Hunting in Germany

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hunter with rifle at the ready on a raised stand during a driven hunt

The hunt is in Germany one with the real estate connected and the property guarantee of Art. 14 para. 1 Basic Law protected, subjective right . § 1 Federal Hunting Act defines the practice of hunting, which in the German hunter language traditionally as venison or rare Waidwerk is referred to as "the exploration, adjustment, killing and catching of wild ", it connects with the right of appropriation of the game as well as the law and Duty to guard and obliges the hunter to observe the "generally recognized principles of German grazing justice ."

Huntress with browsing dogs

As of 2018, there were 384,428 hunting license holders in Germany , which corresponds to around half a percent of the total German population. The total hunting area, i.e. the sum of all areas not belonging to so-called pacified districts and therefore huntable, amounts to around 319,000 km² and thus comprises around 89% of the total area of ​​Germany.

Hunter with gun and dog on the way to the raised hide

history

The free hunt, which was valid in prehistoric times as well as with the Germanic peoples and was still common until the early Middle Ages , was continually curtailed by the German kings in the process of information, the designation of protected forests for the exclusive use of the king and later other princes. The forced tolerance of game damage on their fields and the constant restriction of their hunting rights were among the reasons for the ultimately unsuccessful rebellion of the farmers in the German Peasants' War of 1524 to 1526. As a consequence of this, the subjective hunting right remained exclusively for the next few centuries with a few exceptions reserved for the ruling authorities .

The German Revolution of 1848/1849 brought about a fundamental change in the course of which the subjective hunting right was linked to property and hunting on one's own land was even elevated to a basic right in the Frankfurt Imperial Constitution . While the Frankfurt Imperial Constitution itself did not exist, the fundamental link between the subjective hunting right and land ownership applies - with temporary exceptions in the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz , the immediate post-war period and the GDR - as a legacy of the revolution from 1848/1849 to gone today.

Wild

That the number and value of the venison and because of caused in the forest and field hall game damage most important game animals are deer and wild boar . In addition, depending on the federal state, several dozen other species, such as red deer , brown hare , fallow deer , chamois and various types of wild ducks and geese, are among the game species that can be hunted.

  • deer

  • wild boar

  • Red deer

  • Mallard

  • Fallow deer

  • Brown hare

  • chamois

venison

In the hunting year 2017/2018 in Germany, according to figures from the German Hunting Association, game meat from roe deer, wild boar and red deer with a total weight (raw material, i.e. broken open in the blanket) of around 55,000 tons of game meat and a total value of an estimated around 241 million euros were shot, of which up Deer accounted for 17,700 tons, wild boar 32,900 tons and red deer 4,700 tons.

Hunting route

Development of annual hunting routes for roe deer, wild boar and red deer in Germany between the hunting years (April 1 to March 31 of the following year) 1935/1936 and 2012/2013
Development of the annual hunting routes for red deer and fallow deer in Germany between 1935 and 2009
Development of the annual hunting routes for mouflon, sika deer and chamois in Germany between 1935 and 2009

The annual hunting distance and hunting statistics are collected by the responsible hunting authorities of the federal states at the district level and then merged at the federal level.

Hunting route in the hunting year 2017/18
Art piece

(Shooting including fallen game )

Red deer 76,794
Fallow deer 63.103
Sika deer 2,429
wild boar 836.865
deer 1,190,724
chamois 4,883
Mouflon 7,288
Brown hare 184,690
Wild rabbit 100,473
pheasant 76,731
partridge 1,879
Woodcock 8,570
Wild geese

(different types)

95.394
Wild ducks

(different types)

273.832
Wild pigeons

(different types)

431.047
Red fox 426.224
Badger 75,000
Pine marten 6,595
Beech marten 52.191
Polecat 8,461
Weasel 4,069
racoon 172,549
Raccoon dog 31,245

Hunting law

Subjective hunting law

Landowners are entitled to subjective hunting rights in Germany. As property, in the sense of the constitution or part of property, the subjective right to hunt in Germany is fundamentally protected by the constitutional guarantee of property in accordance with Article 14, Paragraph 1 of the Basic Law .

Objective hunting law

The objective hunting law comprises all legal norms that deal with hunting. With the federalism reform of 2006, the legislative competence in hunting was transferred from the previously applicable framework competence of the federal government to the competing legislation with deviating competence for the federal states, so that in the case of contradicting regulations - as is usual with competing legislation - the federal law does not break the state law, but to obtain the latest standard, whether adopted at federal or state level, primacy has. Several federal states, including Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Württemberg, have since made use of the new competence and in some cases passed state hunting laws that differ significantly from the Federal Hunting Act.

Hunting weapons

Handguns are the dominant hunting weapons in Germany . Weapons such as the boar pen are also used, restricted to certain purposes, such as searching for accidental or otherwise injured game . In addition, a large number of different knives are in use, which, in addition to their use as universal tools, are also used as weapons for catching injured game.

Professional hunter

Forest director Ulrich Maushake, head of the Federal Forestry Office Grafenwöhr, briefing the mostly US-American shooters before a driven hunt at the Grafenwöhr military training area

Under the designation Revierjäger (RJ) and the associated master title Revierjagdmeister (RJM) there is a state-recognized apprenticeship as a professional hunter according to the Vocational Training Act . The number of Revierjäger and Revierjagdmeister amounts to around one thousand across Germany. In addition, there are several thousand forest people, especially in the group of forest district managers, who function as professional hunters and who hunt as part of their duty.

Professional hunters find employment primarily in hunting and forestry operations, such as the state forest operations of the federal states and private large landowners , as well as in protected areas (sometimes under the name of rangers ). There they plan to hunt operation, observe the existing wild population, do necessary kills, take specific measures for wildlife and hunting protection , the finance under Hege rare or desirable and reduce harmful or unwanted wild, organize hunts that accompany hunting guests and recycle accumulating game .

German hunter language

The hunter's language is one of the oldest and still existing technical languages and is mainly used today for the precise communication between hunters. Since the hunter's language differs from the common language in the lexicon , but not in the syntax , it can be regarded as a technical vocabulary for hunting. The German hunter's language has its written origins in the 8th century and comprises a vocabulary of around 13,000 expressions with around 40,000 defined meanings. For a long time, the hunted terms that were present from the start dominated (e.g. " Saufeder " for the long-running, belt-wrapped spit for wild boar hunting or "rushing" for the pursuit of game by the hunting dog). It was not until the modern age, and especially in the 18th century, that professional terminology emerged in the wake of the sovereigns that aimed at social differentiation from outsiders and had no practical added value (e.g. “plate” for the ears of the wild boar or “fuse” for the Tail of the fox). Due to a change in hunting practice, numerous older terms have become obsolete, which is why a maximum of around 2000 terms are in use today.

criticism

Nature and environmental protection

Conservationists and environmentalists are calling for the hunt to be geared more towards ecological knowledge . The criticism is u. a. the shooting of predators as well as game feeding and other conservation measures that prefer wild species that are interesting for hunting, promote their growth and thus intervene in the ecosystem ( population dynamics ).

Forest-wild conflict

Wise area for assessing the influence of wildlife on natural regeneration - note the lack of regeneration outside the fence

Too high game densities of herbivores , especially ungulates , can browsing a target of environmental and economic aspects of the forest natural regeneration impede or prevent. By giving preference to certain tree species, selective browsing can displace mixed tree species from the stand and thus reduce tree species diversity. Planted forest crops that are not protected by individual tree protection or fences are also affected. Peeling damage can endanger older forest stands that have already outgrown the browsing for decades and, in the event of damage, destabilize and economically devalue.

This so-called forest-game conflict - also referred to as forest- hunting or forest owner-hunter conflict to clarify the conflict of goals and the actors - is considered a significant problem by foresters, nature conservation associations and forest owners with a view to the intended conversion of forests to climate-stable mixed forests considered. Especially since the broadcast to Christmas Eve 1971 film remarks about the red deer of Horst Stern previously mainly themed in professional circles forest-game conflict has become the focus of public and politics and became one of the most prominent issues in the debate on forest, forestry and Hunt. In 1988, hunters who saw an unwillingness to seriously regulate game populations in the attitude represented by the traditional German Hunting Association (DJV) founded the Ökologische Jagdverein Bayern eV and later ecological hunting association (ÖJV), which through consistent and effective hunting reduces and wants to enable “near-natural forest management” across the board.

Above all in large private forests and in state forest holdings , which as owner-hunted owners have a free hand in hunting, lasting success has been achieved in reducing hoofed game and minimizing browsing damage, while the problem persists elsewhere. The German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) summarizes the main results of an expert opinion commissioned jointly with the German Forestry Council (DFWR) and the Working Group on Natural Forest Management (ANW) and by the forest science chairs of the Georg-August University of Göttingen and the Technical University of Munich was created in a press release as follows:

“Excessive hoofed game populations lead to massive problems in large parts of German forests; the damage that has occurred is not only ecologically questionable, but also has a considerable economic and thus financial dimension. The facility and the necessary conversion into natural mixed forests are largely hindered by game browsing. "

- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN)

Bullet material

right: cartridge caliber .40 S&W with hollow point bullet, left: bullet of the same caliber with an exposed lead core that has mushroomed after impact with the target

Lead and other metals, which are used as projectile material in the production of ammunition in some projectile types, can under certain circumstances have an ecotoxic effect . Projectiles or their fragments can find their way into the ground and water as well as into the food chain of wild animals, which can primarily affect waterfowl (e.g. ducks ) and some predators (e.g. sea ​​eagles ) that eat the dead animals or break out . In particular, the use of ammunition with lead is criticized for reasons of environmental protection (see lead pollution of the environment ) and health reasons (see lead poisoning ), since, in contrast to other materials, no effective threshold can be specified for lead below which the intake of lead is harmless to health .

Several German federal states have therefore restricted the use of lead ammunition - in favor of less toxic or lead-free ammunition - and banned it for certain purposes. Regardless of the legal regulations, some private forest companies have on their own initiative restricted or banned the use of lead ammunition on their land.

In its studies, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment comes to the conclusion that the additional intake of contaminated game, compared to the total intake of lead from other food groups, is toxicologically insignificant and a health risk is unlikely for normal consumers.

Hunting accidents

One point of criticism of the hunt is the accidents related to the pursuit of hunting, especially those that result in personal injury from firearms. The most common causes of accidents are improper handling of the firearm, overlooking the victim or shooting at a target that has not been identified with certainty and ricochets .

Animal welfare and animal rights

Demonstration against the hunt, Pariser Platz in Berlin

Hunting in general and certain hunting practices are criticized with reference to animal welfare. The shooting of cats and dogs that are allowed or required in various hunting laws to protect game is also repeatedly criticized. When assessing the shooting down of cats, the focus of the discussion is in particular on their effect on the bird world.

Animal rights activists generally reject the hunt because they ascribe certain rights similar to human rights (right to life, physical integrity) to certain animals due to their ability to suffer (see also pathocentrism ) and therefore an equal treatment of humans and animals without a speciesist exclusion of certain species demand. For this reason, radical sections of the animal rights movement see crimes such as property damage to hunting facilities as justified.

See also

literature

Scientific literature

  • Christian Ammer , Torsten Vor, Thomas Knoke , Stefan Wagner: The forest-wild conflict. Analysis and possible solutions against the background of legal, ecological and economic relationships (= Göttingen Forest Sciences. Volume 5). Göttinger Universitätsverlag, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-941875-84-5 , full text online (PDF) .
  • Klaus Friedrich Maylein: The hunt. Function and space. Causes, processes and effects of functional change in hunting. Dissertation, University of Konstanz, 2005, full text online (PDF) . Published as: The Hunt - Importance and Goals. From the stone age driven hunts to the 21st century. Scientific articles from the Tectum-Verlag, series social sciences, volume 28. Tectum-Verlag, Marburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8288-2182-8 , table of contents online (PDF) .
  • Katrin Josephine Wagner: The language of the hunters - A comparison of the Weidmann language in German and English-speaking countries (= forum for technical language research . Volume 143). Frank & Timme, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-7329-0455-6 , ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  • Marco Apollonio, Reidar Andersen, Rory Putman (eds.): European ungulates and their management in the 21st century . Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-76061-4 .
  • Markus Schaller: Forests and Wildlife Management in Germany - A mini-review . In: Eurasian Journal of Forest Science. Volume 10, No. 1. Hokkaido University Forests, EFRC, 2007, ISSN 2147-7493 , pp. 59-70, full text online (PDF) .
  • Johannes Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting property (= library of property . No. 17). Springer, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , ISSN 1613-8686 .
  • Rory Putman, Marco Apollonio, Reidar Andersen (Eds.): Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices . Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-76059-1 .
  • Andreas Haug: Wildlife management and forestry with special consideration of the boundary conditions and possibilities of optimizing aspects of hunting for forest owners . Tenea, 2004, ISBN 978-3-86504-042-8 .

Non-fiction on hunting history

Hunting dictionaries

Other non-fiction

Web links

Commons : Jagd in Deutschland  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Dietrich Meyer-Ravenstein: The hunting right as part of real estate . In: John Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting Royal property (=  library of the property . No. 17 ). Springer-Verlag, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , ISSN  1613-8686 , p. 217 ff., 224, 247 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ Pasture. In: Duden. Retrieved January 4, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Hunting license holder in Germany. In: jagdverband.de. German Hunting Association, accessed on October 28, 2019 .
  4. ^ A b Markus Schaller: Forests and Wildlife Management in Germany - A mini-review . In: Eurasian Journal of Forest Science . tape 10 , no. 1 . Hokkaido University Forests, EFRC, 2007, ISSN  2147-7493 , pp. 59–70 ( archive.org [PDF; accessed January 21, 2019]).
  5. ↑ Frank-Uwe Michler: Predator Management in German National Parks? - Necessity and feasibility of regulatory interventions using the example of the raccoon (Procyon lotor). (PDF) In: europarc-deutschland.de. EUROPARC Germany, March 29, 2011, p. 40 , archived from the original on November 2, 2019 ; accessed on November 2, 2019 .
  6. ↑ a b c d Joachim Hamberger: A short outline of the hunting history - From deer and people .... In: LWF aktuell . No. 44 , 2004, pp. 29 ( bayern.de [PDF; accessed on December 13, 2018]).
  7. ↑ Johannes Dietlein: Legal history of the hunt . In: John Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting Royal property (=  library of the property . No. 17 ). Springer-Verlag, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , ISSN  1613-8686 , p. 38 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  8. ↑ Hans Wilhelm Eckardt: Stately hunting, rural poverty and bourgeois criticism: the history of the royal and aristocratic hunting privileges, mainly in the southwest of Germany (=  publications of the Max Planck Institute for History . No. 48 ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1976, ISBN 978-3-525-35358-5 , ISSN  0436-1180 , p. 14-17 .
  9. ↑ Jürgen Wolsfeld: The hunting law in North Rhine-Westphalia . disserta Verlag, Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-95425-757-7 , p. 8 .
  10. ↑ Norbert Bartsch, Ernst Röhrig: Forest ecology: Introduction for Central Europe . 1st edition. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-44268-5 , p. 174 ff ., Doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-662-44268-5 ( google.de [accessed on January 27, 2019]).
  11. ↑ Appearance of game. In: jagdverband.de. German Hunting Association, archived from the original on November 14, 2019 ; accessed on November 14, 2019 .
  12. ↑ Frank Tottewitz, Grit Greiser, Ina Martin, Johanna M. Arnold: track statistics in Germany - an important tool in wildlife management. (PDF) In: jagdverband.de. German Hunting Association, 2016, archived from the original on November 3, 2019 ; accessed on November 3, 2019 : "Route data are collected annually by the responsible hunting authorities of the federal states at the district level and merged at the Thünen Institute for Forest Ecosystems Eberswalde at the federal level."
  13. ^ Jörg Reutter: Hunting statistics of the state of Baden-Württemberg. In: lazbw.de. Ministry for Rural Areas and Consumer Protection Baden-Württemberg, archived from the original on November 3, 2019 ; accessed on November 3, 2019 .
  14. ↑ Infographic annual hunting route Federal Republic of Germany 2018. (PDF) In: Deutscher Jagdverband. Retrieved August 11, 2019 .
  15. ↑ Dietrich Meyer-Ravenstein: The hunting right as part of real estate . In: John Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting Royal property (=  library of the property . No. 17 ). Springer-Verlag, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , ISSN  1613-8686 , p. 222 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  16. ↑ Duden Law A – Z: Specialized lexicon for studies, training and work . 3. Edition. Dudenverlag, 2015, ISBN 978-3-411-91106-6 , hunting law.
  17. ↑ Dietrich Meyer-Ravenstein: The hunting right as part of real estate . In: John Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting Royal property (=  library of the property . No. 17 ). Springer-Verlag, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , ISSN  1613-8686 , p. 224, 247 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  18. ↑ Michael Brenner: Quo vadis, hunting law? In: John Dietlein, Judith Froese (ed.): Hunting Royal property (=  library of the property . No. 17 ). Springer-Verlag, 2018, ISBN 978-3-662-54771-7 , ISSN  1613-8686 , p. 291 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  19. ↑ Duden Law A – Z: Specialized lexicon for studies, training and work . 3. Edition. Dudenverlag, 2015, ISBN 978-3-411-91106-6 , hunting law.
  20. ^ Scientific Services of the German Bundestag: Legislative Competences in Hunting Law - Elaboration WD 3 - 3000 - 385/08. (PDF) In: bundestag.de. German Bundestag, November 19, 2008, archived from the original on November 3, 2019 ; accessed on November 3, 2019 .
  21. ↑ Oliver Ramme: Forest - Waidmanns anger over new hunting laws. In: deutschlandfunk.de. Deutschlandfunk, January 5, 2015, archived from the original on November 3, 2019 ; accessed on November 3, 2019 .
  22. ↑ Michael Gast: Nicker, Saufeder, Hirschfänger and Standhauer - Die kalten Jagdwaffen |. In: deutscher-jagdblog.de. Deutscher-Jagdblog.de, June 23, 2014, archived from the original on November 2, 2019 ; accessed on November 2, 2019 .
  23. ↑ Haseder pp. 105, 457
  24. ↑ a b c d e f Rolf Roosen: The first printed encyclopedias of the hunter's language - a historical foray . In: Librarium Journal of the Swiss Bibliophile Society . tape 50 , no. 1 , 2007, p. 73–82 , doi : 10.5169 / seals-388817 ( e-periodica.ch [accessed on February 13, 2019]).
  25. ↑ Alfonso Corbacho Sánchez: Small glossary on the hunter's language (SPA – DE) . In: Living Languages . tape 50 , no. 4 , 2005, ISSN  0023-9909 , p. 176-178 , doi : 10.1515 / LES.2005.176 ( degruyter.com [accessed on 13 February 2019]).
  26. ↑ a b Martina Giese: Hunter Latin and Latin hunter language . In: Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi - Bulletin du Cange ALMA . tape 71 , 2013, ISSN  0994-8090 , p. 37–51 ( inist.fr [accessed February 13, 2019]).
  27. ↑ Christian Ammer, Torsten Vor, Thomas Knoke, Stefan Wagner: The forest-wild conflict - analysis and solution approaches against the background of legal, ecological and economic contexts (=  Göttinger Forstwissenschaften . Volume 5 ). Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-941875-84-5 , p. 17, 133 , doi : 10.17875 / gup2010-280 ( gwdg.de [PDF; accessed on January 20, 2019]).
  28. ↑ BUND position: On current hunting issues. (PDF) In: BUND eV November 2014, archived from the original on February 11, 2019 ; accessed on February 11, 2019 .
  29. ↑ Helmut Steiner, Winfried Jiresch: Modern bird protection and agriculture - model case Kiebitz . In: Journal for ecology, nature and environmental protection . tape 4 , 2016, ISSN  0003-6528 , p. 20 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed on January 14, 2019]).
  30. ↑ Ammer, Vor, Knoke, Wagner: The forest-wild conflict . 2010, p. 48, 63 .
  31. ↑ RMA Gill: A Review of Damage by Mammals in North Temperate Forests: 3. Impact on Trees and Forests . In: Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research . tape 65 , no. 4 , 1992, pp. 363-388 , doi : 10.1093 / forestry / 65.4.363-a .
  32. ^ Steeve D. Côté, Thomas P. Rooney, Jean-Pierre Tremblay, Christian Dussault, Donald M. Waller: Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance . In: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics . tape 35 , 2004, pp. 113-147 , doi : 10.1146 / annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725 .
  33. ↑ a b Ammer, Vor, Knoke, Wagner: The forest-wild conflict . 2010, p. 41 .
  34. ↑ Ammer, Vor, Knoke, Wagner: The forest-wild conflict . 2010, p. 48 f., 139, 180 f .
  35. ↑ Ammer, Vor, Knoke, Wagner: The forest-wild conflict . 2010, p. 2, 5, 41, 73 f .
  36. ↑ Friedrich Reimoser: On the evaluation and minimization of game damage in the forest . In: FVA insight . No. 3 , 2011, ISSN  1614-7707 , p. 11 ( waldwissen.net [accessed on January 21, 2019]).
  37. ↑ Rudi Suchant: What can be new in understanding game damage? In: FVA insight . No. 3 , 2011, ISSN  1614-7707 , p. 7 ( waldwissen.net [accessed on January 21, 2019]).
  38. ↑ Ludwig Fischer (Ed.): Unfinished Insights - The Journalist and Writer Horst Stern (=  contributions to media aesthetics and media history . No. 4 ). Lit Verlag, Hamburg 1997, ISBN 3-8258-3397-6 , pp. 115 ff., 267 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed January 20, 2019]).
  39. ↑ Ammer (2010), The forest-wild conflict. P. 15
  40. ↑ Claus-Peter Lieckfeld: Tatort forest: from someone who set out to save the forest . Westend Verlag, Frankfurt / Main 2006, ISBN 978-3-938060-11-7 , pp. 129 f . ( google.de [accessed on January 15, 2019]).
  41. ↑ Claus-Peter Lieckfeld: Tatort forest: from someone who set out to save the forest . 1st edition. Westend, Frankfurt / Main 2006, ISBN 978-3-938060-11-7 , pp. 89, 151 ( google.de [accessed January 15, 2019]).
  42. ↑ Importance of the Hunt. In: Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests. Archived from the original ; accessed on January 20, 2019 .
  43. ↑ Frank Christian Today: The great Reibach or: "Like the grasshoppers" . In: Eco Hunting . No. 2 , 2018, p. 30 .
  44. ↑ Frank Christian Today: Why consistent roe deer hunting is sustainable . In: AFZ-DerWald . No. 21 . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, 2016, ISSN  1430-2713 , p. 53 .
  45. ↑ Norbert Bartsch, Ernst Röhrig: Forest ecology: Introduction for Central Europe . 1st edition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-44268-5 , pp. 177 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-662-44268-5 ( google.de [accessed on January 27, 2019]).
  46. ↑ Norbert Bartsch, Ernst Röhrig: Forest ecology: Introduction for Central Europe . 1st edition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-44268-5 , pp. 174 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-662-44268-5 ( google.de [accessed on January 27, 2019]).
  47. ↑ a b BfN, DFWR and ANW present expert reports on the forest-game conflict. In: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. May 5, 2010, archived from the original on January 10, 2019 ; accessed on January 10, 2019 .
  48. ^ Vernon G. Thomas: Chemical compositional standards for non-lead hunting ammunition and fishing weights . In: Ambio . tape 48 , no. 9 , September 2019, ISSN  0044-7447 , p. 1072-1078 , doi : 10.1007 / s13280-018-1124-x , PMID 30547429 .
  49. ↑ a b c d "Wild - Well shot?" - BfR symposium on March 10, 2014 . Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-943963-19-9 ( archive.org [PDF; accessed on March 5, 2016]).
  50. ↑ Oliver Krone, Anna Lena Trinogga: The causes of lead poisoning in white- tailed eagles and radiological examinations of the ballistic behavior of leaded and lead-free hunting bullets . In: Eco hunting. Magazine of the ecological hunting association . Issue August 2008. Ökologischer Jagdverband, Olching 2008, ZDB -ID 1432783-1 , pp. 6-9. ( Full text online (PDF) ).
  51. ↑ Cf. Norbert Kennner, Thorsten Langgemach: Danger for sea eagles. High losses from lead poisoning in white-tailed eagles. In: Our hunt. Partner of nature. Issue 12/2001. Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin / (Munich) 2001, pp. 30–31, ZDB -ID 1019276-1 and Norbert Kennner, Frida Tartaruch, Oliver Krone: Heavy metals in soft tissue of white-tailed eagles found dead or moribund in Germany and Austria from 1993 to 2000. In: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry . Issue 20 (8) 2001. SETAC Press, Pensacola (Florida), ZDB -ID 46234-2 , pp. 1831-1837.
  52. ↑ Oliver Krone, Anna Lena Trinogga: The causes of lead poisoning in white- tailed eagles and radiological examinations of the ballistic behavior of leaded and lead-free hunting bullets . In: Eco hunting. Magazine of the ecological hunting association . Issue August 2008. Ökologischer Jagdverband, Olching 2008, ZDB -ID 1432783-1 , pp. 6-9. ( Full text online (PDF) ).
  53. ↑ a b Health risk from lead in game. In: Federal Ministry for Food and Agriculture. August 15, 2016, archived from the original on January 14, 2019 ; accessed on January 14, 2019 .
  54. ↑ Legal regulation for the use of lead shot ammunition in the hunt for waterfowl , July 2012, accessed on August 4, 2017
  55. ↑ Legal regulations of the federal states on the use of lead ammunition , August 2011, accessed on August 4, 2017
  56. ↑ Thilo Jahn, Pascal Fischer: Hunting accidents - hunters accidentally shoot people. In: Dlf Nova. November 15, 2018, accessed February 7, 2019 .
  57. ↑ B. Karger, F. Wissmann, D. Gerlach, B. Brinkmann: Firearm fatalities and injuries from hunting accidents in Germany . In: International Journal of Legal Medicine . tape 108 , no. 5 , September 1, 1996, ISSN  1437-1596 , pp. 252-255 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01369820 .
  58. ↑ Armin Deutz: Animal protection when dealing with wild animals . In: Johannes Baumgartner, Daniela Lexer (Hrsg.): Tierschutz: Claim - Responsibility - Reality . 2nd meeting of the Austrian Veterinarians' Platform for Animal Welfare. Vienna 2011, ISBN 978-3-9502915-1-3 , pp. 55 ff., ( Vetmeduni.ac.at [PDF; accessed on January 14, 2019]).
  59. ↑ New Hunting Law: Hunters want to continue shooting wild domestic animals. In: WORLD. May 8, 2014, accessed January 14, 2019 .
  60. ↑ Klaus Hackländer, Susanne Schneider, Johann David Lanz: Influence of domestic cats on the native fauna and possible management measures . Assessment. February 2014, p. 14 , doi : 10.13140 / 2.1.3276.1602 (47 pages, archive.org [PDF; accessed on February 9, 2019]).
  61. ↑ Jens Tuider: Hunt . In: Johann S. Ach, Dagmar Borchers (Hrsg.): Handbook of animal ethics: Basics - Contexts - Perspectives . 1st edition. JB Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart 2018, ISBN 978-3-476-05402-9 , pp. 247-251 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-476-05402-9 .
  62. ↑ Jens Tuider, Ursula Wolf: Is there an ethical justification for hunting? In: TIERethik - Journal of the human-animal relationship . 5th year, issue 7th MV-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-95645-016-7 , ISSN  1869-4950 , p. 33–46 ( archive.org [PDF; accessed January 7, 2019]).
  63. ↑ Martin Balluch: Hunt . In: Arianna Ferrari, Klaus Petrus (ed.): Lexicon of human-animal relationships (=  Human-Animal Studies . No. 1 ). 1st edition. Transcript, Bielefeld 2015, ISBN 978-3-8394-2232-8 , p. 181 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed January 20, 2020]).
  64. ↑ Christian Fuchs, Greta Taubert: Animal Law: The Vegan Army Fraction . In: The time . No. 36 , September 14, 2014, ISSN  0044-2070 ( archive.org [accessed February 22, 2018]).