Gustav Ruhland

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Gustav Ruhland (1910)

Johann August Gustav Ruhland (born June 11, 1860 in what was then Posthof zu Hessenthal ( Spessart ), † January 4, 1914 in Bad Tölz ) was a German economist and agricultural politician. On behalf of Bismarck , he made several study trips through the then grain-producing countries of the world. From 1893 to 1895 he was a private lecturer in political economy at the University of Zurich , from 1898 to 1901 he was a full professor at the University of Friborg / Switzerland . From 1894 he worked as a scientific advisor for the Association of Farmers .

He criticized both capitalism , especially economic liberalism and the associated credit system and interest system , as well as socialism . Ruhland represented an “organic conception of the middle class” (see his work Basic Economic Concepts ).

Life

parents house

The geometer Johann Adam Ruhland (* April 10, 1823, † May 10, 1875) from royal cities near Groß-Gerau bought the "postal property in Hessenthal " in the Spessart in autumn 1858 . With his wife Dorothea Henriette Luise Ruhland , geb. Stein from Erbenheim near Wiesbaden (born January 29, 1834, † November 30, 1898), Ruhland had 8 children, four sons and four daughters. The two oldest daughters were born in royal cities. Johann August Gustav Ruhland was the third child of the Ruhland couple and was born on June 11, 1860 as the first of the other siblings in Hessenthal. One of his brothers died in 1866 at the age of 1½, another emigrated and died in 1917 in the USA.

environment

Posthof Hessenthal at the beginning of the 20th century

The post office in Hessenthal was built as a post office after the construction of the Aschaffenburg - Würzburg road (formerly Bundesstrasse 8 ) at the end of the 18th century . In 1861, Ruhland's father was awarded the post-expedition and post-stable management on a service contract as the postman of Hessenthal. The post stable had space for 100 to 120 horses. 73 hectares of agricultural land belonged to the company. With the construction of the railway through the Spessart, it was already foreseeable that the income from the postal service would decline. Ruhland's parents also foresaw this development. They restructured the farm and opened up new sources of income. The horse stables were used as cattle and dairy cattle stalls and expanded with pig stalls. A cider press and fruit distillery was set up. The water power of the Kaltenbach was used for an oil mill, a bone mill, a wood sawmill and one of the first threshing machines.

The size of the farms in the area, however, was only 4 hectares due to the property division created by the Kurmainzer Landrecht and its inheritance regulations. In addition, there was the sloping terrain and the low fertility of the soil. The Hessenthalers therefore had to look for additional income from a wide area.

The Ruhland family was strangers to Hessenthal at the time and was one of the few Protestant families on the upper Elsava . The Catholic clergy and population initially had reservations about working with what it was called " heretics ". The relatively favorable working conditions on the farm soon created trust.

Ruhland's father introduced advanced farming methods and thereby set good examples for the community. At the same time he acquired individual plots of land and tried to get ownership of large contiguous areas by exchanging land. After his death, Ruhland's mother expanded the business by another 26 hectares. In 1893 his brother Otto took over the management. Although Gustav gave him his inheritance, Otto had to sell the property in early 1910 in order to be able to meet the inheritance claims of the other siblings.

Childhood and School (1860–1879)

The child Gustav Ruhland (right) with his sisters

Gustav Ruhland received his first lesson in the Posthof from a tutor. But instead of sitting in class, he often preferred to play with his friend Löffler from Hessenthal. From 1870 to 1872 his father sent him to the Royal Latin School in Aschaffenburg . But as soon as he could, he was back home in Hessenthal . The certificates were accordingly; in the first grade he was the 26th of 28, in the second the 22nd of 26 students. Then his father sent him to the more scientifically oriented agricultural middle school in Nuremberg , Lichtenhof district . Gustav Ruhland was here, although one of the youngest, after the first course in 1872/73, the 6th of 24 students. Concerning the 2nd course in 1873/74, it says succinctly: "Left during the year". The cause seems to have been a boy prank. In the second half of 1874, Ruhland was back at home in Hessenthal.

In May 1875 his father died and in the autumn of that year Gustav went to Mainz , where he lived with an aunt and attended the Scharvogel private school. On May 28, 1877, he passed the discharge test with "good". In this school, Ruhland is said to have been involved in several scuffles. Once he helped the younger, weaker classmate Karl Reis, the son of Philipp Reis , to defend himself against an overwhelming majority of classmates. He is said to have become so angry that he grabbed each other and threw them down a flight of stairs. At that time, the principal came to the conclusion that Ruhland's actions were a result of his pronounced sense of justice and saw no reason to expel him from school because of that.

After finishing secondary school, Ruhland worked in his mother's company. His friend Löffler reported that Ruhland subjected himself to all agricultural work “like a farmhand”.

In the winter semester of 1877/78 Ruhland moved into the Polytechnic in Langensalza , but couldn't get by with his money there. At the beginning of 1879 he broke off his studies, allegedly because of a love affair with the director's daughter, and switched back to agriculture - initially as a volunteer, later as a manager of a company in Thuringia . There he met an officer's daughter and decided to pursue an officer career. In 1879 Ruhland came to the second hunter battalion in Aschaffenburg as a one-year-old volunteer , but after a few months he had such a serious riding accident that he had to end his military service.

Behind plow and scythe (1879-1883)

After recovering at home, he continued farming in Thuringia , returned to the Posthof in 1882 and took over its management not only as a manager, but apparently also as an employee. He is said to have given himself every work that he asked of the servants. In doing so, questions arose and problems arose, which he tried to answer and overcome through an intensive study of literature. During his breaks he often turned over books and studied newspapers while the workers made snacks. He came to the opinion that the taxation of the Hessenthaler distilleries as ancillary agricultural operations was not appropriate. With extensive counter-ideas, which he brought to the responsible Bavarian ministry, he was able to help solve this problem. During his internship in Thuringia, he had learned new methods of cultivating arable land and now experienced that their application also increased the yield of their own land and thus also the achievable rent and land price that a takeover would have to pay. With the desire to be able to become self-employed as a farmer, he found the inheritance law at that time, namely the Mainz land law still in force in Hessenthal, particularly disadvantageous.

As early as 1882 he wrote treatises such as “Social Organization of Agricultural Personal Credit” (see Yearbooks for Economics and Statistics, Volume 40, 1883) or “Thoughts and Suggestions on the Regulation of Land Debt” and sent them to Albert Schäffle . He judged the work to be “large-scale and far-sighted” and thus spurred Ruhland on to further work. Ruhland studied the economic literature as it came into his hands, but found no solutions in it for his observations in practice and therefore developed his own ideas. So Ruhland worked and studied diligently. He is also said not to have been petty when it comes to spending money. In any case, he repeatedly confessed his "book debts" to his mother.

Based on the book title “Behind plow and vice” by Max Eyth , whom he later got to know and appreciate, Ruhland called this phase of life “Behind plow and scythe”.

The young agricultural politician (1883–1885)

The young agricultural politician Gustav Ruhland

After his 23rd birthday in 1883, he announced to his mother that he wanted to marry his crush and take over the farm in Hessenthal. The mother refused both, who at that time still had to care for 6 children. There were disputes at the end of which Ruhland was allowed to live at home, but gave up working on the farm. Ruhland was largely on its own.

After working in his parents' business, Ruhland earned his living by writing agricultural policy treatises for specialist journals, which he also sent to Albert Schäffle (1831 - 1903) after publication . From the conflict between experiences and the theories of science, he wrote his first works “Agricultural Political Attempts from the Standpoint of Social Policy”, “On the Concept of Agricultural Distillery” and “The Natural Value Relationship of Agricultural Landing”. Schäffle was at his side with advice and support during this work. At that time, Schäffle also recommended that the young writer study philosophy as well as economics, in particular with Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg .

Ruhland also looked for solutions to counter the distress in agriculture that can be observed everywhere. In some neighboring villages, with the help of the local clergy and the farmers, he put together a list that shows how high the burdens on the individual businesses were through mortgage loans, other debts, taxes, etc. With this material he traveled to Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen in Neuwied , with whom he maintained close relationships.

During this time, Baron von Thüngen- Rossbach campaigned in Franconia for an agricultural reform and Ruhland went through the country as an eager and successful speaker.

In 1885, Ruhland gave the lecture on the reorganization of the agricultural loan to the walking assembly of Bavarian farmers, which was then in Tölz . A commission was set up to examine this question and Ruhland was appointed its rapporteur.

Studies and doctorate (1885–1887)

Munich

The commission for the investigation into the reorganization of the agricultural loan met mostly in Munich . Ruhland took this opportunity and enrolled in the winter half of 1885/86 to study natural sciences at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich. Since the certificate from the Polytechnic in Langensalza was not enough, he could only register with the small matriculation. In the summer semester of 1886 he then switched to political science. During this time it was probably, as he told his daughter, that as a Protestant he had enthusiastically participated in a rally for Johann Michael Sailer , the former bishop of Regensburg .

In 1886 Ruhland submitted the report of the commission for the reorganization of the agricultural credit to the walking assembly that met in Augsburg that year in the text "The solution of the agricultural credit question in the system of the agrarian reform."

During the semester break and probably later, Ruhland stayed with a friend in Wörth am Main . Whenever he drove from there to his mother and siblings in Hessenthal , he also visited his childhood friend Löffler, who had meanwhile studied theology and worked as a pastor in Kleinwallstadt . These encounters also served to exchange observations on the economic situation of the population.

Tübingen

In autumn 1886 Ruhland moved to the Eberhard Karls University in Tübingen . At the end of the summer semester, on July 28, 1887, Ruhland received his doctorate “magna cum laude” according to the doctoral book of the University of Tübingen. For the summer semester of 1887, Ruhland had also enrolled at the Technical University of Munich as a student in the agricultural faculty. At that time, this faculty had set a price assignment with the topic: "What influence did the Reich legislation have on the development of Bavarian agriculture?" Ruhland worked on the topic and received the award. At the same time he also prepared an official memorandum on " The development of trade and traffic with grain in Bavaria in the last 100 years ".

Study trips on behalf of Bismarck (1888–1890)

Ruhland had become widely known through his work with new ideas and proposed solutions. During this time, grain prices had fallen steadily, although the tariffs had increased significantly. It was now time to research international competition and the causes of the volatility in grain prices. Ruhland therefore thought of a study trip to all areas that supplied grain to Europe. At the same time, Prince Bismarck became aware of Ruhland. He is said to have said of Ruhland: “I like this guy! I don't think much of my tariffs either . But so far I haven't found anyone who could suggest anything better! "

Through the mediation of Bavarian ministers, Ruhland came into contact with the Reich Chancellor, had a meeting with him in Berlin and presented his plan for a major study trip. Bismarck approved the plan, provided Ruhland with the necessary travel grants and gave him the following travel instructions: “You have been recommended to me as a man who not only has a scientific education but also a practical understanding. If you come back from your trip and can make certain suggestions to me, even one of which I will adopt, then the results of your trip will soon put you personally in a position that satisfies you. But if you come back and just give me a historically interesting report, then you better contact the Minister of Education afterwards! "

In the years 1888 to 1890 Ruhland made his major study trips to England, Russia, the Danube countries, Egypt, India, Australia and North America. In addition to the cultivation techniques for grain in the various countries, he also studied the local problem of price formation. He visited all the major grain exchanges and explored the interrelationship of the factors that make up the world market for grain. With regard to the problem of monetary currency, he also visited over 200 major gold and silver mines. When Ruhland returned from his travels in the summer of 1890, Bismarck had been overthrown as Chancellor, and Chancellor Leo von Caprivi had introduced his new economic policy.

Nevertheless, Ruhland evaluated his travels and reported in several writings, including "On the effect and significance of protective tariffs ".

Organization and management of a large agricultural business (1890-1893)

Since agriculture was doing relatively well in the early days under Caprivi, there was little response to the findings from the study trips. Ruhland therefore took advantage of the offer to organize the construction of Schmidtmann's large estates in Salzburg and Tyrol , which had arisen from over 40 indebted farms. The aim was to combine the businesses in such a way that a model economy was created, combined with high breeding for Pinzgauer cattle . The experience that Ruhland had on this farm in the years 1890 to 1893 was that the assertion of Karl Marx and Wilhelm Liebknecht , according to which modern production technology is also heading towards large farms in agriculture, does not apply. His experience was that an intensive breeding business can best be run on a medium-sized farm.

Habilitation - teaching activity - economic advisor at the Federation of Farmers (1893-1914)

Habilitation (1893)

In the meantime the agricultural prices had fallen sharply and Ruhland returned to agricultural policy . In 1893 he received his habilitation with the speech “On the basic principles of current agricultural policy” and was a private lecturer in economics at the University of Zurich . When the hay harvest began in the fields, the lecturer Ruhland was drawn out to the farmers' fields, where he worked hard and then returned to science stronger than before.

Economics advisor to the Federation of Farmers (1894–1914)

In the summer of 1894, on the advice and recommendation of Adolph Wagner's Ruhland , the Federation of Farmers appointed an economic adviser to Berlin.

Probably because Ruhland was unable to continue teaching because of his work in Berlin, the following entry was made in the directory of the University of Zurich for the semesters 1894/95 and 1895: “Dr. Gustav Ruhland, private lecturer at the Political Science Faculty, Wörth am Main , on leave. "

In 1891 the encyclical " Rerum Novarum " was announced. Under their influence, Ruhland wrote his book " Economic Policy of the Lord's Prayer ", which he published in 1895. It arose from the conviction that the economic policy of a Christian state should be based on the request “give us today our daily bread”.

Wedding 1898: Gustav Ruhland with his bride Maria Jaud

In the same year, 1895, the " Preußenkasse " was created at the instigation of Ruhland to reduce the price of agricultural personal loans . It was also due to Ruhland that in the summer of 1896 the German Reichstag passed the legal ban on stock exchange futures games in grain. From September 21 to 26, 1896, the first practical social course for Swiss Catholics took place in Lucerne. In four lectures, Ruhland commented on the main problems of agricultural policy .

Teaching activity (1898–1901)

In 1898, Ruhland accepted a call as a full professor of economics at the University of Friborg (Switzerland) .

In addition to the lectures at the university, Ruhland also got in touch with the farmers of the neighboring German-speaking Sense district . There it often happened that Ruhland went to the farmers in the fields early in the morning on sunny days, helped them mow with the scythe and, after the work was done, went back to his lectures.

As a member of the commission of the Swiss Farmers' Union , he also participated in the preparatory work for the new Swiss civil code .

On May 17, 1898, Ruhland married Maria Jaud in Bad Tölz (born August 1, 1878 in the forester's house in the Bäcker district of Jachenau ). Her parents were the royal forester a. D. Lorenz Jaud (born June 10, 1829 at the fisherman weaver in Egern , † March 23, 1901 in Bad Tölz ) and his wife Magdalena Jaud, née Probst (born October 29, 1848 at Wiesbauern, Wackersberg , † July 2, 1922 in Bad Tölz).

It should be mentioned here that the Protestant Ruhland had promised his Roman Catholic wife that her children could be baptized and raised as Catholics. In the marriage certificate, Tölz is given as the place of residence in Ruhland. His permanent residence was there until his death.

His daughter Maria Magdalena Auguste was born on February 27, 1899 in Freiburg (Switzerland) .

GRuhland Preisbildung.jpg

The price of grain (1899–1905)

In autumn 1899, with the help of the Federation of Farmers and the government of the canton of Friborg (Switzerland) and France , Ruhland was able to set up a grain price control with five assistants in Friborg (Switzerland). From the work of the grain price control, the "Monthly News from the International Bureau for the Regulation of Grain Prices" emerged in 1900. From 1906 these appeared in English and French and were distributed to Russia, North America and India.

From June 28th to 30th, 1900, in connection with the Paris International Agricultural Congress, the “International Congress on the Organization of Farmers to Sell Grain” met. Before this congress, Ruhland's efforts to better regulate grain prices were fully recognized, and at the request of Gustav Roesicke , chairman of the farmers' association , it was decided to set up a permanent international commission made up of delegates from the agricultural organizations of the various countries .

In March 1901 the delegates of 29 agricultural associations from all over Europe met in Paris to set up an international committee for this purpose. Ruhland becomes secretary of this committee for Germany. This provisional arrangement was followed by the constituent meeting on June 16, 1902, at which the final name “International Agricultural Association for the Status and Education of Grain Prices” was chosen.

On behalf of this international agricultural association, Ruhland wrote the book in 1903: " The theory of price formation for grain ". This book has also been published in Hungarian, French, Italian and Russian translations.

At the beginning of 1901, Ruhland finished his lectures in Freiburg (Switzerland) and moved to Berlin .

Gustav Ruhland's daughters Gabriele and Maria in 1912

His daughter Gabriele († 1922) was born on July 18, 1904 in Wittenberg .

Ruhland's proposals, which arose from the activity of the grain price control and the International Association, contributed significantly to the establishment of the International Agricultural Institute in Rome in January 1905. According to the ideas of the King of Italy, this should be designed into the “World Agricultural Chamber”.

In 1906/08 Ruhland completed his work on the " System of Political Economy ".

The Ruhland-Biermer Trial (1902–1910)

On December 19, 1902, the Hessian MP Köhler-Langsdorf had applied to set up a further professorship for economics at the University of Giessen in addition to the chair for economics , which was occupied by Biermer, and to fill this with Ruhland. This application and its reasoning angered Biermer so much that he published a pamphlet in which he insulted Ruhland very much. This started an insulting process. After several negotiations, the trial came to the Berlin-Mitte lay judges' court in November 1908 . Biermer named Lujo Brentano and Johannes Conrad as experts , both of Ruhland's sharpest scientific opponents. Ruhland's objection was rejected by the court, and the court's decision was accordingly: Biermer was guilty of the insult, but remained unpunished because his accusations had been proven in the main.

Ruhland appealed and on January 10 and 11, 1910, the process was retried. This time witnesses and experts from both sides were invited. After the evidence was taken, the presiding judge proposed that the dispute be settled. In this settlement Biermer withdrew all allegations, accusations and formal insults of the private plaintiff Ruhland contained in his brochure with the expression of regret and also assumed the entire costs of the proceedings.

The middle class politician (1901–1913)

Already in the course of his work on the “Economic Policy of the Our Father”, Ruhland came to the conviction that the request “Give us today our daily bread”, translated into the language of economics, means nothing other than “The economic policy of the Our Father is the policy of the broad Middle class ". During the fundamental work on the "system of political economy", Ruhland recognized that a thoroughgoing agricultural program could not exist on its own, but that it had to be thought through as a "reform program for the whole people".

Since 1906 the Ruhland family lived in Berlin-Steglitz, Fichtestrasse (today Lepsiusstrasse)

At the same time, Ruhland's view of the middle class stands out sharply from the usual concept of middle class as the "totality of those who have a medium-high income". Ruhland's thesis, on the other hand, is “only when capital and labor unite in one person, there is social peace”.

During his work on the "System of Political Economy", Ruhland also intensively studied the situation of the German milling industry at the time and, as a result of his investigations, proposed a cooperative organization for this industry in the form of a mill syndicate, which was not a syndicate of big capitalists, but a SME syndicate should be. To do this, he calls for the mill syndicate to be connected to the bakers' purchasing organization. At the same time he had the Central Association of the German Bakery Trade send him materials for assessing the situation of the bakery trade and saw the only possibility here in medium-sized policy measures.

In autumn 1903 the "International Association for the Study of the Conditions of the Middle Class" was founded; the first constituent conference had taken place in Brussels in the spring of 1904. This association, which not only comprised the most important SME organizations, but also had representatives of science from all parts of the world among its members, appeared before the general public with the first International SME Congress from August 16 to 18, 1905 in Liège. In the same year Ruhland turned to the study of the "efforts to establish a German mill syndicate". He suggested the formation of a syndicate based on small and medium-sized enterprises, as he saw the syndicate as the organizational form of the future. At about the same time he gave a lecture on "The Syndicate: The Guild of the Future" at a bakers' association day. Ruhland believed: "The century we are approaching will be the century of great organizations". These medium-sized syndicates of producers and processors should be able to face the syndicates of big business on an equal footing.

The main work of 1906 was devoted to the study of the various middle class groups and their forms of organization. Ruhland had visited the various associations himself and had familiarized himself with the issues that arose in these professional groups. These were primarily the sales organizations of farmers, millers and bakers, i.e. trades that serve to supply the people with bread.

In 1905 and 1906, Ruhland had already touched on the issues in connection with the mill sales tax, which were heavily discussed in the different size groups of mills, in articles, so in the article "The mill sales tax with or without quota of mills" he treated the mill problem in its whole economic and for the first time fiscal importance.

In September 1905 he was commissioned by the “Committee for the Preparation of Sales Associations for German Millers” to draw up a memorandum summarizing all aspects. This appeared in early 1907 under the title "About the organization of sales associations of German millers".

In June 1908, the Reich Office of the Interior convened a bank inquiry commission to discuss how to prevent the recurrence of money and credit crises. While the "free traders" saw a periodically recurring economic phenomenon in the crises, Ruhland recognized the symptoms of a serious illness of the national body in the crisis symptoms due to his view of the middle class. In particular, he now emphasized that after every crisis the distribution of wealth and income becomes more unequal and social differences worsen. He commented on this in his paper “The results of the bank survey according to an agrarian view” and other publications from this period.

The further development of his ideas comes to the fore in the great treatise "Free-Trade Individualism and the Organic Concept of National Economy".

On the occasion of the general meeting of the “International Association for the Study of the Conditions of the Middle Classes”, which took place in Augsburg in September 1910, he presented his work “Basic Economic Concepts”, in which he laid out the basic conceptual structure of free trade theory, scientific socialism, Catholic socialism and the organic conception of the middle class facing each other. In the foreword to this work, which he had designed as an orientation table, Ruhland wrote that this "attempt to set up new, correct basic concepts of economics initially only had the meaning of a purely hypothetical formulation ..." These basic concepts should be developed by a section specially created for this purpose of the International Federation will be examined on a case by case basis.

Gustav Ruhland lived and died in this house on Marktstrasse in Bad Tölz

Ruhland in the Bavarian Oberland (1898–1914)

Gustav Ruhland's grave in Bad Tölz

Ruhland loved the Bavarian Pre-Alps very much and was often in them during his regular stays in Bad Tölz . He celebrated his 50th birthday, for example. B. during a spa stay in Wildbad Kreuth . The hunt was also a welcome distraction.

From Bad Tölz , he often went to leading farmers in the area accompanied by his older daughter Maria and had extensive discussions with them. On the way home it could often happen that he said to the daughter, who was happy to be able to talk to her father for her part: "Child, please be quiet, I have to think now!"

Ruhland suffered a stroke on June 19, 1913 while he was traveling from Berlin to Tölz on his summer vacation in 1913 , which subsequently paralyzed him and made him speechless. During a ride in a wheelchair you passed a rehearsal shop in Tölz in autumn. When Ruhland saw the young men standing in front of it, he, who could no longer speak, began to weep bitterly.

On January 4, 1914, Ruhland died in Bad Tölz and was buried in the newly created forest cemetery.

The grave site under the arcades was chosen so that one could have the most beautiful view of one's beloved mountains from there. The grave monument was created by the artist Negretti on behalf of the Federation of Farmers.

Sources used

  1. Oral information from Maria Albertshauser (1899–1982), daughter of Gustav Ruhland.
  2. The system of political economy: Volume 1, General Economics. Berlin 1903 ( online ; PDF; 3.8 MB), chapter "From the development history of the system"
  3. The system of political economy: Volume 3, disease theory of the social folk body. Puttkammer and Mühlbrecht, Berlin 1908 ( online ; PDF; 4.4 MB), "Conclusion"
  4. Association of Farmers: Selected treatises, essays and lectures by Prof. Dr. Gustav Ruhland , published in 1910 on his 50th birthday, Kairos-Verlag for current economic policy, Berlin, S.ix ( online ; PDF; 10.5 MB)
  5. Josef Beck : Gustav Ruhland, twenty years after his death , Freiburg / Switzerland, printing and publishing of the work of St. Paulus, Jan. 1934 ( online ; PDF; 489 KB)
  6. Alois Hausner: Prof. Dr. Gustav Ruhland, his environment, family and youth , 1935, Verlagsgesellschaft für Ackerbau mb H. Berlin SW 11
  7. Friedrich Bülow: Gustav Ruhland, a German peasant thinker in the fight against economic liberalism and Marxism. Publishing house Paul Parey, Berlin 1936. Note: F. Bülow's work is to be seen against the background of the then prevailing Nazi ideology, a somewhat one-sided assessment in the sense of the NSDAP can be determined. The work nevertheless provides valuable information about G. Ruhland's work and life, but was used with appropriate caution.
  8. City archive of the city of Bad Tölz

Publications

Major works

  • The economic policy of the Lord's Prayer. Ernst Hoffmann & Co., Berlin 1895. ( online ; PDF; 325 kB)
  • The doctrine of the pricing of grain. Berlin 1904 ( online ; PDF; 2.5 MB)
  • The system of political economy: Volume 1, General Economics. Verlag Wilhelm Isleib, Berlin 1903 ( online ; PDF; 3.8 MB)
  • The system of political economy: Volume 2, history of development of the peoples. Puttkammer and Mühlbrecht, Berlin 1906 ( online ; PDF; 1.5 MB)
  • The system of political economy: Volume 3, disease theory of the social folk body. Puttkammer and Mühlbrecht, Berlin 1908 ( online ; PDF; 4.4 MB)
  • Basic economic terms. Kairos, Berlin 1910 ( facsimile online ; PDF; 87.4 MB, e-book online ; PDF; 524 KB)
  • Selected papers, essays and lectures by Prof. Dr. Gustav Ruhland , published in 1910 on his 50th birthday by the Association of Farmers, Kairos-Verlag for current economic policy, Berlin ( online ; PDF; 10.5 MB)

Comprehensive catalog raisonné (as of 1910)

Independent writings

  1. Agricultural policy attempts from the standpoint of social policy , 1883.
  2. The State Council Decisions , 1883 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 144 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  3. The natural value relationship of agricultural property in its agrarian and social significance , 1885.
  4. The solution of the agricultural credit question in the system of agrarian reform , 1886.
  5. Trade and traffic in agricultural products in Bavaria over the past 100 years , (part of the official memorandum Die Landwirtschaft in Bayern ), 1890.
  6. On the Basic Principles of Current Agricultural Policy , 1893 (online)
  7. Guide to the Introduction to the Study of Agricultural Policy , 1894 ( online ; PDF; 1.5 MB).
  8. Agricultural policy achievements of Professor Lujo Brentano , 1894.
  9. The International Agricultural Emergency , 1895.
  10. The Economic Policy of the Lord's Prayer , 1895.
  11. Principles of a Reasonable Grain Policy , 1896 (in Selected Treatises… p. 1 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  12. Criticism of the draft civil code , 1896.
  13. On the cancellation of the blank futures contracts in grain , 1896.
  14. For the implementation of Section 50 (3) of the new Stock Exchange Act , 1896.
  15. On the Influence of Big Business on Grain Prices , 1897.
  16. Grain Policy of the Popes , 1898.
  17. The cheapest possible credit, rational debt restrictions and correct appreciation of agricultural property , 1899.
  18. Project of an organization of German farmers for the sale of grain , 1900 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 45 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  19. Efforts on the way to a wheat sales syndicate among farmers , 1900 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 28 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  20. International agricultural competition - a capitalist problem , 1900.
  21. Monthly news on the regulation of grain prices , born in 1900 and 1901.
  22. Opinion on Prof , Dr , Conrad's position of agricultural tariffs in the trade agreements to be concluded in 1903 , 1901.
  23. Weekly “Getreidemarkt”, new series of monthly news on the regulation of grain prices , year 1902, 1903, 1904.
  24. The Doctrine of the Pricing of Grain , 1904.
  25. The Grain Price Development Program , 1906.
  26. Agricultural market newspaper, new issue of the weekly “Getreidemarkt” , year 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908.
  27. The Syndicate - the guild of the future , approx. 1900 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 49 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  28. On the organization of sales associations for German millers , memorandum of the committee for the preparation of sales associations for German millers, 1907.
  29. Colonial policy and peasant policy in the last 2½ millennia , 1907 (in Selected Treatises… p. 195 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  30. System of political economy , Vol. 1–3, 1903, 1906, 1908.
  31. Basic economic terms. An orientation table on free trade - socialism - catheter socialism and the organic conception of the middle class , 1910.
  32. The rise and fall of peoples according to the organic view of history , 1911.

Treatises in journals

  1. On the Social Organization of Agricultural Credit , 1883.
  2. About the concept of agricultural distillery , 1883 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 174 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  3. Agricultural policy proposals based on our historical legal education , 1883.
  4. Proposals to regulate land charges , 1883.
  5. About the term "agricultural industry" in tax legislation , 1883.
  6. Critique of today's agricultural policy proposals , 1883.
  7. From the rural conditions of a typical Spessart community . 1884.
  8. On the issue of grain tariffs , 1884.
  9. On the Influence of Economic Capital Types on the Success of Farming , 1885.
  10. The determination of the economic size of the operating success in the agricultural enterprise , 1885.
  11. On Factors in the Price Rise of Agricultural Products , 1885.
  12. Economic Blossoms from the Protective Tariff Debate , 1885.
  13. On the restriction of unlimited solidarity , 1885.
  14. Facts and prospects of the East Indian competition , 1886.
  15. The Corporate Lending Idea and Its Critics , 1886.
  16. The agitation for the nationalization of land in Germany , 1886.
  17. Influence of Reich legislation on the development of Bavarian agriculture , 1887.
  18. The right of the individual parliaments to participate in instructing the authorized representatives of the Federal Council , 1888.
  19. The North American Agricultural Property Debt Statistics , 1890.
  20. Effect and importance of the grain tariffs , 1890.
  21. Causes of the Fall in Sugar, Meat, Cheese and Wool Prices , 1890.
  22. History of sheep farming in Australia , 1890.
  23. Cattle and Meat Export from North America , 1890.
  24. The Interstate Commerce Law in North America , 1890.
  25. Travel letters from India and Australia , 1890.
  26. The eight-hour working day in England , 1891.
  27. The Australian Colonists' Eight Hour Labor Day and Labor Protection Act , 1891.
  28. The future of gold and Sueß's theory , 1891. ( Facsimile online ; PDF; 11.5 MB)
  29. Australian-North American State Legislation , 1892.
  30. From the practice of a large agricultural enterprise , 1893.
  31. The initiative nutrition in the rearing of young cattle , 1893.
  32. Basic lines of constitutional and administrative law in the Anglo-Indian Empire , 1893.
  33. The very latest agricultural program , 1894 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 137 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  34. The approaching end of foreign grain competition , 1894.
  35. The agrarian question as a social question , 1894.
  36. Solving the currency question , 1894.
  37. The "famous" Professor Lujo Brentano , 1895 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 129 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  38. Professor Schmoller and his agricultural program , 1895 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 133 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  39. On the agricultural question. Reply to Geffken's replies , 1895.
  40. The Agrarian Question and Big International Capital , 1895.
  41. On the Russian Grain Competition , 1896.
  42. Pledged Hungary , 1896.
  43. The very latest agricultural program by Prof. Sering , 1896.
  44. Agriculture and Socialism in England , 1896.
  45. Brentano's Agricultural Policy , 1898 (in Selected Treatises… p. 122 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  46. Program for the international grain price observatory , 1900 (in Selected Treatises… p. 12 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  47. Why and how should the farmer get an opinion on the grain market? 1900 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 55 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  48. The Overproduction Theory in the Light of the Supply Statistics , 1901 (in Selected Treatises… p. 21 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  49. Is it justified to incite urban populations against the country in view of the impending tariff increase? 1901 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 78 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  50. The white bread basket of the world , 1902 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 27 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  51. The overproduction theory and the grain price in 1894 and today , 1904 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 25 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  52. Can an organization of agricultural market news turn off the judgment of price movement? 1904 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 66 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  53. Can the coming price movement for grain be accurately predicted? 1904 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 73 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  54. Our forecast of North American wheat consumption and wheat exports in March ac 1904 (in Selected Treatises… p. 76 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  55. A document on the creation of the “Preußenkasse” , 1904 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 107 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  56. The mill sales tax with or without quotas for mills , 1906 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 93 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  57. The international capital shifts as a cause of the periodic agricultural crises , 1908/09 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 17 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  58. Draft of a general tax on capital gains , 1908 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 169 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  59. The problem of preventing our economic crises and the interests of our big banks , 1909 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 90 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  60. The results of the bank survey according to an agrarian view , 1909 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 112 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  61. On the criticism of our previous social legislation , 1909 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 98 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  62. The plutocratic development in Prussia-Germany , 1909 (in Selected Treatises… p. 165 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  63. Free-trade individualism and the organic conception of the national economy , 1909 (in Selected Treatises ... p. 181 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).
  64. Supply, Demand and Price , 1910 (in Selected Treatises… p. 215 (online) ; PDF; 10.5 MB).

Effects

Before the First World War - 1895 to 1914

When Ruhland was appointed to the Grain Trade Commission of the Federation of Farmers as a "scientific advisor" in autumn 1894, he defended the following theses:

  1. There is no overproduction in grain.
  2. The plight of farmers is international, so border tariffs are hardly suitable for eliminating the cause of the prevailing evil.
  3. The reason why grain prices are so ruinous is that the formation of prices rests in the hands of international capitalism.
  4. Farmers should try to set the prices of their products into their own hands.
  5. It would be of the greatest general importance that farmers could agree and speak internationally on these sentences.
  6. The next practical goal would be to consider the abolition of the futures game in grain.

In the summer of 1896, the German Reichstag passed a legal ban on stock exchange futures games in grain.

After preparatory work with the credit committee of the Federation of Farmers Ruhland was with the approval of the Board of Directors on February 1, 1895 the Prussian Minister of Finance Miquel present a plan on the possible cheapening of agricultural personal loan, after which on October 1, 1895, the " Preußenkasse " (Prussian Zentralgenossenschaftskasse) began its activity. In 2001, after many name changes and mergers, this merged into what is now DZ Bank AG Deutsche Zentral-Genossenschaftsbank in Frankfurt am Main.

from left: Gustav Roesicke , NN., Fürst Hohenlohe and Frh. v. Lobkowitz with Ruhland on a Danube boat trip near Vienna (approx. 1895/1896)

In the summer of 1895 Ruhland received the order and the power of attorney from the federal executive committee to negotiate with the agricultural organizations first in Austria and Hungary, then with other countries about the content of his 6 theses. The result was the preparation of the “International Mélin Agricultural Congress” in Budapest in September 1896, at which the theses met with enthusiastic approval. At that time it was still too early for the establishment of an “International Agricultural Body”, which was also being sought. With his appointment to Freiburg in Switzerland (1898), Ruhland seized the opportunity to try to set up an international association of agriculturists from neutral soil. In June 1900 the founding of the "International Agricultural Association for the Status and Education of Grain Prices" was initiated in Paris . With the grain price station set up in Friborg / Switzerland in autumn 1899, it was possible to observe the world's most important world markets every day for many years. From the observation material collected in this way, Ruhland had already made proposals for world grain statistics when the North American David Lubin passed through Paris on his trip to Italy in the autumn of 1904 . There he learned about Ruhland's international agricultural endeavors. Ruhland's proposals joined the Lubin initiative with the aim of improving the international organization of agriculture. On January 24th, 1905, the King of Italy sent his “Initiative on Suggestions from David Lubin” to the Italian Prime Minister to initiate the establishment of the World Chamber of Agriculture in Rome . The official memorandum, which was published on May 18, 1905 by the leadership of the congress convened to found a state institute, expressly recognized this essential collaboration of Ruhland in full. The state institute founded at this congress was named " International Agricultural Institute ". In the founding year Gustavo Del Vecchio dealt with their implementation in his work "The International Agricultural Association and Prof. Ruhland's Proposals" (see bibliography).

The grain price station in Freiburg / Switzerland - a real market observation and research center - found its first successor in Germany in 1911 with the establishment of the market observation and price reporting unit of the German Agriculture Council .

Sigmund von Frauendorfer writes that in the Bülow era the very ambitious wishes of the Federation of Farmers were not completely fulfilled, but on the whole the agrarians gained significant advantages. Ultimately, the Bülow tariff, which is primarily due to the persistent insistence of the farmers' association, was beneficial for all farmers. In any case, German agriculture experienced an unprecedented boost in the decade before the outbreak of the First World War . As already shown above, Ruhland had also developed suggestions for their implementation for all of his suggestions. This was also confirmed by J. Frost, who stated that Ruhland had a meritorious part in all the important agricultural measures and laws of the years after 1895 by clarifying the situation and submitting practical reform proposals.

The character of Ruhland's complete works as an "unfinished" and not yet evaluated, led very quickly after his death in 1915 to the establishment of a "Ruhland Society", which made the evaluation of his work and estate its task. The Ruhland-Gesellschaft carried his thoughts on until the economic crisis of the 1930s had loosened the ground for new solutions to old questions.

After the First World War - 1918 to 1945

Since the abolition of the English grain tariffs in 1846, the agrarian example of England had played a major role in the debates about free trade or protective tariffs in the German public. As a result, English agricultural policy had been the parade horse of German free traders for a generation. But even an enthusiastic admirer of English free trade, Lujo Brentano , and staunch opponent of Ruhland, was compelled to admit in 1925 that the above-mentioned flourishing of English agriculture had reached its peak in 1874 and that "from then on difficulties arose" - from them but is no longer mentioned in his agricultural policy for the next half century.

In 1930, shortly before the National Socialists came to power, Walther Darré , the actual author of the NSDAP's agricultural program , was made aware of the work of Gustav Ruhland and in particular of his "system of political economy". This hint came from a son of that Freiherr von Wangenheim , who had played a major role as leader in the farmers' union at the time of Ruhland. The great importance of Ruhland for the National Socialist agricultural policy consisted above all in the practical proposals that Ruhland made at the end of the III. Volume of his “System of Political Economy” in the chapter on “The Therapy of Capitalism” in the subsection “Of Agricultural Conditions”. In summary, it can be stated that the ideas of Ruhland, once they were accepted in principle, pushed equally for implementation in three areas: first, in the area of ​​land traffic, ie the agricultural constitution in the narrower sense; secondly, in the field of the organization of agriculture in syndicates; and third, in the field of the organization of the commodity markets, the penultimate and last fields being closely related. Since Ruhland's proposals were only roughly sketched, Darré needed knowledgeable experts to implement Ruhland's ideas.

Walther Darré , appointed Reich Minister for Food and Agriculture on June 29, 1933, now, inspired by Ruhland's proposals, passed the following laws:

Reich Nutrition Law of September 13, 1933

In the period between 1928 and 1933 there were two currents in agricultural policy: first, an occupational class, which could have led to the formation of a “classic” class of farmers, a Reichsbauernschaft; second, an agricultural one, which had to lead to either a closer association of producers according to branches in the Stedings sense, syndicates in the Ruhland sense, or expanded in the sense of the Italian corporations.

Darré connected the two with one another and with his Reichsnährstandsgesetz (Reichsnährstandsgesetz) established a corporate organization that included a “Reichsbauernschaft”, as well as an organization for the food industry, the Reichsnährstand uniformly organized throughout the entire Reich .

The agricultural market system

The next area in which Ruhland's ideas were to come to fruition was the agricultural market. The first market regulation law in the sense of Ruhland's ideas and the preparatory work by Reischel was the law on securing grain prices of September 26, 1933.

Reichserbhofgesetz of September 29, 1933

As a scientific advisor to the Federation of Farmers , Ruhland had fought against the "degradation of soil to a commodity" by all means and called for the unrestricted freedom to sell; With his proposal, he wanted to eliminate speculation in property transactions. When drafting the Reichserbhofgesetz , Darré , who was a supporter of the "Nordic race", did not consider Ruhland's thoughts. In compliance with the hereditary regulations in northern Germany, he essentially implemented the National Socialist agricultural program. There was also a recourse to the term “clan”, which National Socialist agricultural journalism wanted to revive in the years before and after 1933, as well as to the medieval Scandinavian Odal Law of the Norwegian farmers, for which Darré probably had a particular preference.

The Reichserbhofgesetz wanted to “preserve the peasantry as a source of blood for the German people while safeguarding old German hereditary customs.” Anyone who points out in this law that Darré had enacted it at the suggestion of Ruhland should, for the sake of objectivity, also mention that the content of the law is entirely from deviated from the ideas of Ruhland.

Hitler had reckoned with the failure of both the market organization and the production battle in order to derive the legitimation for the conquest in the east. The functioning of the German food industry until the outbreak of the Second World War was a disappointment for Hitler insofar as it robbed him of a reason for the expansion of the German territory in the east.

Evaluation of the person of Ruhland

In the case of a personality who was quoted so intensely during the National Socialist era, it may be permissible to shed light on the attitude of this person in order to show the extent to which the person is to be connected with National Socialism:

Sigmund von Frauendorfer quotes Friedrich Bülow, Ruhland's biographer, with the words: “Ruhland was a socialist, but he was in a sense that in no way coincides with Marxism, he did not go from industrial workers like Karl Marx, but From the farmer's perspective, his goal was then not class egoistic, but determined by community policy. ”If one studies Ruhland's work on the“ Our Father's Economic Policy ”in more detail, it is certainly noticeable that Ruhland's community policy stance resulted from the serious endeavor to“ Our "in the" Lord's Prayer "in politics and you can see that Ruhland was a staunch Christian.

Both from the experience of his three-year trip around the world and from his efforts to convince the farmers internationally of his thoughts, the "Germanization" of the National Socialists is likely not to have received Ruhland's approval.

In addition, a remark by his older daughter, shortly before her own death, about her youngest son: “Grandfather was actually lucky that he had to die so early. Although his thoughts were taken up in the Third Reich and Ruhland celebrations were held, - but - had he still been alive, he would have ended up in a concentration camp for sure, because he couldn't keep his mouth shut. ”Ruhland with his passion recognized grievances with a sharp pen to fight, would have been highly "endangered" during this time is to be assumed.

The Ruhland Society

In a note dated April 4, 1959, Josef Felkl writes that he (Felkl) was the last chairman of the Ruhland Society founded in 1915. Felkl had been a close associate of Gustav Ruhland for years.

Felkl further reports: “The Ruhland Society itself dissolved Darré in order to put itself at the top for the Ruhland Study Society he founded and exploit Ruhland's ideas for itself ... At that time, the Association of Farmers had the only and best newspaper archive … The valuable material was still available in 1945, together with Ruhland's existing works at Dessauer Strasse 20 in the Bundeshaus, and was only looted later by the Russians. "

After the Second World War - after 1945

On October 16, 1945, the first 42 member states signed the founding charter of the World Food Organization ( FAO ) in Quebec (Canada). The "International Agricultural Institute", which existed from 1905 to 1944 and was based in Rome, can be seen as a predecessor . The agricultural scientist Heinz Haushofer writes : “If the official memorandum for the establishment of the International Agricultural Institute in Rome in 1905 stated that Ruhland was involved in the preparations for this establishment, then Ruhland is also at the beginning of the chain of thought that led to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations of today who led the FAO. Hardly any other German agricultural politician, whose life work was in the period before 1914, has had such great aftereffects after the First World War and until recently as Ruhland. What is certain is that the views represented by him live on independently of National Socialism in a number of today's world-shattering agrarian thoughts and organizations. "The Control Council Act No. 45 of February 20, 1947, the National Socialist agricultural legislation was largely repealed, in particular the Reichserbhofgesetz, the ordinance on the movement of agricultural land and the ordinance on securing land management. The food industry organization was only partially preserved. After the fall of the power of the Reich, state institutions were re-established in the zones of occupation according to very different principles.

With the government declaration of the young Federal Republic of September 20, 1949, the “ social market economy ” was proclaimed, that is, a competitive economy that was moderated from a social point of view and supplemented by social measures. The government declaration of 1949 contains both the passage that basic foodstuffs should also be affordable for the “less well-off”, as well as the definition that their prices should cover “the production costs of well-working average companies”. The only means available to an agricultural policy with such tasks were market regulations for the more important products, which had to start from a fixed conception of the constitution of such a market. Such an idea existed, because the actual functioning of production and distribution up to the bitter end in 1945 had forced even the harshest critics of the National Socialist agricultural policy to recognize this achievement. Probably the majority of German agricultural politicians at this time were ready to agree with this or a similar assessment. In addition, almost all European countries maintained a certain order or at least essential parts of it after the Second World War. The possibility of government influencing abundance and scarcity should be retained for social reasons. At that time, the examples of the market regulation legislation that came into force in the 1930s were consciously used. From autumn 1949 to late winter 1951 four market regulation laws followed one another.

Enough

Maria, Ruhland's older daughter, often said that at the end of his lectures her father liked to quote the final line of the penultimate verse from the poem “ Das Riesenspielzeug ” by Adelbert von Chamisso . This is also reported by Josef Beck. Already from the titles of his many works it can be proven that this final sentence was the goal and the sum of the efforts of Ruhland: "The farmer is not a toy, God be before us."

Sources used

  • (GR) Gustav Ruhland: The system of political economy. Volume 3: Disease theory of the social national body . Puttkammer and Mühlbrecht, Berlin 1908.
  1. ^ Ruhland , closing words
  • (SF) Sigmund von Frauendorfer: History of ideas in the agricultural economy and agricultural policy in the German-speaking area. Volume I: From the Beginnings to the First World War . 2nd Edition. Bayerischer Landwirtschaftsverlag, Munich / Bonn / Vienna 1963 (first published in 1957).
  1. ↑ Frauendorfer , p. 372 f.
  2. ↑ Frauendorfer , p. 380.
  • (HH) Sigmund von Frauendorfer, Heinz Haushofer (author): History of ideas in agricultural economy and agricultural policy in the German-speaking area. Volume II: From World War I to the Present . Bayerischer Landwirtschaftsverlag, Munich / Bonn / Vienna 1958.
  1. ^ Haushofer , p. 78.
  2. ↑ Haushofer , p. 204.
  3. ↑ Haushofer , p. 202.
  4. ^ Haushofer , p. 128.
  5. ^ Haushofer , p. 158.
  6. ↑ Haushofer , p. 201 f.
  7. ^ Haushofer , p. 203.
  8. ^ Haushofer , p. 205.
  9. ↑ a b Haushofer , p. 216.
  10. ^ Haushofer , p. 220.
  11. ↑ a b Haushofer , p. 206.
  12. ^ Haushofer , p. 172.
  13. ^ Haushofer , p. 210.
  14. ^ Haushofer , p. 207.
  15. ^ Haushofer , p. 328.
  16. ↑ Haushofer , p. 204.
  17. ^ Haushofer , p. 352.
  18. ↑ Haushofer , p. 368 ff.

literature

Web links

Commons : Gustav Ruhland  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Storage locations of the documents

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gustav Ruhland: The economic policy of the Lord's Prayer. Ernst Hoffmann & Co., Berlin 1895. ( online )
  2. ↑ Gustav Ruhland: The mill sales tax with or without quotas for mills. In: Selected treatises, essays and lectures by Gustav Ruhland: On his 50th birthday (June 11, 1910) . Kairos, 1910, pp. 93-97. ( online )
  3. ^ Gustav Ruhland: The results of the bank inquiry according to an agricultural view. In: Selected treatises, essays and lectures by Gustav Ruhland: On his 50th birthday (June 11, 1910) . Kairos, 1910, pp. 112-122. ( online )
  4. ^ Gustav Ruhland: The free trade individualism and the organic conception of the national economy. In: Selected treatises, essays and lectures by Gustav Ruhland: On his 50th birthday (June 11, 1910) . Kairos, 1910, pp. 181-194. ( online )
  5. ↑ Gustav Ruhland: Basic Economic Concepts. Kairos, 1910. ( online )
  6. ↑ Reich Nutrition Law . verassungen.de. Archived from the original on January 8, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
personal data
SURNAME Ruhland, Gustav
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German economist and agricultural politician
DATE OF BIRTH June 11, 1860
PLACE OF BIRTH Hessenthal
DATE OF DEATH January 4, 1914
Place of death Bad Tölz