Rock tombs at el-Kab

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View from the tomb of Paheri on the walls of el-Kab
Drawing from the 19th century by Faucher-Gaudin, after a photo by Emil Brugsch

The rock tombs of el-Kab are ancient Egyptian tombs from the time of the New Kingdom near the present-day town of el-Kab (in Arabic), carved into the sandstone of a rocky slope on the northeast bank of the Nile الكاب, DMG al-Kāb ; also Elkab ). They are located about 18 kilometers northwest of the city of Edfu in Upper Egypt . The most important graves of the necropolis can be reached via stairs on the south side of the rock massif. The grave entrances are located 450 meters north of the north corner of el-Kab's enclosure wall , the mud brick wall that is still largely preserved and which was built as the city wall of the ancient Egyptian Necheb .

Research history

The rock tombs were discovered in 1799 by scholars from the Egyptian expedition under Napoleon Bonaparte . In 1825, James Burton copied scenes and inscriptions in the tombs. Afterwards Jean-François Champollion and Ippolito Rosellini , then Robert Hay and John Gardner Wilkinson worked in el-Kab. The most important early publications on the rock graves were published in the 19th century by Richard Lepsius and Heinrich and Emil Brugsch . Lepsius wrote about el-Kab in a letter:

“We stayed three days in El Kab, the old Eileithyia. Even more remarkable than the various temples of this once mighty place are its rock tombs, which mostly fall at the beginning of the Egyptian war of freedom against the Hyksos and throw some light on the dynasty conditions at that time. Several distinguished persons buried there bear the strange title of a male nurse of a royal prince, expressed by the well-known group mena , with the determinative of the female breast, Coptic [sign]; the deceased is depicted with the prince on his lap. "

- Richard Lepsius : Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia and the Sinai peninsula.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, British archaeologists James Edward Quibell , Frederick William Green , Archibald Henry Sayce , Joseph John Tylor and Somers Clarke worked in el-Kab and excavated some of the rock tombs.

List of rock graves

The graves of the necropolis are numbered consecutively from east to west under the designation "EK" for el-Kab. In detail, they are assigned to the grave owners named below. Little is known about some of them, others are well documented:

Rock tombs of el-Kab (Egypt)
Rock tombs at el-Kab
Rock tombs at el-Kab
Location in Egypt
Ascent to the rock tombs

Important tombs of the necropolis

Tomb of Paheri (EK3)

Coordinates: 25 ° 7 ′ 39.1 ″ N, 32 ° 47 ′ 55.9 ″ E

Entrance to the tomb of Paheri

The tomb of Paheri is the largest and most richly decorated tomb of the rock tombs of el-Kab. It dates from the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom. Paheri was in the reign of Pharaoh Thutmose III. Gaufürst (ḥ3.tj-ˁ Hatia ; also known as Nomarch or Mayor) of Necheb and Junyt in Nechengau , the 3rd Upper Egyptian Gau , as well as the highest priest of the cult in honor of the goddess Nechbet . As a clerk , he was also responsible for the grain supply in a large area in southern Upper Egypt.

Kneeling Paheri

On the right side of the entrance to the rock tomb there is a relief of Paheri, kneeling, arms facing south and wearing an apron . The damaged hieroglyphic inscription contains a hymn to Nechbet: "Pay homage to you, mistress of the mouth of the two valleys, mistress of heaven." The rest of the facade, on which there were inscriptions with prayers to other deities, is badly damaged. The two columns on the left contain an Adoration of Amun-Re . Behind the entrance on the south side of the grave opens an 8.30 meter long and 3.80 meter wide room with a 3.50 meter high ceiling in the center of the grave, which resembles a straight barrel vault . The walls and vaulted ceiling of the interior carved out of the rock are decorated with raised flat reliefs (bas-reliefs).

Back wall with statue niche

In the middle of the wall opposite the entrance is a 1.80 meter high, 1.50 meter wide and 1.73 meter deep niche, in which high reliefs, similar to sculptures , depict the grave lord Paheri, to his right his wife Henut-er neheh and left represent his mother Kem in a sitting position. All three seat pictures are, in some cases severely, damaged. The figures are surrounded by colored wall reliefs. They show Paheri and his wife sitting next to a sacrificial table on the west side while their son Amunmose consecrates the food. The six children of Paheri, three sons and three daughters appear below. On the east wall of the niche, Paheri stands in front of the seated royal sons Wadjmose and Amunmose , sons of Pharaoh Thutmose I , and the parents of Paheri who are seated behind them. Below them are the six sons and three daughters of Kem, among them her son Paheri. The long inscription around the niche on the back wall of the tomb, slightly carved into the sandstone and filled with blue paint, names the merits of Paheri, contains prayers for a happy future and the wish of the visitors to the tomb to recite the sacrificial formulas for to pray the ka of the deceased.

Paheri with Prince Wadjmose

The relief representations on the western wall of the grave are divided into three large sections. The first shows Paheri in his role as clerk and mayor. This is followed by scenes of his activities in the private sphere and depictions of the cult of the dead were chosen towards the northwest corner. The front area immediately to the left of the entrance is particularly interesting for ancient scholars, where agricultural life in ancient Egypt is depicted throughout the year from seed to harvest in three registers, flanked by the Paheri with the attributes of power, shown larger on the left in his hands, a stick and the Sechem scepter . Herds of cattle, donkeys, goats and pigs appear below the agricultural scenes, followed by the weighing of gold from the mines, followed by two ships with cabin superstructures and two loaded with wheat and barley. Above depictions of bird trapping and fishing, there is a portrait of the seated Paheri, who is holding the naked Prince Wadjmose on his lap. It is believed that at a young age Paheri, like his father, the scribe Atefrura, was the prince's teacher and tutor. The northern end of the west wall represents a funeral procession that ends at the bottom right with the adoration of Osiris by Paheri.

Amunmose before Paheri and Henut-er-neheh

At a later time, a passage to three more chambers was carved into the east wall, which remained unadorned. This destroyed parts of the reliefs on the east wall. To the left of the passage, Paheri and his wife Henut-er-neheh are shown in large format sitting on a bench, with a leashed monkey at their feet. They look in the direction of the grave entrance, where there was possibly a table in front of them, which is only partially recognizable due to the insertion of the passage to the other chambers. To the right of the passage, looking at his parents, stands their probably eldest son Amunmose, dressed in a panther skin identifying a Sem priest, who brings the presents. Behind Amenmes, the participants in the funeral meal appear, first in two rows one below the other, the grandparents of Paheri's maternal side Ahmose and his wife Iput, and below them the parents Atefrura and Kem, behind them in four rows further relatives, above men and below women. Ahmose, son of Ibana, Paheri's grandfather, is commemorated by his own rock tomb in el-Kab, known as EK5. Near the entrance Paheri and Henut-er-neheh are shown again in large format, this time standing one behind the other, making offerings to the gods. Behind Henut-er-neheh, three of her children are shown on a smaller scale, the daughter Tatetes above, the sons Amunmose in the middle and Rahetep below.

  • Drawings of the grave reliefs from late October 1843 under Richard Lepsius
  • North wall of the tomb with a central niche
  • East side of the niche with paheri on the right
  • West wall: Paheri with Prince Wadjmose
  • Agriculture and ships on the west wall

On the south wall, only the eastern reliefs above and next to the entrance and exit are preserved. It is assumed that the western reliefs were designed symmetrically to the eastern representation of the Paheri depicted there. Paheri wears an apron and a transparent cloak there. Above it is written in hieroglyphs : "Go out into the country to see the sun [...]" Above is a ship as the eastern part of the no longer complete relief above the lintel.

Tomb of Setau (EK4)

Coordinates: 25 ° 7 ′ 39.0 ″ N, 32 ° 47 ′ 55.6 ″ E

Entrance to the tomb of Setau

Setau was the first priest ( high priest ) of the Nechbet under Ramses III during the 20th dynasty . and Ramses IV. In the relief of the facade to the right of the grave entrance one recognizes him with his wife standing behind him during the adoration of the god Re-Harachte . Above it, flanked by baboons, is Chepre with the solar disk in a boat . The facade relief is otherwise badly damaged. The structure and decoration of the grave of Setau is similar to that of Paheri, but can be reached via four descending steps and the ceiling is made of unworked rock. It has two low side chambers that were made later. Their entrances on the west side of the rear wall and the east wall are only a little over half a meter high.

Interior with side chambers

There was probably no statue niche in the back wall, as in that of Paheri. In any case, one is no longer recognizable, the wall is now smoothly plastered. On the sides of the wall there are remains of a hieroglyphic inscription on a red background. The reliefs on the west wall are also badly damaged. Parts of four ships have been preserved, one with a shrine, the barque of the Nechbet, on the occasion of the anniversary of Ramses III.

On the north side of the east wall, like in the grave of Paheri, the grave owner, here Setau and his wife, sit on a bench, below them a leashed monkey. Large parts of the relief depicting Setau and the presumed table of gifts in front of the couple are no longer there. To the right of it follows her son-in-law Ramsesnacht with the panther skin of a Sem priest, then a couple sitting in front of a dining table. Under this one would expect another couple, analogous to the grave of Paheri. However, there is the low passage into the above-mentioned eastern side chamber. This is followed by the four rows of male and female guests, probably relatives of the Setau. The east wall ends in the southern section with pictures of Setau and his wife in large format making sacrifices for the gods.

As in the grave of Paheri, the grave owner appears on the south wall of the entrance and exit in a large format with a view towards the doorway. Here, however, Setau wears a panther skin under the transparent cloak. The rest of the design of the reliefs up to and including the lintel differs from the Paheri tomb to the east, but like that one, it is badly damaged. Several times appears in the tomb Merire , who decorated the tomb.

Tomb of Ahmose, son of Ibana (EK5)

Coordinates: 25 ° 7 ′ 39.0 ″ N, 32 ° 47 ′ 55.3 ″ E

Entrance to the tomb of Ahmose

Similar to the tomb of Paheri, a rectangular room with a vaulted ceiling opens up behind the damaged facade. Ahmose, son of Ibana, was a naval officer at the time of the 18th dynasty, who rose to become the highest commander of the Egyptian navy under the pharaohs Ahmose I , Amenophis I and Thutmose I , comparable to an admiral . His mother's name was Ibana (also transcribed Abana or Ebana ), his father Baba served as an officer in the army of the Seqenenre . Ahmose was involved in the sieges and income from Auaris and Sharuhe in the fight against the Hyksos , the "rulers of the foreign lands", in the suppression of two Upper Egyptian uprisings and several campaigns against Nubia (Nehset), Kerma (Kasch) and against Mittani ( Naheryn ). Under Amenophis I he was named "warrior of the ruler" and Thutmose I promoted him to commander in chief of the navy.

Ahmose's tomb was not completed. Parts of the walls, especially the west wall, were left without decorations with reliefs. However, preliminary drawings can be seen on the unadorned places on the wall. In the back wall of the tomb of Ahmose there was certainly no niche with statue reliefs as in the tomb of Paheri. The bas-reliefs are no longer complete, but they stretch across the entire wall surface.

Back wall of the burial chamber

On the right side of the back wall, divided into two sections, Ahmose and his wife Iput can be seen in a sitting position. A monkey eating fruit is depicted under the bench on which they sat. Facing the couple is their grandson Paheri in the middle of the back wall, who is standing and stretching his arm towards Ahmose and Iput. Between them stands a table covered with food. In the back of Paheris, divided into two further sections, the deceased children of Ahmose are shown. In the lower of these sections sits a female figure who is referred to as "his mother", but whose name is incomplete. It seems possible that Kem is meant here as the mother of Paheri, who was the daughter of Ahmose. Behind her the relief has been destroyed. The lower section of the back wall, kept somewhat smaller, reflects a similar scene: a couple sitting on the right, of whom the woman is called “Kema” (Kem, mother of Paheri?), Is seated in front of a table by Paheri in the middle thoughtful with gifts. Behind this, again divided into two smaller sections, appear the couple's children, above the sons, below them Paheri, below the daughters, of whose names only that of Imen-sat is completely preserved.

Biography of Ahmose, son of Ibana, as the main part of the east wall

On its north side, the east wall has a more than 1.60 meter high entrance to another burial chamber that has no wall decorations. The passage was added afterwards, which largely destroyed a text made of hieroglyphics on the wall. To the right and left of the passage, two damaged columns of the inscription have been preserved. Towards the exit of the grave, there is a life-size image of Ahmose, who is leaning on a staff of dignity with his left hand. In front of him, on a much smaller scale, is his grandson Paheri. Both look in the direction of what is known as the autobiography of Ahmose. As the inscription above the depiction of Paheri indicates, however, he is the author of the biography of Ahmose, his grandfather: “It was the son of his daughter who undertook the work in this tomb, perpetuating the name of his mother's father, the scribe of Amun, Paheri, just (true) in voice . "

South wall at the entrance

In addition to the reports of victory by Kamose , the last pharaoh of the 17th dynasty , the biography of Ahmose, son of Ibana, in his rock tomb at el-Kab is one of the most important, albeit brief, contemporary texts on the expulsion of the Hyksos from Lower Egypt . Among other things, Kurt Sethe derived from it in 1905 the duration of the siege of Sharuhe by Ahmose I of three years. The inscription begins to the right of the representation of Ahmose with his grandson Paheri and runs south on the east wall of the tomb, where it continues on the south wall to the entrance or exit of the grave. There are 31 columns on the east wall and 9 columns on the south wall, with column 32 in the corner of the south wall being completely destroyed. The text is divided into ten sections: 1. Introduction, 2. Adolescence, 3. Expulsion of the Hyksos, 4. Nubian campaign of King Ahmose I, 5. Submission of the rebel AAt jw , 6. Destruction of the rebel & t i –An (Tetian) , 7th Nubian campaign of King Amenophis I, 8th Nubian campaign of King Thutmose I, 9th Syrian campaign of King Thutmose I, 10th old age. Despite the authorship of the Paheri, the inscription of the life story of Ahmose is kept as a first-person narration . Ahmose reports on his successes and the gifts and honors granted to him by the various rulers under whom he served. From the content of the text:

“During the siege of Auaris the Pharaoh saw me fighting bravely on foot and ordered me to his ship ... Then we captured Auaris. I dragged four people away from there ... and His Majesty allowed me to keep them as slaves. After that we besieged Sharuhe , and after three years His Majesty sacked the city. I also received my share of the booty: two women and a worker. Again I received the gold of honor and was allowed to keep my prisoners as slaves ... As soon as His Majesty had defeated the Asiatic Bedouin, he turned south to Nubia to crush the tribes there. Pharaoh slaughtered them in droves, and I managed to drag away two prisoners and three workers alive. This time, too, I was rewarded with gold and received two slaves. Then his Majesty sailed back north, satisfied with the extent of his victories, for he had re-conquered the south and the north. "

- Joyce Tyldesley : The Pharaohs.
lili rere
Ahmose's list of slaves (signed in 1843 under Richard Lepsius and current status)

On the right side of the south wall, on the west side, there is a list of what Ahmose received as gifts from the kings of his time for his services. Property and slaves from the spoils of war are noted. The following slaves are listed in detail: slave PA-mdj ("the one of the tribe of Medja "), slave PAj-Abdw ("that of Abydos "), slave Snb-nb [f] ("his master be healthy"), slave PA [...] , slave Qnj-pA-HqA ("brave is the ruler"), slave DHwTj-snbw (" Thoth is healthy"), slave Sbk-ms (" Sobek created"), slave Hrj (foreign name, written: HA-rj ), slave PA-aAm (“the Asian”), slave TA-tjm , slave Sdm (S) -nz (“she obey me”), slave Bkt (“servant”), slave KA […] j -Sj ("then (reward?) I her"), female slave T-amT (probably a Semitic foreign name, written: TA-aA-mT ), female slave Wab-n-tA-sxmt ("pure is the land of the Sekhmet " ), Slave Istr'm (foreign name, written: Ic-tA-r-sw-ms ), slave It f-nfr ("the good father"), slave Hdt-KA ("the one who Kasch ...") and slave Imn -Hr-ccnb (" Amun makes you healthy"). The name of the slave Istr'm (Isetar-ummi) , in contrast to the other slaves, is a name from northern Mesopotamia .

On the south side of the west wall there is an unworked area before family scenes, beginning in front of the middle of the wall, determine the image of the relief decoration. In terms of the division into sections and the figures shown, they are similar to the reliefs on the rear wall, but are also provided with hieroglyphic inscriptions. Shortly before the corner to the north wall, a larger area of ​​the decoration has been destroyed.

Renni Tomb (EK7)

Coordinates: 25 ° 7 ′ 38.8 "N, 32 ° 47 ′ 54.3" E

Entrance to the tomb of Renni

Renni or Reneni was at the beginning of the 18th dynasty under Amenophis I. Gaufürst von Necheb and head of the priests of the goddess Nechbet. His rock grave is 9.10 meters without the rear niche, including this 11.30 meters long, an average of 3.40 meters wide and 3 meters high. On the right rear side there was a now walled-up opening as access to a smaller room with a floor area of ​​around 3 m². It was a chamber for grave goods, which was probably part of the original building plan. The ceiling of the main chamber is arched and the side walls taper slightly towards the rear wall. In the middle of the back wall there is a niche similar to the one in Paheri's burial chamber. Here, however, only one person was carved out of the surrounding rock as a statue-like high relief. This seat of the grave owner is almost completely destroyed. Behind him on both sides of the wall under two Horus eyes (Udjat) are two jackals lying on pedestals, symbolizing the god Anubis .

Plan of the tomb after Joseph John Tylor from 1900
lili rere
Copies of the western and eastern mural of the rear niche from 1900

There are paintings on both sides of the niche that contain ritual scenes. Renni, accompanied by his mother Ahmose, sit on a bench on the upper rear side. On the east side there is a sacrificial table in front of them, the gifts of which are listed on the right in the upper section of the picture. Under this list, nine sons of Renni appear in two rows. In the lower row are Djehuti-Ur, Ahmose dressed as a Sem priest and Paheri with a scroll in hand. The name of the first son in the top row, also wearing the clothing of a Sem priest, is no longer recognizable. Behind him stands Sen-Djehuti, followed by the kneeling Tchuni, Ahmose and Neferhotep in the position of the Henu ritual and the Nebmes standing behind them. Under Renni and his mother Ahmose there are objects that were considered useful for the deceased for a life in the afterlife. On the west side of the niche, these items are missing, as is the offering table. The picture is more damaged than that on the east side, but shows more sons of Renni, including Nebseny as a Sem priest, Maay with a libation vase and Djehuti-nefer with the right front leg of an ox.

Back wall with statue niche

The chessboard-like painting of the vaulted ceiling of the main chamber, symbolizing the starry sky, continues on the ceiling of the niche. Above and to the side of the niche there are reliefs on the north wall, some of which consist of inscriptions. Renni is shown above the niche on both sides of the king's cartouche of Amenhotep I, holding offering bowls in his hands. On the left and right of the niche, three gift bearers each with a view of the center of the grave are depicted, the inscriptions deal with the king's sacrifices to the gods of the dead Anubis and Osiris - Chontamenti with intercession for the late Renni.

Northern reliefs on the east wall

The east wall, which is divided into three sections, shows primarily funeral scenes. An exception is the area next to the walled-up passage to the burial chamber in the northeast, where Renni's parents, his mother Ahmose and his father Sobekhotep, sit across the two upper sections on a bench in front of a table filled with food, which is on the other side two of her sons are served. Beneath it in the lower section sit four male and four female relatives of Ahmose and Sobekhotep in front of their own tables with food, including Renni's grandparents, Renni himself as her eldest son and a daughter of the same name. The number of eight relatives is deduced from the division of the scene, since the area to the left of the center has been completely destroyed.

East wall based on the Description de l'Égypte from 1809
Northern end of the middle section at Lepsius from 1843
Corresponding original reliefs on the east wall of the Renni tomb

For the funeral scenes on the east wall, shown in three sections, there is a mark in the Description de l'Égypte ("Description of Egypt") from 1809, which was the result of the Egyptian expedition (1798–1801) under Napoléon Bonaparte . However, the drawing does not show the complete relief, as the inscriptions are missing, destroyed parts have not been taken into account and the images that have been preserved have been pulled together.

Above, the representation begins on the entrance side with a Sem priest on a sleigh pulled by a cow . Behind the Sem priest stands a woman facing away from him, before whom a badly damaged figure, possibly Renni, leans forward. The runners of the sled are doused with liquid by a male person. Between this and the draft animal there are nine other people, including three women, some dancing, some grasping the rope. In front of the cattle are three Muu dancers with high headgear made of plaited reed. This is followed by two bearers of a yellow-brown chest with lion feet and two Horus eyes on the side. Below is a young woman named Djeret. The chest was probably used to transport the canopic jugs of the deceased with his entrails separated. The left side of the top section shows the arrival of the drawn by two men on a carriage, wrapped in a fur Tekenu before Hathor , the goddess of the West, the ankh sign of life and a what-scepter holds the power in his hands.

Purification ritual in the middle section of the east wall

The middle section begins on the south side with the return of Renni and his mother Ahmose from a pilgrimage on Nile ships to Abydos , one of the holy places of Osiris. This is followed by a scene in which a man sitting on a vessel with a white disk above him is subjected to ritual cleansing by two men standing next to him. To the left of them are three crouching mourning women, according to the inscriptions Sisters of Renni, before part of the relief is missing. Next you can see the embalming of the deceased lying on a frame, followed by the ritual of opening the mouth . Behind a house with six rooms, in the arch of which there are two Muu dancers, a palm grove by a square pond, two obelisks , two individual trees and a square blue area with sixteen fields, Anubis awaits the deceased in a chapel to join him behind him to lead Osiris-Chontamenti.

In the lower section of the east wall, a funeral procession moves from the entrance to the Renni relatives already mentioned above who are sitting at individual tables with food. First, five men standing one behind the other, including Ahmose, Djabaemra and Djehuti, and a religious choir of ten women standing side by side can be seen. Nehi, Renni's wife, stands before them, facing them. This is followed by two standing grieving women, Djehutihotep and Baba, a male named Saumose, a friend of Renni, four porters of a box with the deceased's personal belongings, next to which a young dancer is moving, and in front Sataah, a woman who is leading the procession leading. To her left, drinks are brought in and stored by two men, and meat is cut up and prepared.

Pigs on the left side of the west wall (photo 1900)
Southern reliefs of the west wall

The reliefs on the western wall of the grave are even more damaged than those on the eastern wall. Of particular interest here is the depiction of a horse in front of a chariot on the upper left side of the wall, as horses were not long known in Egypt during Renni's lifetime. Above the scene there is a three-line demotic inscription of a visitor to the rock tomb, which was added later . On the left and middle part of the wall, different works from ancient Egyptian agriculture are depicted in three sections, as in the tomb of Paheri. In the lower section, on the far left, there is the badly damaged depiction of a swineherd with a stick over his shoulder and three pigs, animals that were already considered unclean in ancient Egypt. Further to the right, Renni, with the clerk Djehuti standing in front of him, greets the Colonel of the drovers Senbet, behind whom a calf is standing in front of a herd of cattle. Accompanied by Rennis are his servant Ahmose, with Renni's arrows and bow in his right hand, a possible archer's glove over his right arm and a chair over his left arm, and his servant Djehuti, who carries a battle ax and a throwing stick. Behind the servants, fragments of a boat can be seen, followed by a destroyed section of the wall relief.

Northern reliefs of the west wall

The northern third of the west wall, separated from the other representations by a vertical line, shows a banquet. The guests sit one below the other in four sections, the men in the upper two sections, the women in the lower two. The hosts are the grandparents of Renni, Sobekhotep and his wife Idi, shown larger on the right-hand side of the wall over the three upper sections and sitting on a bench. Both hold lotus blossoms in front of their faces, symbols of rebirth, and each wear a Wesech , a wide jewelry neck collar . A Hathor mirror and pots for ointments and make-up are shown under Idi. In the section below, below the bench with Sobekhotep and Idi, their ten daughters stand in long, tight dresses. In front of them you can see the legs of a child from an otherwise destroyed figure, probably those of one of her sons. The remains of a table with food can be seen between the couple and the guests. The named guests hold towels, perhaps napkins, and lotus flowers in their hands. Servants offer them drinks, the first of which is known as the cupbearer Satesbu. The social significance of the guests differs according to whether they are depicted sitting on chairs or kneeling on the floor. The entire wall relief, like that of the east wall, is framed with a band of yellow and red rectangles on a blue background.

literature

  • Richard Lepsius : Monuments from Egypt and Ethiopia . Volume 4: Upper Egypt . Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1901, p. 46 ff .:  Die Felsengräber ( online [accessed January 2, 2012]).
  • Joseph John Tylor, Somers Clarke, Francis Llewellyn Griffith: The tomb of Paheri . In: Wall drawings and monuments of El Kab . B. Quaritch, London 1900 ( Online , English [accessed January 2, 2012]).
  • Joseph John Tylor, Somers Clarke, Francis Llewellyn Griffith: The tomb of Renni . In: Wall drawings and monuments of El Kab . B. Quaritch, London 1900 ( Online , English [accessed December 31, 2011]).
  • Joseph John Tylor, Somers Clarke, Francis Llewellyn Griffith: The tomb of Sebeknekht . In: Wall drawings and monuments of El Kab . B. Quaritch, London 1900 ( Online , English [accessed January 2, 2012]).

Web links

Commons : Rock Tombs at el-Kab  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Thierry Benderitter : Paheri. History of the discovery. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on June 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 5, 2011 .
  2. ↑ Richard Lepsius : Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia and the Sinai peninsula . Written in the years 1842–1845. Wilhelm Hertz (Bessersche Buchhandlung), Berlin 1852, fifteenth letter. Korusko November 20, 1843, p. 104/105 ( [1] ).
  3. ↑ Luc Limme: Elkab, 1937-2007: seventy years of Belgian archaeological research. (PDF; 9.81 MB) britishmuseum.org, July 24, 2008, accessed on December 31, 2011 (English).
  4. ^ Anneke Bart: The New Kingdom Tombs of El Kab / Nekhen. euler.slu.edu, August 20, 2008, accessed December 15, 2011 .
  5. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Paheri. Paheri the nomarch - The titles. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on June 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 3, 2011 .
  6. ↑ The Rock-Tomb of Paheri. egypt-kemet.com, accessed on December 3, 2011 (English).
  7. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Paheri. The tomb. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on June 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 5, 2011 .
  8. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Paheri. The back wall. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on June 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 4, 2011 .
  9. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Paheri. The west wall. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on June 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 4, 2011 .
  10. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Paheri. The funerary scenes of the west wall. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on June 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 4, 2011 .
  11. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Paheri. The east wall. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on June 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 4, 2011 .
  12. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Paheri. The front wall. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on June 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 4, 2011 .
  13. ↑ Naunakhte : Tomb of Setau - back wall. aegyptologie.com, accessed December 7, 2011 .
  14. ↑ Naunakhte: Tomb of Setau - west wall. aegyptologie.com, accessed December 7, 2011 .
  15. ↑ a b Thierry Benderitter: Setau. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on July 17, 2011 ; accessed on December 7, 2011 .
  16. ↑ Naunakhte: Tomb of Setau - east wall. aegyptologie.com, accessed December 7, 2011 .
  17. ↑ Naunakhte: Tomb of Setau - east wall. aegyptologie.com, accessed December 7, 2011 .
  18. ↑ Naunakhte: Tomb of Setau - east wall. aegyptologie.com, accessed December 7, 2011 .
  19. ↑ Naunakhte: Tomb of Setau - south wall. aegyptologie.com, accessed December 7, 2011 .
  20. ↑ James Henry Breasted : Biography of Ahmose-pen-Nekhbet . In: Ancient Records of Egypt . Part 2. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1906, p. 17 ( online [accessed December 22, 2011]).
  21. ^ Toby Wilkinson: Who is who in Ancient Egypt . Rulers, courtiers, artisans. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2008, ISBN 978-3-8053-3917-9 , Ahmose, son of Abana, p. 140–144 (English: Livers of the Ancient Egyptians . Translated by Helmut Schareika).
  22. ↑ Naunakhte: Tomb of Ahmose - west wall. aegyptologie.com, accessed December 12, 2011 .
  23. ↑ Naunakhte: Tomb of Ahmose - back wall. aegyptologie.com, accessed December 12, 2011 .
  24. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Ahmose. The tomb. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on June 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 12, 2011 (English).
  25. ↑ a b Thutmose I. - Officials. Ahmose, son of Ebana. nefershapiland.de, July 4, 2010, accessed December 14, 2011 .
  26. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Ahmose. The autobiography of Ahmose. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on June 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 15, 2011 .
  27. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Ahmose. The person. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on June 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 15, 2011 .
  28. ↑ campaigns - Ahmose I nefershapiland.de, July 4th 2010, accessed December 15, 2011 .
  29. ↑ Kurt Sethe : The duration of the siege of Sharuhe by King Amosis . In: Adolf Erman , Georg Steindorff (Hrsg.): Journal for Egyptian language and antiquity . 42nd volume. JC Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1905, p. 136 ( online [accessed January 22, 2012]).
  30. ↑ Kurt Sethe : Documents of the 18th Dynasty . Historical-biographical documents from the times of the Hyksos distributors and their first successors. Ed .: Georg Steindorff . Volume IV, Issue IJC Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1905, life story of Admiral Ahmose, recorded in his rock grave near Elkab ( online [accessed on December 15, 2011]).
  31. ↑ a b Ahmose I. - Grave biographies. Grave biography Ahmose son of Ebana. nefershapiland.de, February 8, 2009, accessed December 15, 2011 .
  32. ↑ Kurt Sethe : Documents of the 18th Dynasty . Ed .: Georg Steindorff . tape I . JC Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1914, The life story of Admiral Iˁḥmś (Amosis), p. 1–6 ( digitized version [PDF; accessed on March 31, 2016]).
  33. ↑ Joyce Tyldesley : The Pharaohs. Egypt's most important ruler in 30 dynasties . National Geographic Germany, Hamburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-86690-114-8 , A New Beginning - The Expulsion of the Hyksos, p. 96 (English: The Pharaohs . 2008. Translated by Birgit Lamerz-Beckschäfer).
  34. ↑ Ahmose, Son of Abana. egypt-kemet.com, accessed December 17, 2011 (English).
  35. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Renni. General information. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, accessed December 21, 2011 .
  36. ^ El Kab. La tombe de Rani - EK7. antikforever.com, October 8, 2011, accessed December 18, 2011 (French).
  37. ↑ a b Thierry Benderitter: Renni. The niche. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, accessed December 20, 2011 .
  38. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Renni. The north wall. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, accessed December 28, 2011 .
  39. ↑ a b c d Thierry Benderitter: Renni. East wall (right). osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, accessed December 28, 2011 .
  40. ↑ Tekenu. sphinx-suche.de, archived from the original on April 2, 2015 ; Retrieved December 28, 2011 .
  41. ↑ Iufaa , manetho : Tekenu. aegyptologie.com, accessed December 28, 2011 .
  42. ↑ Thierry Benderitter: Pigs in ancient Egypt. osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, archived from the original on February 17, 2015 ; accessed on December 30, 2011 .
  43. ↑ a b Thierry Benderitter: Renni. West wall (left). osirisnet.net, February 18, 2011, accessed December 29, 2011 .

Coordinates: 25 ° 7 ′ 38.9 ″  N , 32 ° 47 ′ 55.1 ″  E