded to its ideas. Both the German Farmers' Association and the German Forestry Council criticized the intended takeover and referred to the experiences made with the Reich hunting law, but could not get their protest through. The Federal Hunting Act , which was finally passed at the end of 1952, took over without the Nazi rhetoric and z. T. Hermann Göring himself wrote the preamble , essentially the material provisions of the Reichsjagdgesetz, which means that the hunting of the game and trophy remains an important issue in German hunting law. As a framework law, the Federal Hunting Act regulated the principles of hunting, while the state legislation was left with the details.

Wise area for assessing the influence of wildlife on natural regeneration - note the lack of regeneration outside the fence

As a turning point of the German history of hunting and forest-game conflict is considered the broadcast to Christmas Eve 1971 film remarks about the red deer of Horst Stern . Stern's film brought the damage caused by game in the forest, which had previously mainly been the topic of specialist circles, and the hoofed game populations, which were driven up by artificial feeding for trophy breeding, as their main causes, into the focus of the public and politics and made the forest-game conflict one of the most prominent topics in hunting and forest policy.

Reunified Germany

Shooters during a driven hunt by the Federal Forest Administration on the Hohenfels Training Area

A reform of the Federal Hunting Act that was temporarily planned in the course of reunification , which would have allowed legal entities such as hunting clubs to lease and hunt hunting grounds again, was ultimately deleted from the unification agreement due to resistance from the DJV.

The reduction of cloven-hoofed game, which is increasingly identified as a hunting goal, has been successful in the region, especially in large private forests and in state forest holdings that, as owner-hunted owners, have a free hand in hunting. In large parts of Germany, however, the problem of high hoofed game populations persists in the 21st century.

With the federalism reform of 2006 , the framework legislative competence of the federal government, which had been in effect until then, was abolished and deviating legislation was established which allows the states to deviate from the old federal hunting law with new state hunting laws. Several countries have since made use of the new regulation and passed amendments to hunting law.

With regard to the composition of the German hunting community, there is an increasing proportion of women. While women only made up around one percent of the hunter's population at the end of the 1980s, it was around seven percent nationwide in 2017. At the same time, the proportion of women in the hunter tests was already 20%.

See also

literature

Scientific literature

  • Christian Ammer , Torsten Vor, Thomas Knoke , Stefan Wagner: The forest-wild conflict. Analysis and solution approaches against the background of legal, ecological and economic relationships. Göttinger Forstwissenschaften - Volume 5, Göttinger Universitätsverlag: Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-941875-84-5 , full text online (PDF) .
  • Klaus Friedrich Maylein: The hunt. Function and space. Causes, processes and effects of functional change in hunting. Dissertation, University of Konstanz, 2005, full text online (PDF) . Published as: The Hunt - Importance and Goals. From the stone age driven hunts to the 21st century. Scientific articles from the Tectum-Verlag, series social sciences, volume 28. Tectum-Verlag, Marburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8288-2182-8 , table of contents online (PDF) .
  • Katrin Josephine Wagner: The language of the hunters - A comparison of the Weidmann language in German and English-speaking countries (= forum for technical language research . Volume 143). Frank & Timme, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-7329-0455-6 , online .
  • Marco Apollonio, Reidar Andersen, Rory Putman (eds.): European ungulates and their management in the 21st century . Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-76061-4 .
  • Rory Putman, Marco Apollonio, Reidar Andersen (Eds.): Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-76059-1 .

Non-fiction on hunting history

Hunting dictionaries

Other non-fiction

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Richard B. Lee, Richard Daly: Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 1999, ISBN 978-0-521-60919-7 , pp. 1 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ a b c d M. Nils Peterson: Hunting . In: Brian D. Fath (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Ecology . 2nd Edition. tape 3 . Elsevier, 2019, ISBN 978-0-444-64130-4 , pp. 438-440 , doi : 10.1016 / b978-0-12-409548-9.11168-6 ( elsevier.com [accessed January 20, 2020]).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Joachim Hamberger: A short outline of the hunting history - Of deer and people ... In: LWF aktuell . No. 44 , 2004, pp. 27 ( archive.org [PDF; accessed December 13, 2018]).
  4. ^ Sabine Gaudzinski: Subsistence patterns of Early Pleistocene hominids in the Levant — taphonomic evidence from the 'Ubeidiya Formation (Israel) . In: Journal of Archaeological Science . tape 31 , no. 1 , January 1, 2004, ISSN  0305-4403 , p. 65-75 , doi : 10.1016 / S0305-4403 (03) 00100-6 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed February 5, 2019]).
  5. ↑ Rivka Rabinovich, Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Naama Goren-Inbar: Systematic butchering of fallow deer (Dama) at the early middle Pleistocene Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (Israel) . In: Journal of Human Evolution . tape 54 , no. 1 , January 1, 2008, ISSN  0047-2484 , p. 134–149 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jhevol.2007.07.007 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed February 5, 2019]).
  6. ↑ Eldra Solomon, Linda Berg, Diana W. Martin (Eds.): Biology . 7th edition. Brooks / Cole Thomson Learning, Belmont, CA 2005, ISBN 978-0-534-49276-2 , The Evolution of Primates, pp. 415 f . ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed January 20, 2020]).
  7. ^ Clive Gamble: Human evolution: The last one million years . In: Tim Ingold (Ed.): Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology . 2nd Edition. Routledge, 2002, ISBN 978-1-134-97654-6 , pp. 86 ff ., Doi : 10.4324 / 9780203036327 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed January 20, 2020]).
  8. ^ A b Gerhard Henkel: The village. Country life in Germany - yesterday and today . 3. Edition. Konrad Theiss, Stuttgart 2015, ISBN 978-3-8062-2541-9 , pp. 168 f .
  9. ↑ Haseder p. 393
  10. ^ Edelgard Siegmund: The "Lord of the Animals" in European folk tales: a contribution to comparative narrative research . VVB Laufersweiler, Gießen 2009, ISBN 3-8359-5559-4 , p. 72 .
  11. ^ Walter Zwyssig (Red.): St. Eustachius and St. Hubertus patron saints of the hunt . In: hubertus-orden.org , accessed on July 5, 2011.
  12. ↑ a b c d e Joachim Hamberger: A short outline of the hunting history. Of deer and people .... In: LWF aktuell . No. 44 , 2004, pp. 28 ( bayern.de [PDF; accessed December 13, 2018]).
  13. ↑ Peter Blickle: The Revolution of 1525 . 2nd Edition. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1983, ISBN 978-3-486-44652-4 , p. 58 .
  14. ↑ Christoph Ernst: Developing the forest: A field of politics and conflict in the Hunsrück and Eifel in the 18th century . De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin / Boston 2000, ISBN 978-3-486-83220-4 , pp. 175 .
  15. ^ Joachim Hamberger: A short outline of the hunting history. Of deer and people .... In: LWF aktuell . No. 44 , 2004, pp. 28 f . ( bayern.de [PDF; accessed on December 13, 2018]).
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Joachim Hamberger: A short outline of the hunting history. Of deer and people .... In: LWF aktuell . No. 44 , 2004, pp. 29 ( bayern.de [PDF; accessed on December 13, 2018]).
  17. ↑ a b c d Johannes Dietlein: Legal history of the hunt . In: Johannes Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting property (=  library of property ). tape 17 . Springer-Verlag, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , pp. 39 ( google.de ).
  18. ^ Michael North: History of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 3-406-57767-9 , pp. 55 .
  19. ^ Keith Kirby, Charles Watkins: Europe's Changing Woods and Forests: From Wildwood to Managed Landscapes . CABI, Wallingford 2015, ISBN 978-1-78064-338-0 , pp. 118 ( google.de [accessed February 19, 2019]).
  20. ↑ Haseder, p. 426 ff. "Within a short time, at least in the areas close to the community, the hoofed game population was severely decimated."
  21. ↑ Ammer (2010), The forest-wild conflict. Pp. 5, 9
  22. ^ Michael Petrak: Red deer in the Eifel National Park. Leitart to balance people and wild animals . In: The Monschauer Land . tape 38 , 2009, p. 18–24 ( waldwissen.net [accessed on January 2, 2019]).
  23. ^ Eugen Syrer: 150 years of hunting policy . In: Association for the protection of the mountain world (ed.): Yearbook of the association for the protection of the mountain world . tape 55 . Munich 1990, p. 22 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed January 3, 2019]).
  24. ↑ a b Hunt: Shot against the Bambi Plague? In: DER SPIEGEL . No. 21/1998 , May 18, 1998 ( spiegel.de [accessed January 2, 2019]).
  25. ^ Eugen Syrer: 150 years of hunting policy . In: Association for the protection of the mountain world (ed.): Yearbook of the association for the protection of the mountain world . tape 55 . Munich 1990, p. 22 f . ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed January 3, 2019]).
  26. ↑ a b c d Eugen Syrer: 150 years of hunting policy . In: Association for the protection of the mountain world (ed.): Yearbook of the association for the protection of the mountain world . tape 55 . Munich 1990, p. 23 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed on January 3, 2019]).
  27. ↑ a b c Eugen Syrer: 150 years of hunting policy . In: Association for the protection of the mountain world (ed.): Yearbook of the association for the protection of the mountain world . tape 55 . Munich 1990, p. 24 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed January 3, 2019]).
  28. ↑ a b c d e Udo Häger: The change in values ​​of the German hunters in the last 115 years in the mirror of the hunting press . In: Association for the protection of the mountain world (ed.): Yearbook of the association for the protection of the mountain world . tape 61 . Munich 1996, p. 119 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed January 2, 2019]).
  29. ↑ a b Eugen Syrer: 150 years of hunting policy . In: Association for the protection of the mountain world (ed.): Yearbook of the association for the protection of the mountain world . tape 55 . Munich 1990, p. 25 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed January 3, 2019]).
  30. ↑ a b c Hunt: Shot against the Bambi plague? In: SPIEGEL ONLINE. May 18, 1998, archived from the original on January 11, 2019 ; accessed on January 11, 2019 .
  31. ^ Helmut Goeser: History of the Federal Hunting Act . Reg.-No .: WF VG 192/03. Ed .: Scientific Services of the German Bundestag. Berlin October 1, 2004, p. 3 ( bundestag.de [PDF; accessed on January 14, 2019]).
  32. ↑ Johannes Dietlein: Legal history of the hunt . In: Johannes Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting property (=  library of property ). tape 17 . Springer-Verlag, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , pp. 45 ( google.de ).
  33. ^ Eugen Syrer: 150 years of hunting policy . In: Association for the protection of the mountain world (ed.): Yearbook of the association for the protection of the mountain world . tape 55 . Munich 1990, p. 27 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed January 3, 2019]).
  34. ↑ Claus-Peter Lieckfeld: Tatort forest: from someone who set out to save the forest . 1st edition. Westend, Frankfurt / Main 2006, ISBN 978-3-938060-11-7 , pp. 43 ( google.de [accessed on January 15, 2019]).
  35. ^ Douglas Bell: Occupying the Environment: German Hunters and the American Occupation . In: Camilo Erlichman, Christopher Knowles (eds.): Transforming Occupation in the Western Zones of Germany: Politics, Everyday Life and Social Interactions, 1945-55 . Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, ISBN 978-1-350-04923-9 , pp. 156 ( google.de [accessed January 12, 2019]).
  36. ↑ a b Joachim Hamberger: A short outline of the hunting history. Of deer and people .... In: LWF aktuell . No. 44 , 2004, pp. 29 ( bayern.de [PDF; accessed on December 13, 2018]).
  37. ^ Eugen Syrer: 150 years of hunting policy . In: Association for the protection of the mountain world (ed.): Yearbook of the association for the protection of the mountain world . tape 55 . Munich 1990, p. 27 f . ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed January 3, 2019]).
  38. ^ Claus-Peter Lieckfeld: Tatort forest: Georg Meister and his fight for our forests . 2nd Edition. Westend, Frankfurt / Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-86489-012-3 , p. 63 f . ( google.de [accessed on January 15, 2019]).
  39. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Meike Haselmann: The hunt in the GDR: between feudalism and socialism . In: Rigo Hopfenmüller (Ed.): Reader. VIII. Colloquium for scholarship holders of the Federal Foundation for Work-Up . Federal Foundation to Process the SED Dictatorship, Berlin 2008, p. 39–43 ( bundesstiftung-aufverarbeitung.de [PDF; accessed on January 4, 2019]).
  40. ^ Norbert Fitzner, Frank Oeser: Brandenburg hunting law . Ed .: Norbert Fitzner. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-555-52025-4 , p. 1 f .
  41. ^ The DJV and the professional hunters. In: German Hunting Association. Archived from the original on January 13, 2019 ; accessed on January 13, 2019 .
  42. ^ Wilhelm Bode, Elisabeth Emmert: Jagdwende. From noble hobby to ecological handicraft (=  Beck'sche series . Volume 1242 ). 3. Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 978-3-406-45993-1 , p. 157 .
  43. ↑ a b Eugen Syrer: 150 years of hunting policy . In: Association for the protection of the mountain world (ed.): Yearbook of the association for the protection of the mountain world . tape 55 . Munich 1990, p. 27 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed January 3, 2019]).
  44. ^ Wilhelm Bode, Elisabeth Emmert: Jagdwende. From noble hobby to ecological handicraft (=  Beck'sche series . Volume 1242 ). 3. Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 978-3-406-45993-1 , p. 157 f . ( google.de [accessed on January 15, 2019]).
  45. ^ A b Claus-Peter Lieckfeld: Tatort forest: Georg Meister and his fight for our forests . 2nd Edition. Westend, Frankfurt / Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-86489-012-3 , p. 65 ff . ( google.de [accessed on January 15, 2019]).
  46. ^ Helmut Goeser: History of the Federal Hunting Act . Reg.-No .: WF VG 192/03. Ed .: Scientific Services of the German Bundestag. Berlin October 1, 2004, p. 4 ( bundestag.de [PDF; accessed on January 14, 2019]).
  47. ↑ a b Ammer (2010), The forest-wild conflict. P. 10 f.
  48. ↑ Michael Sachs: Distribution of legislative powers for questions of hunting between the federal and state governments . In: Johannes Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting property (=  library of property ). tape 17 . Springer-Verlag, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , pp. 105 .
  49. ↑ Ludwig Fischer (Ed.): Unfinished business. The journalist and writer Horst Stern (=  contributions to media aesthetics and media history . No. 4 ). Lit Verlag, Hamburg 1997, ISBN 3-8258-3397-6 , pp. 115 ff., 26 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed January 20, 2019]).
  50. ↑ Ammer (2010), The forest-wild conflict. P. 15
  51. ↑ Klaus Schriewer: Nature and Consciousness: A Contribution to the Cultural History of the Forest in Germany . Waxmann, Münster 2015, ISBN 978-3-8309-8292-0 , pp. 131 .
  52. ↑ Klaus Friedrich Maylein: The hunt - function and space. Causes, processes and effects of functional change in hunting . Dissertation. University of Konstanz, 2005, p. 37, 511 ( uni-konstanz.de [accessed January 20, 2019]).
  53. ↑ Ludwig Fischer (Ed.): Unfinished business. The journalist and writer Horst Stern (=  contributions to media aesthetics and media history . No. 4 ). Lit Verlag, Hamburg 1997, ISBN 3-8258-3397-6 , pp. 115 ff., 267 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed January 20, 2019]).
  54. ↑ Claus-Peter Lieckfeld: Tatort forest: from someone who set out to save the forest . Westend Verlag, Frankfurt / Main 2006, ISBN 978-3-938060-11-7 , pp. 129 f . ( google.de [accessed on January 15, 2019]).
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