County of Roussillon

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Coat of arms of the county of Roussillon
Location of Roussillon within Catalonia

The county of Roussillon , Catalan Comtat del Rosselló , French Comté de Roussillon , Occitan Comtat de Rosselhon , Spanish Condado de Rosellón was one of the counties of the Spanish Mark in the early Middle Ages . From 1172 it was under the rule of the Crown of Aragon with interruptions and in 1659 became a province of the French kingdom .

Spanish mark

In 778, some nobles, rebelling against the Emir of Córdoba Abd ar-Rahman I , called on Charlemagne to intervene in northern Spain. They offered him supremacy in the area north of the Ebro . Karl wanted to use the opportunity presented to him. He gathered a large army, including auxiliaries from Gascony and Aquitaine , and invaded Spain.

The campaign was a failure. Charlemagne had to retreat over the mountains without having achieved anything. Encouraged by this failure of Charles, the Basques rose and destroyed the rearguard of the Frankish troops at the Battle of Roncesvalles . The experiences from this campaign prompted Karl to change his policy in southern France.

Neither the geographical conditions nor the attacks by the Muslims were the main problem with the incorporation of southern France into the Frankish Empire , but the resistance of the local residents. When Frankish troops appeared, the inhabitants almost always submitted to them immediately, but this submission was only of short duration and only to the outside world. Karl therefore made sure that all counties in the area were ruled by Franconia and that all abbots were Franconians. In addition, he brought Frankish warriors into the country. The Carolingian conquest of southern France was, at least until 778, more than the simple takeover of certain areas by a distant monarch. It was a deliberate, sustained, and fundamental attack on the pre-existing facilities.

Charles' unsuccessful conquest of Zaragoza appears to have induced a number of Spanish Christians who had supported Charles to seek safety north of the Pyrenees. He gave them large lands, called aprisiones , on which to settle, especially in Roussillon and in the vicinity of Narbonne. So there was a population group loyal to the emperor.

Counties of the Spanish Mark in the 9th Century

In 796 the Carolingians went on the offensive again against the Muslims. Then in 801 there was a major attack. An army under the command of Louis the Pious and William of Aquitaine crossed the Pyrenees and captured Barcelona . At the beginning of the 9th century, the Carolingians ruled an area that stretched from Pamplona to the Mediterranean. The term Spanish Mark was used solely as a geographical term. The counties of the Spanish Mark did not form any administrative or military unit and had little communication with one another. Rather, it was a question of individual domains that had evolved over time under the rule of a count. At the time of Charlemagne it seems to have been the general rule that a count ruled only a single county. The count was the basic representative of the Carolingian system of government. He was a man of proven ability, often related to royalty. He led the troops of his dominion into battle. He was responsible for the defense of the country and for the creation and maintenance of the local defenses. He took care of the income from the crown property and other payments due to the king. He ensured law and order and was chairman of the royal courts. He was entrusted with the management of the mints that were operated in the name of the king.

During the reign of Louis the Pious there were an increasing number of cases where several counties were entrusted to one man. With a few exceptions, the rule was not inheritable. During the inheritance disputes in the Carolingian royal house, the rulers of the County of Roussillon supported the later defeated party on various occasions. This then led to the removal of the previous counts and the appointment of mostly Franconian counts. In the period between 812 and 878, the county of Roussillon was ruled successively or simultaneously by ten different counts.

Miró the Elder , brother of Wilfred the Hairy of Barcelona, ​​was confirmed in his office as Count of Roussillon by King Ludwig II in 878 . The counts behaved loyally to King Karlmann and Karl III. and also took part in the court day in 881 , but stayed out of the disputes over rule in the Franconian Empire. The decline in royal power led the counts to view themselves as independent rulers. The succession of Miró (896) in the county of Roussillon and Wilfred (897) in Barcelona and other counties already happened without the participation of a Frankish overlord. In the following period the independent counties were inherited in a direct line in the family.

Inheritance of the kings of Aragon

The county of Roussillon was an independent area for centuries, ruled by the same rulers as the county of Empúries until 991 . The rule was inherited in the family. As the only legitimate son of Count Gausfred III. , Girard II. , Died childless in 1172, he appointed Alfonso II of Aragon as his heir. Shortly after the death of Count Girard II, Alfonso II took possession of the city of Perpignan and the county of Roussillon.

Roussillon was a county under the rule of the Crown of Aragon from 1172.

In 1209 Alfonso II of Aragon enfeoffs his brother Sancho with the county of Roussillon. When Sancho's son Nuño Sánchez died without legitimate descendants, the fiefdom reverted to the Crown of Aragon.

Roussillon under the rule of the kings of Mallorca

Consequences of the division of the estate by Jacob I.

After the death of the Infante Alfonso in 1258, James I divided the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon among his remaining sons on August 21, 1262: Peter got the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia as well as the county of Barcelona . Jacob got the Kingdom of Mallorca , the rule of Montpellier and the northern Catalan counties of Roussillon, Collioure , Conflent , Vallespir and Cerdanya . The will was confirmed on August 26, 1272 and carried out after Jacob's death on July 27, 1276.

Shortly after taking over the government, Peter III had doubts. from Aragon to the legality of the division of the inheritance, since his brother James II of Mallorca received a large part of the family inheritance of the house, which according to Aragon law may not be divided.

After some negotiations and strong pressure, Peter III. an agreement with his brother James II of Mallorca. In a treaty signed on January 20, 1279, Jacob remained King of Mallorca and Count of Roussillon and Cerdanya but under the sovereignty of the King of Aragon. The Counts of Roussillon had the duty to participate in the Cortes of Catalonia and to adhere to the decisions of the Cortes. The King of Mallorca had the right to mint his own money on the island. This right did not apply to the county of Roussillon and the other holdings on the mainland. There should be barcelonesian coins. The treaty was approved by the Councils of the Balearic Islands, Roussillon and Cerdanya. In the event of non-compliance, the councils promised to follow the orders of the King of Aragon.

Aragonese Crusade

After an uprising in Sicily against Charles of Anjou occupied Peter of Aragon the island and was crowned as Peter I the King of Sicily . Thereupon he was excommunicated by Pope Martin IV for having illegally occupied a fiefdom of the Holy See. In 1283, Pope Martin relieved Peter III. of all his offices and transferred control of the lands of the Crown of Aragon to the then 13-year-old Charles of Valois . In addition, Pope Martin V called for a holy war against the Crown of Aragon. This war is now known as the Aragonese Crusade .

This crusade was primarily carried out by French troops under the command of Philip III. led by France. Jacob II of Mallorca was Count of Roussillon and Cerdanya, so counties that the French troops had to cross on their way to Aragon / Catalonia. He allowed the crusade troops to march through and took part in the fight against his brother with his own troops. The behavior of King James II of Mallorca (and Count of Roussillon), permission for French troops to march through northern Catalonia and his own participation in the attack on his brother, was confirmed by Peter III. viewed as treason. The war against France and James II the Count of Roussillon (and King of Mallorca) took place simultaneously on two fronts, on the mainland and the Ballerary Islands:

On September 5, 1285, the Franco-Mallorcan troops marched into Girona. During the siege of Girona the first cases of a rapidly spreading epidemic occurred in the French camp (it is suspected dysentery ) which Philip III. captured. After it became known that the French fleet had suffered a defeat in the battle against the fleet of the Crown of Aragon under Ruggiero di Lauria , the crusaders withdrew from Catalonia. Philip III died in Perpignan on October 5, 1285 . His death meant the failure of the crusade.

While Peter was fighting on the mainland himself, his son Alfons tried to bring the island of Mallorca into his hands. The conquest of Palma de Mallorca took place on October 19, 1285. The death of his father Peter III. on November 10, 1285, Alfonso forced to return to the mainland to be crowned in Saragossa.

In July 1286 a peace treaty was signed between the Kingdom of France and the Crown of Aragon, which officially ended the crusade.

Peter IV takes over direct government.

At the end of 1341, Peter IV decided to take over the government of the Kingdom of Mallorca and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya directly again. On February 4, 1342, Peter IV of Aragon threw Jacob III. of Mallorca claims to have put its own money into circulation in the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya and to mint this money on the mainland. In addition, Jakob had failed to take part in the Cortes in Barcelona. On May 29, 1342 Peter IV began the siege of Mallorca and on June 1, after a solemn mass in the Cathedral of Palma, Peter assumed the title of King of Mallorca. On June 29, 1343, Peter IV marched into the county of Roussillon. On July 16, he captured Perpignan. The county of Roussillon was now under the direct government of the kings of Aragon again.

Annexation by Louis XI. from France

Resistance against Johann II.

When Alfonso V of Aragon died in 1458, his brother John II became his successor in the lands of the Crown of Aragon . Born in Castile , Johann was king of Navarre from 1425 through his marriage to Blanka of Navarre . The Catalan upper class was hostile to Johann even before his reign began. It was assumed that, like his brother before, he would hardly care about the problems of Catalonia and that his main interests would be Navarre and the partly lost possessions of the Infantes de Aragón in Castile. Karl von Viana , the son of Johann from his first marriage to Blanka von Navarra, was very popular in Catalonia. Charles of Viana was already involved in a bitter civil war against his father in Navarre. When he was arrested by his father in 1460, the Generalidad of Catalonia enforced his release. He was given a triumphant reception in Barcelona. John's second wife, Queen Juana Enríquez, who represented the king in Catalonia, negotiated an agreement between Charles and his father, King John. In this agreement, the prince was recognized as heir to the throne in the lands of the Crown of Aragon and installed as the king's permanent representative in Catalonia. Shortly after the conclusion of the contract, Karl died on September 23, 1461. The rumor immediately arose that his stepmother had poisoned him. The queen was forced to leave Barcelona because of rising tensions. She went to Girona with her then 10-year-old son Ferdinand . In 1462 the Generalidad of Catalonia , which represented the high clergy, the nobility and the wealthy citizens of the big cities, raised an army against insurgent serf peasants and their supporters. The fighting turned into a civil war against the crown. (The war is now known as the Guerra de los Remensas .) Under the leadership of the Count of Pallars, a Catalan army attacked Girona, conquered the city and, from June 6, 1462, besieged the citadel where the Queen and her son Ferdinand lived in Had brought security.

Pledged to France

Since John could not count on military support from the lands of the Aragonese Crown, he turned to the King of France for help. Through the mediation of his son-in-law, Count Gaston IV. Von Foix , Johann managed to get an assistance contract signed in 1462. In this contract, Louis XI promised . from France to send a force to quell the uprising of the Catalan rebels. Johann pledged the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya to France as a guarantee for the costs of the campaign. The arrival of the Count of Foix with French auxiliaries forced the Catalans to break off the siege of the citadel of Girona on July 23, 1462. After about seven weeks, the Queen and her son were able to leave Girona. The Generalidad of Catalonia declared the king, the queen, their advisors and servants to be enemies of the country and called on all persons over the age of fourteen to take up arms against the king.

Catalan Civil War

In the following ten years a civil war developed in which the Catalans offered first Henry IV of Castile, then the Infante Peter of Portugal and, after his death, the rule over Catalonia to Duke René I of Anjou.

After Johann was able to recapture more and more territories and more and more members of the high Catalan nobility recognized him as monarch again and Johann promised considerable concessions regarding the treatment of the previously rebellious Catalans, negotiations came about, which were successfully concluded on October 17, 1472. The next day the king entered Barcelona.

Johann was now 75 years old, but after achieving peace in Catalonia, he wanted to contact Louis XI. avenge, which he made responsible for the civil war that had devastated parts of Catalonia and which kept the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya occupied.

The residents of the two counties had great reservations about the French government. The cities of Perpignan and Elne agreed with Johann to attack the French garrisons on the same day. The French troops, who were able to escape to various fortresses, were then besieged by Johann's army. When a strong French relief army appeared, Johann himself was besieged for three months in Perpignan, until reinforcements arrived from Aragon and Catalonia. The Aragonese troops under Johann's son Ferdinand forced the French to retreat. Louis XI. started negotiations in 1473, but only to buy time to start a new attack with fresh troops. The French troops again occupied the county of Roussillon in 1474 and advanced beyond the Pyrenees.

After the death of Henry IV of Castile, the War of the Castilian Succession forced Johann's son Ferdinand to stay in Castile in order to consolidate his position as King of Castile. Disputes with Aragonese aristocrats prevented Johann from defending Perpignan. So this city fell back into the hands of the French.

In October 1478, Louis XI. and John II signed a treaty in which John undertook to leave the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya in France's hands until he had found enough money to redeem them. Johann II died on January 29, 1479.

In 1493 Ferdinand II tried to regulate relations between France and Spain anew. In the Treaty of Barcelona , Ferdinand II avoided a clash with France in Italy. In return, Charles VIII of France granted him the return of the northern Catalan counties. The county of Roussillon and the other areas of Catalonia north of the Pyrenees came back under the rule of the Crown of Aragon.

Incorporation into the Kingdom of France

Riot of the reapers

In 1625, Count Olivares developed a concept of how the various regions of Spain could be involved in the country's military efforts. Aragon and Valencia reluctantly agreed to the plans in 1626. Catalonia was persistent and made only symbolic contributions. The demands that Olivares made on Catalonia were disproportionate as he estimated the population at around one million. But there were only about four hundred thousand inhabitants. In 1638 French troops invaded the Basque Country and besieged Fuenterrabia. The relief force that repulsed the French attackers was made up of soldiers from all regions, with the exception of Catalonia, which refused to send troops. In order to force the Catalans to contribute directly to the war effort, Olivares and his advisors paved the way for the following campaign against France in 1639 through Catalonia. The counterattack was planned by the Catalan counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya. The troops returning from France after the fortress of Salses was retaken were to remain in Catalonia. The illegal presence in their country of troops, in the opinion of the Catalans, which consisted of Walloons, Germans, Neapolitans and Castilians, caused uprisings in many localities of the principality among the peasants who were obliged to support the troops. The population was not ready to accommodate and feed the troops of soldiers. The hatred of the "foreign" troops led to a general uprising in May 1640 when peasants attacked the Spanish troops. In June the rebels went to Barcelona where they mobilized farm workers. Poor peasants rose against their landlords, workers and the unemployed took over the streets. There were riots. Royal officials, including the viceroy, were killed. As with the Guerra de los Remensas in the middle of the 15th century, the Generalidad of Catalonia succeeded in converting the revolt of the socially disadvantaged peasants and agricultural workers into an uprising against the monarchy. The Generalidad of Catalonia had already started secret negotiations with France in April 1640, one month before the uprising. In October an agreement on French military aid was reached between the Generalidad of Catalonia and France. Catalonia should bear the costs for this. In January 1641, the Catalan leaders officially placed the principality under the protection of France. Louis XIII appointed a French viceroy. The administration was manned by French-friendly Catalan officials.

Occupation by French troops

In 1642, French troops occupied the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya. The French exploited the country more economically than the Spaniards had done before. The economic situation in Catalonia deteriorated to a terrifying extent. Famine and epidemics halved the population of Barcelona. Troops of the Spanish King Philip IV conquered Lleida and large parts of western Catalonia. In 1644, Philip took a formal oath as Count of Barcelona, ​​with which he undertook to respect the traditional rights of the Catalans. After a slow but steady weakening of France's position, the Spanish army besieged Barcelona in 1651. The Spanish troops under Juan José de Austria took over the city in 1652. The counties of Roussillon and the part of the county of Cerdanya north of the Pyrenees were still occupied by France.

Peace in the Pyrenees

In the Peace of Westphalia no end of the fighting between Spain and France was agreed because Spain refused the cession of the parts of Catalonia north of the Pyrenees demanded by France. There was no significant fighting in the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya over the next seven years, as France was busy with the Fronde uprising and Spain was trying to reclaim Portugal. The worsening of Spain's situation at sea, too, led Philip IV to begin peace negotiations with France. The negotiations led to the Peace in the Pyrenees , which was concluded on November 7, 1659. The marriage between Louis XIV and the Infanta Maria Teresa was agreed. Spain made concessions to France in Italy and the Spanish Netherlands . France undertook not to support Portugal any further. Spain renounced the county of Roussillon, parts of the county of Cerdanya and some other areas north of the Pyrenees.

As a result of the Peace of the Pyrenees, the northern Catalan county of Roussillon became a French province. The French government dissolved all Catalan institutions and appointed a military governor. A royal director was appointed who was responsible for collecting taxes. French became the language of the courts. A Catalan dialect is still spoken in some areas of Roussillon today.

List of the Counts of Roussillon

Carolingian Counts:

The Counts of the Belló family of Carcassonne:

Association of the county with the Crown of Aragon

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Archibald Ross Lewis: The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718-1050 . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. The University of Texas Press, 1965, pp. 28 f . (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 1, 2015]).
  2. ^ Archibald Ross Lewis: The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718-1050 . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. The University of Texas Press, 1965, pp. 30th f . (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 1, 2015]).
  3. ^ Archibald Ross Lewis: The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718-1050 . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. The University of Texas Press, 1965, pp. 40 (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 1, 2015]).
  4. ^ Archibald Ross Lewis: The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718-1050 . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. The University of Texas Press, 1965, pp. 41 f . (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 1, 2015]).
  5. ^ Archibald Ross Lewis: The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718-1050 . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. The University of Texas Press, 1965, pp. 54 (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 1, 2015]).
  6. ^ Archibald Ross Lewis: The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718-1050 . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. The University of Texas Press, 1965, pp. 109 ff . (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 1, 2015]).
  7. ↑ Antonio Ubieto Arteta: Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón (=  Historia de Aragón ). Anubar, Zaragoza 1987, ISBN 84-7013-227-X , pp. 244 ff . (Spanish, derechoaragones.es ( Memento of December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed on July 28, 2015]). Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón ( Memento of the original from December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.derechoaragones.es
  8. ↑ Antonio Ubieto Arteta: Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón (=  Historia de Aragón ). Anubar, Zaragoza 1987, ISBN 84-7013-227-X , pp. 268 f . (Spanish, derechoaragones.es ( Memento of December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed on July 28, 2015]). Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón ( Memento of the original from December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.derechoaragones.es
  9. ↑ a b Antonio Ubieto Arteta: Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón (=  Historia de Aragón ). Anubar, Zaragoza 1987, ISBN 84-7013-227-X , pp. 281 (Spanish, derechoaragones.es ( Memento of December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed on July 28, 2015]). Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón ( Memento of the original from December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.derechoaragones.es
  10. ↑ Javier Vallejo Martínez: Las Vísperas Sicilianas . In: Historia Rei Militaris: Historia Militar, Política y Social . No. 7 , 2014, p. 102 (Spanish, dialnet.unirioja.es [accessed April 8, 2015]).
  11. ↑ Antonio Ubieto Arteta: Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón (=  Historia de Aragón ). Anubar, Zaragoza 1987, ISBN 84-7013-227-X , pp. 284 ff . (Spanish, derechoaragones.es ( Memento of December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed on July 28, 2015]). Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón ( Memento of the original from December 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.derechoaragones.es
  12. ^ A b Stanley G. Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. tape 1 , p. 166 (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 3, 2015]).
  13. ^ Henry John Chaytor: A History of Aragon and Catalonia . Ed .: The Library of iberian Resources online. Methuan Publishing Ltd., London 1933, p. 235 f . (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed July 7, 2015]).
  14. ↑ Fernando II In: Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa OnLine, last update May 11, 2011 enciclopedia-aragonesa.com Retrieved on August 16, 2015 (Spanish).
  15. ^ A b Henry John Chaytor: A History of Aragon and Catalonia . Ed .: The Library of iberian Resources online. Methuan Publishing Ltd., London 1933, p. 237 ff . (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed July 7, 2015]).
  16. ^ A b Henry John Chaytor: A History of Aragon and Catalonia . Ed .: The Library of iberian Resources online. Methuan Publishing Ltd., London 1933, p. 242 ff . (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed July 7, 2015]).
  17. ^ Henry John Chaytor: A History of Aragon and Catalonia . Ed .: The Library of iberian Resources online. Methuan Publishing Ltd., London 1933, p. 243 ff . (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed July 7, 2015]).
  18. ^ Stanley G. Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. tape 1 , p. 248 (Spanish, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 3, 2015]).
  19. ^ Stanley G. Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. tape 1 , p. 312 (Spanish, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 3, 2015]).
  20. ↑ La Guerra de los Segadores. (No longer available online.) Generalidad de Cataluña, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved September 3, 2015 (Spanish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gencat.cat
  21. ^ Stanley G. Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. tape 1 , p. 313 f . (Spanish, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 3, 2015]).
  22. ^ Stanley G. Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. tape 1 , p. 314 f . (Spanish, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 3, 2015]).
  23. ↑ Walther L. Bernecker; Horst Pietschmann: History of Spain / From the early modern period to the present . 4th edition. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-17-018766-X , p. 167 f .
  24. ^ Carlos Collado Seidel: Brief history of Catalonia . CH Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-54787-4 , p. 94 .

Web links

Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa. Category GEA Historia. El periódico de Aragón, accessed July 23, 2015 (Spanish).

literature

  • Walter L. Bernecker, Torsten Esser, Peter A. Kraus: A Little History of Catalonia . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-518-45879-2 , p. 346 .
  • Carlos Collado Seidel: Brief history of Catalonia . CH Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-54787-4 , p. 107 .
  • Archibald Ross Lewis: The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718-1050 . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. The University of Texas Press, 1965, pp. 322 (English, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 1, 2015]).
  • Stanley G. Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal . Ed .: The Library of Iberian Resources online. tape 1 , p. 348 f . (Spanish, libro.uca.edu [accessed September 3, 2015]).
  • Joseph Perez: Ferdinand and Isabella . Callwey, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7667-0923-2 , pp. 394 (from the French by Antoinette Gittinger).
  • Antonio Ubieto Arteta: Creación y desarrollo de la corona de Aragón (=  Historia de Aragón ). Anubar, Zaragoza 1987, ISBN 84-7013-227-X , pp. 395 (Spanish, derechoaragones.es [accessed July 28, 2015]).