History of the city of Aurich
The history of the city of Aurich can be traced back to the 13th century. The original settlement of Aurechove was first mentioned in 1276 in a Frisian legal record, the Brokmerbrief . Aurich developed into an important cattle marketplace and from 1561 was the residence of the counts and princes of East Friesland . After their extinction, the city remained the administrative center of East Frisia under changing rulers.
Middle Ages until 1514
The history of Aurich can be traced back to the 13th century. There are various hypotheses about the interpretation of the city name. Either it can be assigned to a person (Affo, East Frisian first name ) and his property (Reich) or it refers to a waterworks on the fertile, water-rich valley of the river Aa (or Ehe), on which the city was built. The spellings Aurichove, Aurike, Aurikehove, Auerk, Auryke, Auwerckhove, Auwerick, Auwerck, Auwreke, Awerck, Awreke, Awrik, Auwerich and Aurickeshove are known .
When the settlement of the urban area began is unknown. The place is mentioned for the first time as Aurechove 1276 in a Frisian legal record, the Brokmerbrief . This original settlement developed around the Lambertikirche , which Count Moritz von Oldenburg donated. It was consecrated to Saint Lambertus , the bishop of Maastricht who was killed in 703 . Its massive church tower, which has been in its present form since 1662, is the town's landmark. In the following years, the Counts of Oldenburg retained sovereignty over the place.
In the 14th century, a system of rule was established in East Frisia, in which local chiefs (hovedlinge) seized power over more or less large areas in frequent disputes. In this turmoil, Aurich and the entire Aurich region came into the hands of the tom Brok family , who were apparently enfeoffed with the castle and church in Aurich by the Counts of Oldenburg. In 1379 the tom Brok referred to themselves as "dominus terre Brocmannie et Averice". The power of the Oldenburg dwindled, however. They could not maintain their rule over Aurich and had no meaning in the further history of Aurich.
Around 1380 the tom Brok family built the city's first chieftain's castle. It probably stood on the site of today's Hotel Piqueurhof . It got the name Nieburg (New Castle) in contrast to Oldeborg (old castle) of tom Brok in Brokmerland . After the Battle of the Wild Fields , Focko Ukena took over the dominion of tom Brok, with them he received Aurich and the Auricherland. He tried to consolidate his rule and had the city and castle surrounded with ramparts and moats and bulwarks. Around 1430, the opponents of Focko Ukenas, who were united in the Freedom League of the Seven East Friesland, razed the castle in the struggle for supremacy in East Friesland. Today nothing is left of her. During excavations in 1986, the remains of trenches, masonry, stone paving and a layer of fire containing iron equipment and slag were found.
After the victory over Ukena, Emperor Friedrich III. Ulrich Cirksena , a member of one of the last influential chief families, to the imperial count and enfeoffed him with East Friesland as imperial county. Ulrich had the so-called Averborg (possible name interpretations: opposite the old castle, across the Aa) built opposite the old chief's castle in 1447 . The area on which the castle was built had previously been used for horse and cattle markets. Ulrich also bought four Kämpen from a Udo Riekena from Barstede for the construction .
Aurich initially had no major political significance - the counts of East Friesland resided in Emden - but thanks to its central location within the county, it was able to expand its economic position as a large cattle trading center with seven annual fairs.
Early modern age
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During the Saxon feud , a fire almost completely destroyed Aurich in 1514. Count Edzard I began the planned reconstruction of the city in 1517. The Count took Aurich's position as an important cattle trading center into account by moving the market from today's Schlossplatz to the newly created market square (about 150 by 50 meters, which was unusually large for a city the size of Aurich at the time). At the same time Edzard I had the city expanded in the west, so that the market square moved into the center of today's old town. The layout of this new facility still defines the city center today.
After 1529, under the government of Ennos II , the city's fortifications were renewed and expanded. New ramparts and trenches were built. In 1539 who got spots Aurich Count Enno II. And his brother John , the town charter awarded.
Aurich as the royal seat
In 1539 Enno II had all state authorities in Aurich merge. From 1561 the Counts of East Friesland moved their residence to the city and made the castle the center of court life. It thus became the capital of the county and the later Principality of East Friesland. During this time, Aurich's position as the administrative center for East Frisia began, which has been preserved to the present day. Aurich developed into a residential and civil service town, in which smaller industrial companies have only settled since the Weimar period.
During the Thirty Years War , East Frisia was captured three times (1622-1624, 1627-1631 and 1637-1651) by foreign troops and used as quarters, even if no major fighting took place. From 1622 to 1624 the Mansfelder occupied East Frisia. Aurich and the places in the area suffered from the occupation by the troops. The Count's House fled from Aurich to Esens and took a sum of 300,000 thalers with them, which were hidden in the Harlinger secondary residence - but not good enough: Mansfeld succeeded Count Enno III. after Esens, arrested him there and let his mercenaries search for the count's treasure. They found the 300,000 thalers in the hiding place and withheld the sum as a contribution. This loss still burdened the count's treasury after the end of the war. Enno III. managed to escape to Emden, the only unoccupied city in East Friesland in the Thirty Years' War.
The two following occupations also meant burdens through contributions. The occupiers from 1627 to 1631, however, imperial troops under Tilly , “kept male discipline and avoided excesses”, as did the Hessian troops billeted in East Frisia from 1637 to 1651 under Wilhelm V von Hessen-Kassel . Materially, too, the situation was different under the two occupations than under Mansfeld: Although contributions were collected, these were also spent in the region. During the war, the plague broke out in East Frisia .
The counts and later princes began a brisk building activity in Aurich. The stables still give a good impression of this today . In the midst of the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War , Count Ulrich II had the Julianenburg , a pleasure palace with a large manorial park, built in honor of his wife Juliane . Under the reign of Princes Christian Eberhard and Georg Albrecht , the palace park was redesigned based on the palace grounds of Versailles . In honor of his wife, Georg Albrecht also had another pleasure garden with -schloss laid out, the Carolinenburg . The expansion of the residence with state institutions and representative buildings continued until the dynasty died out and Prussia came to power in 1744.
Prussia, Netherlands, France (1744–1814)
When Carl Edzard , the last East Frisian prince from the house of Cirksena , died on May 25, 1744 , King Friedrich II of Prussia asserted his right of succession, which was regulated in the Emden Convention . He had Aurich occupied by 500 men without resistance on June 7, 1744, whereupon the country paid homage to the Prussian crown on June 23. Aurich remained the seat of the state authorities, received a war and domain chamber and became the government capital of the Prussian province of East Friesland. Immediately after the Prussians came to power, the sale of the Princely Furniture in Aurich began. The entire inventory of the castle, including the East Frisian prince library, was auctioned off in several auctions, so that hardly anything has survived today.
During the Seven Years' War East Friesland was occupied twice by French troops, with the second occupation by the Marquis de Conflans in 1761/62 causing considerable suffering for the inhabitants. The royal seat was occupied.
With the land reclamation edict (1765), the development of the state was also pushed forward in East Friesland . In the second half of the 18th century, more than 80 new peatland colonies were established in East Frisia . This also included several of today's Aurich districts. Plaggenburg was founded in 1777. The name already indicates the poor first settlers: the first houses were more like huts and were built from plagues . The first settlers were six families who originally came from the Palatinate . They came to East Frisia via an intermediate station on the Lower Rhine. In 1802 another village was founded by exiles from the Palatinate, Pfalzdorf. At the same time (1801/02) the Aurich rent master Julius Dietrich Tannen (1752-1829) founded the colony Tannendorf, later Tannenhausen, in the extensive moorland north of Aurich.
In the years 1798/99 the Treckschuitenfahrtskanal (today's name Treckfahrtstief ) was created between Emden and Aurich , which led through what is now the municipality of Ihlow. With barges , the horses towed were promoted the trek airline mail, cargo and passengers. This also gives the channel its name. "Trecken" is East Frisian Low German and means "to pull". At the same time, the small Aurich harbor was created.
Eleven days after the battle of Jena and Auerstedt , King Louis sent Dutch troops to East Friesland on October 25, 1806. They crossed the Ems and marched a few days later to Aurich. East Friesland and Jeverland subsequently fell to the Kingdom of Holland as the department of Oost-Vriesland . The formal integration took place on March 11, 1808 in Aurich in the Kingdom of Holland . Church bells rang in the city and 21 gun salutes were fired. Royal Dutch coats of arms were attached to the castle and town hall and the tricolor was hoisted on the castle tower .
In the following three years, East Frisia (with the exception of the Rheiderland , which was annexed to the department of Groningen) was the eleventh department of the Kingdom of Holland.
In early 1810, French troops began to occupy Holland. A few thousand French soldiers marched into East Frisia shortly afterwards. East Frisia then fell as the Departement de l'Ems-Oriental (Osterems) and the French Empire. Aurich was the seat of the highest French official of the department , the so-called prefect . There were also changes in local government. The mayor was henceforth called Maire . In Aurich these were the Maire de Bordeaux from 1810 to 1812 and the Maire Boden in 1813.
During the Dutch and French times, Christian and Jewish religious communities began to build (further) places of worship in the city. First, in 1810, the Aurich Jewish community began building its own synagogue. The money required for this was partly raised with donations from the non-Jewish population. The synagogue was built according to plans by Conrad Bernhard Meyer and consecrated on September 13, 1811. Jews lived in Aurich at least since 1635. Before the congregation moved into their house of worship, the services were held in an extension of a private house on Langen Strasse, which in earlier times belonged to the court Jew .
The Napoleonic period left traces in Aurich. The Emperor of the French donated 15,000 francs to the Evangelical Reformed parish. This donation was tied to the requirement to build one of the “temples to adorn the city”. The architect and master builder Conrad Bernhard Meyer, who was previously responsible for the construction of the synagogue, took on the matter and had the only classical church central building built in the Weser-Ems area from 1812 to 1814 . This is designed as a round building. The dome of the building is supported by eight Corinthian columns. The costs exceeded Napoleon's donation by almost 15 times and brought the community to the brink of ruin. For the peaceful coexistence of the religions in the city at this time, the fact that the Lutheran and the Jewish community, whose synagogue was on the other side of Kirchstrasse, collected money for the church building.
After the defeat of Napoleon and the collapse of his rule, Prussian troops again entered East Frisia from 1813 to 1815. Aurich became the seat of the Prussian authorities again.
The Hanoverian Period (1815–1866)
After the Congress of Vienna , East Friesland with its administrative center Aurich was added to the Kingdom of Hanover . Aurich became the capital of the Provincial Government of East Frisia formed on June 17, 1817. In 1823 the Landdrostei Aurich was formed from the previous provincial government as the central authority of the kingdom, which had its seat in the city. At the same time, the city was the seat of the Aurich office , which roughly corresponded to the Aurich district until 1977. The Amt Aurich included the district bailiffs Aurich, Timmel, Holtrop and Victorbur with a total of nine sub bailiffs. After Timmel briefly became an independent office, it came back to Aurich in 1859.
The construction of the Catholic St. Ludgerus Church in Aurich fell during this period . After the Reformation, there were hardly any Catholics in East Frisia for whom there were only a few places of worship. In the meantime, however, the number of Catholics had risen again, so that the royal government in Hanover approved the construction of a Catholic church on May 2, 1849. This was consecrated on October 17, 1849.
In 1851, under the Hanover government, the old Averborg was demolished after plans to renovate it had proven unfeasible. In place of the castle, the castle that still exists today was built as one of the few buildings in East Frisia in the English Tudor style of historicism.
Prussian again (1866–1913)
In 1866, East Frisia was annexed by Prussia as part of the Kingdom of Hanover after the German War . With the return of the Prussians to East Frisia, the city began to be militarized. Aurich Garrison Town and the third battalion of the newly formed Prussian 78th Infantry Regiment were stationed here in the year of annexation . In 1867 the regiment was named East Frisian Infantry Regiment No. 78 by royal order . In addition, a garrison hospital was set up in Aurich and the headquarters of the Landwehr district housed.
The Prussian administrative district Aurich was formed from the Landdrostei, with the name Landdrostei and the office structure remaining until 1885.
The Ems-Jade Canal was built between 1880 and 1888 . It owes its creation to Prussia's wish to connect its naval port of Wilhelmshaven , which was an exclave in the then Grand Duchy of Oldenburg , with the Prussian East Frisia, to which Wilhelmshaven belonged politically. Aurich was previously only connected to the port city of Emden by a canal, the Treckfahrtstief .
Aurich remained economically influenced by the cattle trade. The city was the seat of many regionally important agricultural associations and associations. Once a year the city was visited by cattle traders from all over Germany and neighboring countries when the East Frisian stallions were licensed in February . An industrial revolution did not take place (as in the rest of East Frisia with the exception of Emden), because the city “did not meet (…) the location conditions that could have stimulated foreign industrialists to set up factories. Neither the construction of the railway in 1883 nor the Ems-Jade Canal that was built soon after changed that. "
1898-1901 the seat of the East Frisian landscape was built.
Aurich remained a garrison town during the German Empire and the military played an increasingly important role in the small East Frisian official town. Uniformed men were omnipresent in the cityscape. This was also expressed in increased military construction activity. In 1912 the construction of a barracks for the 78th Infantry Regiment of the Prussian Army on the Ellernfeld began. The First World War prevented the regiment from moving into the building, which was named the Gray Donkey because of its color . After the war, the area was never used as originally intended. The barracks building was demolished after a major fire in 2007.
Aurich and the train
In 1883 Aurich was connected to the railway. The Abelitz – Aurich railway was built at the same time as the coastal railway (today's Rheine – Norddeich Mole railway ) in order not to leave the provincial capital Aurich without a railway connection.
In 1898 work began on the Leer – Aurich – Wittmund small railway . On May 7, 1900, the Aurich – Großefehn section was put into operation. From a legal point of view, the fact that the site was expropriated for the railway on July 11, 1900, although construction was already completed. The line from Großefehn to Leer was inaugurated on September 25, 1900 with a big celebration in Leer. From October 1st there was a scheduled traffic. In 1909 the Esens – Bensersiel and Ogenbagen – Bensersiel lines were connected. With a length of 85 kilometers, one of the largest small railways in northwest Germany was created. After the global economic crisis, the increasing motorization came with economic problems. The railway went bankrupt on April 28, 1930.
It was continued from 1964 as Kleinbahn GmbH and Kreisbahn Aurich GmbH . The final end came in 1967 for passenger traffic and on December 31, 1969 for freight traffic. In the following years the tracks were dismantled and the route to the Ostfrieslandwanderweg was expanded.
The Aurich-Abelitz railway was shut down in 1996, but freight traffic resumed in April 2008 after some sections of the line had been modernized.
The First World War
The beginning of the First World War was celebrated enthusiastically in the city . Many young men volunteered for service. The 78th Infantry Regiment stationed in Aurich was initially sent towards Belgium and was deployed on both the Western and Eastern Fronts during the course of the war . After the end of the war it was dissolved in mid-1919.
One day before the emperor's abdication, the first soldiers 'council for “maintaining public order” was founded in Aurich on November 8, 1918, and on November 12, 1918, the union with the now existing workers' councils followed. These consisted of representatives of the merchants' union, the citizenship, the free trade union cartel, the Christian-social workers, agriculture and the civil service. Finally, a peasant council was also formed. In the rural, rather conservative population of the city of Aurich, the workers 'and soldiers' councils were unable to establish themselves, so they gradually dissolved after the election to the Weimar National Assembly .
Weimar Republic
The end of the First World War brought only a few restrictions to the supply situation in East Frisia, in contrast to other areas of the German Empire . Agriculture had a relatively good phase during the war and until the end of the inflationary period. The population was predominantly rural and could support themselves.
In April 1919, however, there were so-called “bacon parades” by Emden workers , which were followed by rioting on the farm workers and similar raids in the Rheiderland . Workers broke into the surrounding villages in closed trains and stole food from farmers in clashes. The situation only calmed down after the deployment of the Reichswehr troops stationed in the region . As a reaction to this, resident police formed in many places in East Friesland - including those that were not affected by the “parades” . In the core town of Aurich alone, 246 people were armed with 250 weapons. Among the surrounding towns, Brockzetel, Langefeld, Middels-Osterloog and -Westerloog, Ogenbargen, Pfalzdorf, Schirum, Spekendorf, Tannenhausen and Wiesens had resident defense services between ten and 94 people. Of these, depending on the village, between a third and all of them had weapons. The resident services were only dissolved after a corresponding decree by the Prussian Interior Minister Carl Severing on April 10, 1920.
As a predominantly agricultural town, Aurich was hit by the agricultural crisis early on, while more industrialized regions and cities were hit by the global economic crisis only later . From 1924 there was a sharp drop in the price of agricultural products by up to 40 percent. This led to a fatal chain reaction in the city, which is heavily dependent on agriculture. The value of the farms halved, the rural population became impoverished. This often led to foreclosures under value, which with a certain delay led the banks into a crisis and ultimately swept trade and commerce with it. Bills could no longer be paid, loans could no longer be serviced.
As in the entire north-west of Lower Saxony, the rural people's movement was given a boost in the Weimar Republic after a bad harvest occurred in 1927 and the farmers were increasingly in dire straits. However, by focusing on quantities rather than quality, the problems were partly homemade. As in other parts of the country, the black flag, symbol of Florian Geyer's Black Band in the Peasants' War , fluttered as a sign of protest. On January 5, 1928, there was a large demonstration by farmers from the region in Aurich, in which 4,000 people took part. The National Socialists, with their blood and soil ideology, saw themselves as guardians of the needs of the farmers and found appropriate support in many communities.
In the end, the crisis reached the authorities and municipalities. The district of Aurich was insolvent due to the reduced or non-existent tax revenue. In this emergency, the District Administrator Barkhausen ordered to withhold taxes that were actually due. A later prosecution of this wrongdoing by the National Socialists - although this was otherwise often used as a means of pressure against unpleasant old political elites - did not materialize. Although the National Socialists had been increasingly active in the city with meetings and rallies since the mid-1920s, this was not reflected in the election results. The German People's Party (DVP) remained the strongest party until the 1930 Reichstag election.
In 1924 Karl Anklam succeeded Friedrich Schwiening as mayor. Since the mid-1920s, National Socialist meetings and rallies have taken place in Aurich again and again. Anti-Semitic attacks increased. Anklam, on the other hand, was a staunch Republican and enjoyed good relations with the city's Jews. In 1927 he published an essay on the history of the Aurich Jewish community. He attacked the National Socialists and Communists , who had gained strength at the end of the Weimar Republic , with sharp words.
In 1931 Anklam intervened personally when the National Socialists distributed a leaflet in the run-up to Christmas with the request to only buy from Christians. That made him a target of Nazi propaganda himself. Anklam was defamed as a “Judenknecht” in the NSDAP press, and his house was smeared with slogans and swastikas several times. Nazi propaganda material was regularly pushed under his front door. Mayor Anklam still tried to put a stop to the activities of the National Socialists in the city. Several times he banned rallies and marches by the National Socialists. As recently as December 1930, Anklam reported to the district president: The National Socialists are at least not very prominent in the urban area .
On January 29, 1931, on the occasion of a National Socialist meeting, there was a major argument between the SA and communists. In the same year, on the anniversary of the Hitler-Ludendorff putsch , swastika flags were waving in the city for the first time.
In 1932, in the wake of the Prussian strike, the democratic Prussian district president Jann Berghaus was retired and the National Socialist East Frisian daily appeared for the first time. On October 29th Adolf Hitler spoke in Aurich. The daily newspaper Ostfriesische Nachrichten reported about 12,000 participants in the agricultural hall.
In the 1932 Reichstag elections, 44.2 percent of those eligible to vote in the Aurich administrative region voted for the NSDAP . The high election results were not reflected in Aurich in the corresponding political activities of the National Socialists. Only Pastor Heinrich Meyer was active in propaganda. The strong Jewish community was politically active and before 1933 was represented by a representative in the Citizens' Board.
Until 1933, the National Socialists could barely gain a foothold in the bourgeois milieu. No club, no guild, no association or other institution was directed or significantly influenced by a National Socialist before 1933. The strong Jewish community, on the other hand, was politically active.
time of the nationalsocialism
- See also: Aurich Jewish Community
In the Reichstag elections on March 5, the National Socialists achieved 46.3 percent of the votes, in the municipal elections on March 12 of the same year, however, only 38.9 percent.
The seizure and stabilization of power in Aurich went quickly and largely without friction. The National Socialists contented themselves with conquering the decision-making centers such as the Citizens' Board and Magistrate and by eliminating the left. Respected representatives of the bourgeoisie were left in their largely powerless positions.
With a few exceptions, the National Socialists did not intervene in clubs and associations and the bourgeois local elite largely remained to themselves without merging with the National Socialist elite. This simultaneous coexistence and coexistence of the bourgeois Protestant milieu and National Socialism shaped the local development practically until 1945.
Adolf Hitler and President Hindenburg were granted honorary citizenship of the city on April 6th. Mayor Anklam was ousted from office. Ludwig Münchmeyer , who had been forced out of his position as pastor on the East Frisian North Sea island of Borkum under inglorious circumstances a few years earlier, came back to East Frisia and spoke to around five to six thousand listeners. In the following years there were several major rallies by the National Socialists in Aurich. A planned book burning had to be canceled, however, because the Aurich school libraries did not have enough works by ostracized authors.
In the following years, the rule of the National Socialists in Aurich steadily strengthened. Communists and Social Democrats were persecuted, Jews were pushed out of office. In addition, they were deprived of their economic basis with boycotts. In contrast to Emden, emigration did not begin in Aurich until 1937.
Farmers in (today's) urban area were Reich into line . The passing of the Reichserbhofgesetz met with protests from many farmers, as they felt that their economic freedom of choice was limited. In the bog colonies there was also the fact that the agricultural land was often too small to represent a full-time farm. The ban on selling hereditary farms therefore hit those businesses with the lower size limit of a hereditary farm of 7.5 hectares in particular. Although there were many judicial judgments in favor of the plaintiff smallholders, the proportion of hereditary farms in the region remained above the national average.
The Naval News School was founded in Aurich in 1938. The city was still a garrison of the Wehrmacht .
On the night of November 9th to 10th, 1938, Aurich SA troops took part in the riots against the Jews ordered by the Reich leadership of the National Socialists, which were later referred to as Reichskristallnacht or November Pogroms 1938. The synagogue was burned down and all male Jews were deported via Oldenburg to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp , from which they could only return after weeks. The discrimination continued; two years later the city was registered as free of Jews .
During the Second World War Aurich was spared major air raids. The city was bombed three times. 17 people were killed and 24 injured. Towards the end of the war, the Engerhafe concentration camp was built in 1944 . Those imprisoned here under inhuman conditions had to dig anti-tank trenches around the city of Aurich, which was declared a fortress. Shortly before the completion of the “all-round defense of Aurich”, the camp was closed on December 22, 1944. 188 prisoners died within the two months of its existence.
On May 3 and 4, 1945, a delegation from Aurich negotiated with the approaching Canadians to surrender the city without a fight. This took place on May 5, 1945, after a treaty signed on May 4 near Lüneburg for the unconditional surrender of the three German armies operating in northwest Germany came into force at eight o'clock on the same day.
In the spring and summer of 1945 interned German soldiers helped to fill in the majority of the anti-tank ditch line around Aurich so that it is only visible in individual places.
After the Second World War (since 1945)
After the war, refugees from the eastern areas of the German Reich were taken in in what is now the city, but with an uneven distribution: “The bog colonies took in the fewest refugees,” says a study by Bernhard Parisius , which also affects the bog colonies in the Aurich fringe areas applies. Instead, the displaced were drawn to the fertile East Frisian marshland and especially to the cities: After 1945, Aurich was populated by many refugees. At the outbreak of war, the city had 6,874 inhabitants within its narrowly defined boundaries; by the end of 1945 it was 10,350.
The refugees came to a district which at that time was already characterized by a lack of jobs. In addition, there was the lack of adequate and healthy living space, whereby the bog colonies stood out negatively. In the activity report of the Aurich district administration for the election period 1948–1952 it says:
“Sufficient work and living space could not be created for all of these people, especially since the cities of Emden and Wilhelmshaven had been broken up and some of their residents had also been evacuated to the Aurich district. The military government instructed the displaced persons to attend to this unnatural increase in the population, which was in complete contradiction to the capabilities of the district. That meant a catastrophe for both parties: for the Aurich district and for the displaced! The recurring unemployment affects the displaced the most. Although they only make up 15% of the population, they contribute around 30% to unemployment. The housing shortage has just as severe an impact. [...] So the displaced were mostly assigned the poor side rooms, summer kitchens, up-chambers, milk rooms and bakeries, which are as unhealthy as they are inhumane, like the Nissen huts and barracks. The housing misery of the displaced in the Aurich district is confirmed by the State Statistical Office by the statement that "the district of Aurich has the highest density of housing in Lower Saxony with the smallest average apartment size". "
In 1948 the incidents in connection with the pogroms of November 1938 were investigated by the Aurich jury. Of the four defendants, one was acquitted and the other three were sentenced to three years, one year and ten months in prison.
Through the Lower Saxony municipal reform in 1972/73, Aurich was significantly enlarged and grew to its present size of 197 square kilometers. The number of inhabitants has almost tripled through the incorporation of a large number of surrounding small communities. Therefore the construction of a new town hall on the southern edge of the core city became necessary. Aurich remained the Prussian capital of government until 1945 and then became the capital of the Aurich administrative district of the state of Lower Saxony, newly created by the Allies . In 1978 the Aurich administrative district was dissolved and merged into the Weser-Ems administrative district with its seat in Oldenburg , which in turn was dissolved at the end of 2004. Aurich remained a branch of the Oldenburg authorities for years. In 1977, however, the districts of Aurich and Norden were combined to form the new, now almost twice as large, district of Aurich. In the following years, an expansion of the infrastructure became necessary in order to be able to fulfill the increased tasks and to accommodate the administrative officials who had come from the north. The Carolinenhof was therefore built opposite the new town hall, which not only houses the district administration under its roof, but is also a shopping and leisure center.
On September 24, 1967, passenger traffic on the Abelitz – Aurich railway was stopped. Only goods traffic was maintained, especially for the ammunition depot of the Bundeswehr in Tannenhausen and, to a lesser extent, for the supply of goods and fuel to Aurich and other places along the route. The importance of the route decreased in the following years, so that the freight traffic was stopped on December 31, 1993.
After the Second World War, a noticeable industrialization took place in Aurich. So the Rücker GmbH dairy established itself . From humble beginnings, the electrical engineering company Rolf Janssen has developed into a medium-sized company with around 400 employees. The wind turbine manufacturer Enercon , which was founded in Aurich in 1984 and today employs well over 3,000 people in the city alone, is also significant for local economic development . The number of industrial employees in Aurich now clearly exceeds the 4000 mark and has led to the long-established administrative city and supply city for the rural area now also having an industrial component in the economic structure. The rise of Enercon is particularly evident in urban finances. Aurich is one of the small minority of abundant municipalities in Lower Saxony.
Population development
The city of Aurich now has a good 40,000 inhabitants and is therefore, in terms of population, the second largest city in East Frisia after Emden . On the one hand, there were significant boosts in the population development after the end of the Second World War, when many refugees from the former eastern regions of the German Reich were taken in. The population of Aurich in 1945 was almost 50 percent higher than in 1939.
A second boost in the population development resulted from the incorporation of many small surrounding communities in the course of the Lower Saxony municipal reform.
As early as May 31, 1965, the communities Extum, Haxtum, Kirchdorf and Rahe, all of today's Aurich districts, were merged to form the Upstalsboom community. The name of the joint community was based on the Upstalsboom monument .
On July 1, 1972, the communities Brockzetel, Dietrichsfeld, Egels, Extum, Georgsfeld, Haxtum, Kirchdorf, Langefeld, Middels, Pfalzdorf, Plaggenburg, Popens, Rahe, Sandhorst, Schirum, Spekendorf, Tannenhausen, Walle, Wallinghausen and Wiesens were included in the Lower Saxony municipal territorial reform added to the Aurich urban area. Through the incorporation of large parts of today's urban area, the population of Aurich increased by more than double its previous size and exceeded the 30,000-inhabitant mark. Since the municipal reform, Aurich has been the second largest municipality in East Frisia in terms of inhabitants.
The increase in the number of inhabitants since 1990 results on the one hand from people who moved to Aurich from the new federal states, but even more from Russian Germans who have found a new home in Aurich. Since the end of the 1990s, Aurich's population has remained fairly constant at a little more than 40,000. The birth balance has been negative since the beginning of the 21st century, but is offset by new arrivals. Retirees from other regions of Germany who want to spend their retirement years in East Frisia play an important role.
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Population of the former municipalities
The following population figures are the 1961 (June 6th) and 1970 (May 27th) census results.
| local community | 1961 | 1970 |
|---|---|---|
| Brockzetel | 487 | 520 |
| Dietrichsfeld | 640 | 675 |
| Egels | 719 | 951 |
| Extum | 696 | 782 |
| Georgsfeld | 500 | 639 |
| Haxtum | 662 | 702 |
| Church Village | 807 | 931 |
| Langefeld | 350 | 396 |
| Middels | 1430 | 1373 |
| Pfalzdorf | 226 | 249 |
| Plaggenburg | 1087 | 1170 |
| Popens | 630 | 1098 |
| Rahe | 458 | 538 |
| Sandhorst | 2265 | 3482 |
| Shirum | 1189 | 1250 |
| Spekendorf | 564 | 553 |
| Tannenhausen | 964 | 1218 |
| Walle | 1770 | 2077 |
| Wallinghausen | 1554 | 1993 |
| Wiesens | 1075 | 1269 |
literature
- Karl Anklam: The Jewish community in Aurich . In: Monthly for the history and science of Judaism . Vol. 71, 1927, No. 4, ZDB -ID 208351-6 , pp. 194-206, online .
- Wybren Jan Buma (ed.): The Brokmer legal manuscripts . Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage 1949, ( Oudfriese Taal- en Rechtsbronnen 5).
- Walter Deeters : East Frisia in the Thirty Years War. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 78 (1998), pp. 32–44
- Hans Bernhard Eden: The residents' defenses of Ostfriesland from 1919 to 1921. In: Emder yearbook for historical regional studies of Ostfriesland , vol. 65 (1985), pp. 81-134.
- Karl Heinrich Kaufhold; Uwe Wallbaum (Ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Frisia (sources on the history of East Frisia, Volume 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 .
- Bernhard Parisius: Many sought their own homeland. Refugees and displaced persons in western Lower Saxony (treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 79), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-42-8 .
- Harry Pladies: East Frisia during the Wars of Liberation and the time of the Congress of Vienna (1813–1815) . In: Yearbook of the Society for Fine Art and Patriotic Antiquities in Emden 46, 1966, ISSN 0341-969X , pp. 179-240.
- Dr. Heinz Ramm: The beginnings of Aurich . In: Hajo van Lengen (Ed.): Collectanea Frisica. Contributions to the historical regional studies of East Frisia. Walter Deeters on his 65th birthday . Aurich, Ostfriesische Landschaft 1995, ISBN 3-925365-86-9 , ( Treatises and lectures on the history of Ostfriesland 74), pp. 101–162.
- Dietmar von Reeken : East Frisia between Weimar and Bonn. A case study on the problem of historical continuity using the example of the cities of Emden and Aurich. (Sources and studies on the history of Lower Saxony after 1945, Volume 7). Verlag August Lax, Hildesheim 1991, ISBN 3-7848-3057-9 .
- Waldemar Reinhardt: The local and land forms of East Frisia in their settlement history development. In: Karl-Heinz Sindowski et al .: Geology, Soils and Settlement of Ostfriesland (Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches, Volume 1), Deichacht Krummhörn (Ed.), Self-published, Pewsum 1969, without ISBN, pp. 203–378.
- Herbert Reyer : East Frisia in the Third Reich. The beginnings of the National Socialist tyranny in the Aurich administrative region 1933–1938 . Contributions to the Colloquium of the East Frisian Landscape on February 7th and 8th, 1992. Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH., Aurich 1992, ISBN 3-932206-14-2 , ( Research Institute for the Frisian Coastal Area - Contributions and results of the colloquia ).
- Heinrich Schmidt : Political history of East Frisia. ( East Frisia in the protection of the dike , vol. 5). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1975, without ISBN.
- Wolfgang Schwarz: The prehistory in Ostfriesland , Verlag Schuster, Leer 1995, ISBN 3-7963-0323-4 .
- Gerhard Siebels: The settlement names of the Auricherland, in: Hajo van Lengen (Hrsg.): Collectanea Frisica. Contributions to the historical regional studies of East Frisia. Walter Deeters on his 65th birthday. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-86-9 , pp. 75-100
- Karl-Heinz Sindowski et al .: Geology, Soils and Settlement of Ostfriesland (Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches, Vol. 1), Deichacht Krummhörn (Ed.), Self-published, Pewsum 1969, without ISBN.
- Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974 ( Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches , Vol. 6), without ISBN.
- Ekkehard Wassermann: settlement history of the moors. In: Karl-Ernst Behre, Hajo van Lengen (ed.): East Frisia - History and shape of a cultural landscape. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-85-0 , pp. 93–111.
- Harm Wiemann / Johannes Engelmann: Old ways and streets in East Frisia . Self-published, Pewsum 1974 ( East Frisia in the protection of the dyke , vol. 8), without ISBN.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Aurich.de: A short foray into Aurich's long history
- ^ Herbert Obenaus (Ed.): Historical manual of the Jewish communities in Lower Saxony and Bremen. Wallstein, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-753-5
- ↑ District Court Aurich- Castle History
- ↑ East Frisian Landscape Find Chronicle 1986
- ^ Walter Deeters: East Frisia in the Thirty Years War. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 78 (1998), pp. 32–44, here: p. 39.
- ↑ The East Frisian historian Tileman Dothias Wiarda had already pointed this out in Volume 5 of his “East Frisian History” (Aurich 1795): “Since, however, due to the long years of billeting, these contributions were almost completely consumed again in the province, and the money always remained in circulation, so the riddle can be solved to some extent. ”Quoted in: Walter Deeters: Ostfriesland in the Thirty Years War. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 78 (1998), pp. 32–44, here: p. 43.
- ^ Walter Deeters: East Frisia in the Thirty Years War. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 78 (1998), pp. 32–44, here: p. 38.
- ↑ Hinrich Schoolmann: Our dear little town - A walk through the old Aurich , Verlag AHF Dunkmann KG, Aurich without year, without ISBN, p. 68
- ^ Martin Tielke: The new library of the East Frisian landscape in Aurich
- ↑ Harry Pladies: Ostfriesland at the time of Napoleon in: Die Leuchtboje, Heft 19, Leer o. J.
- ^ Reformiert.de: Aurich
- ↑ a b HGIS Germany: Landdrostei Aurich (1823–1865) (PDF; 23 kB)
- ↑ Curt Heinrich Conrad Friedrich Jansen: Statistical Handbook of the Kingdom of Hanover 1824. S. 161 ff., Accessed on October 7, 2013.
- ↑ Christian Hermann Ebhardt: The State Constitution of the Kingdom of Hanover: Ordinance on the reorganization of administrative offices 1859. P. 675f., Accessed on October 7, 2013.
- ↑ aurich.de: The Catholic Church
- ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Schaer: The city of Aurich and its civil servants in the 19th century with special consideration of the Hanoverian period (1815–1866) , Göttingen 1963, p. 83
- ↑ Hinrich Schoolmann, “Our dear little town”, p. 109
- ^ History of the small train
- ^ Norbert Fiks: November Revolution - Leer under the Workers 'and Soldiers' Council 1918/1919 , Leer 2007, ISBN 3-8370-0123-7 , p. 28
- ↑ Herbert Reyer: Revolution and democratic new beginning in the city and the district of Aurich in the years 1918–1920 in: Ostfriesland between Republic and Dictatorship, Aurich 1998, p. 85f
- ↑ Hans Bernhard Eden: The Resident Services of Ostfriesland from 1919 to 1921. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Country Studies of Ostfriesland , Vol. 65 (1985), pp. 81-134, here pp. 94, 98, 105, 114.
- ↑ a b Beatrix Herlemann : The East Frisian Agriculture in National Socialism. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 81 (2001), pp. 205–216, here: pp. 205f.
- ↑ Working group of the local chronicles of the East Frisian landscape, Rudolf Nassua: The world economic crisis and its consequences in Aurich (PDF; 48 kB)
- ↑ Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Aurich in National Socialism , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1989, p. 82
- ^ Herbert Obenaus (ed.), Historical Handbook of the Jewish Communities in Lower Saxony and Bremen , p. 26, ISBN 3-89244-753-5
- ↑ a b Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Aurich im Nationalozialismus , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1989, p. 52
- ↑ a b Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Aurich im Nationalozialismus , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1989, p. 502
- ^ Ostfriesische Nachrichten of November 1, 1932: Adolf Hitler in Aurich
- ^ A b Dietmar von Reeken: Emden and Aurich 1928–1948. On the relationship between rupture and continuity in socio-moral milieus. In: Frank Bajohr (Ed.): Northern Germany in National Socialism. Hamburg 1993, ISBN 3-87916-008-2 , p. 57
- ↑ Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Aurich im Nationalozialismus , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1989, p. 71
- ↑ a b c d e Dietmar von Reeken: Emden and Aurich 1928–1948. On the relationship between rupture and continuity in socio-moral milieus. In: Frank Bajohr (Ed.): Northern Germany in National Socialism. Hamburg 1993, ISBN 3-87916-008-2 , p. 58
- ↑ Bernhard Parisius: Many sought their own homeland. Refugees and displaced persons in western Lower Saxony (treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 79), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-42-8 , p. 74.
- ^ District Aurich (ed.): Activity report of the district Aurich 1948–1952. Verlag Dunkmann, Aurich 1952, reprint of the district administration of the district of Aurich, 2006.
- ^ Herbert Obenaus (Ed.): Historical manual of the Jewish communities in Lower Saxony and Bremen , ISBN 3-89244-753-5 .
- ↑ a b c d Federal Statistical Office (Hrsg.): Historical municipality register for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes for municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart and Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 261 .
- ^ Until 1939: Herbert Obenaus (Ed.): Historical manual of the Jewish communities in Lower Saxony and Bremen. Wallstein, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-753-5 , p. 126
- ↑ afterwards: Aurich.de: Facts and figures
- ↑ 2010: "Federal Statistical Office"
- ↑ Numbers, data & facts - City of Aurich. Retrieved October 3, 2017 .
