Bloodline
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Blood fly ( Linaria cannabina ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Linaria cannabina | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The linnet ( Linaria cannabina , Syn . : Carduelis cannabina ), also called linnet or flax finch , is a species of bird from the finch family (Fringillidae). It colonizes Europe , North Africa , Western Asia and western Central Asia . As a typical cultivated land bird, it prefers bush and hedge landscapes in the lowlands . It is found less often in valley regions of mountain areas and in the mountains in the transition zone from closed forest to dwarf shrub belt . Its diet consists of seeds from wild herbs , but also tree seeds . When the meadows are in bloom, the linens can deliberately invade from a considerable height where there are red dock plants . The species is currently not considered to be endangered internationally, but is classified as endangered in Germany and endangered in Bavaria.
description
Like all members of the genus, the male linnet is slender with a short neck and thin feet. The chestnut-brown top and the gray-brown head are characteristic. The wings and the deeply forked tail are banded in dark brown and white. Hemispheres are about 13 to 14 centimeters long. The wingspan is about 23 centimeters, and the body weight is usually 15 to 20 grams.
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The bloodlines in their splendid dress show a strongly developed sexual dimorphism . The male has a gray head and a bright crimson forehead and chest. The whitish throat shows brown stripes. The back is red-brown. The black wings and tail feathers have white borders. The underside is yellowish brown and more or less clearly darker striped lengthways. In the plain dress , the red coloring of the male is much more dull. The female is without any red tint of the plumage. Their top is dark brown. The top and bottom are clearly dark brown, longitudinally striped. The nestling wears long, gray down . Its throat is pink and the beak ridges are light yellow.
After the full moult in autumn, there is a change to the magnificent dress without moulting . During the winter, the gray or light brownish seams or tips of the chest and head feathers spread away. This will reveal the red feather sections following the lace hems.
The Blood Linnet can be confused with the Mountain Linnet and the Black Siskin . The mountain linnet is similar to the female linnet, but has less white on the wings and tail, a yellow beak and a reddish rump in its splendid dress. The black siskin is smaller than the blood lineage and has a black chin and yellow beak.
The flight of the stallion is wavy and corresponds to the typical flight pattern of the finches.
Voice and singing
The voice feeler call is expressed in a short, very hard "gigigi" cackle. In the event of disturbances, bloodlines let out a penetrating, nasal “düje” and a low and drawn out “tjuiid” as a warning call. The lure is a "gjä-gjä". Often bloodlines call out a nasal "glü".
The song of the bloodlines is lingering and chirping. It is initiated by hard staccato elements that accelerate. This is often followed by rapid trills and nasal sounds. The colin can also take over the song parts of other birds. With the exception of the moulting season, the blood-horse can be heard singing all year round. It is usually performed by a high singing station, more rarely in singing flight. The male excitedly shakes his plumage with hanging wings and a fanned tail. The singing is shaped by the singing of the males from an early age. Bloodlines often sing in a choir.
The females let out a soft song before mating or laying eggs. This singing can also be heard after the moult.
distribution and habitat
The lineage colonizes Europe , North Africa , the Middle East and western Central Asia . He also lives in the Canary Islands and Madeira . The colt colonized western Siberia up to the upper Ob , Asia Minor , Iran , northern Afghanistan , Turkestan and western Xinjiang up to the Altai . The Ural Mountains form the eastern limit of its range . The bloodline was absent in northern Fennoscandinavia , on Iceland and the Crimean peninsula and in the steppes up to the Central Asian mountains. Furthermore, it is not found in northern scotland , in the wooded higher low mountain ranges and in the eastern alps . In North America it was introduced by humans. In addition, it was probably introduced into Australia through illegal imports . As an original part of the migrant in Central Europe, it is now a resident bird except in the northeastern distribution areas .
The colin lives in the lowlands . It is found less often in valley regions of mountain areas and in the mountains in the transition zone from closed forest to dwarf shrub belt . It prefers bush and hedge landscapes , but also lives in forests , in juniper heaths , tree nurseries, vineyards , parks, cemeteries and in large gardens. Outside the breeding season it can often be found on wasteland and ruderal areas , stubble fields and the like.
Food and subsistence
The red linnet feeds on seeds of all stages of maturity of various herbaceous plants, but also trees . He eats preferred chickweed , chickweed , bluegrass , shepherd's purse , dandelion , wild mustard , knotweed , sagebrush , pigweed , buttercups , poppies , corn cockle , Garlic mustard , hedge mustard , rapeseed , sorrel , Cat's Ear , thistle , meadowsweet , stonecrop , elm and cereal grains . During the breeding season, it also eats small insects , especially aphids .
The type of food ingestion is innate in the colt. It picks up seeds from the ground or plucks them directly from the fruit stands of the plants. In addition, with the help of his tongue he removes seeds or flower parts of the grass from the inflorescence by pushing the stalk piece by piece through the beak. On rapeseed pods, the end piece is first bitten off from the closed pods. After that, the male linlet removes one carpel after the other from the tip to the fruit stalk. The septum with the seeds sitting on the amniotic sac and the second carpel remain. By pulling out the carpel, he can pick up the free seeds. Finally, the septum is pierced with the tip of the beak. In this way, bloodlines prevent the pods from opening and can absorb all the seeds. This is how the pods of other cruciferous vegetables are opened from the opposite end of the fruit stalk.
When the meadows are in bloom, bloodlines can target where red dock plants stand from a considerable height . On ruderal sites, groups almost exclusively select mugwort seeds for days, while others specialize in the areas overgrown with knotweed. The spontaneous selection of the ampoule in meadows is attributed to a color stimulus . In addition, they learn from the adult birds to distinguish the plant shape of mugwort and knotweed.
Breeding biology
The stallion reaches sexual maturity in the breeding period following hatching. He leads a monogamous brood marriage. Bloodlines breed one or two broods a year, in favorable locations up to three broods. Laying begins at the end of April or beginning of May.
Courtship and mating
For courtship, the singing male spreads his tail so that the white outer flags can be clearly seen. It rests the head plumage and lets the vibrating wings hang. With tripping foot and turning movements, it turns its head in such a way that its body assumes a vertical position. The song is played until the female is ready to copulate . Then it goes to him, so that the singing immediately falls silent and copulation takes place. Meanwhile the female lets out soft whispering sounds. The copulations take place several times a day until the oviposition is complete.
Nest building and brood
Both partners participate in the choice of the nesting place. While the male points out suitable brood bushes or branches, the female determines the exact position. The female checks possibly suitable places by sitting in them. The male sits nearby and sings. The colt prefers locations that are protected from direct sunlight but give a good overview. Most of the nesting sites are in dense needle branches. Dry blades of grass , herb stalks and moss are used in a wide variety of thicknesses for the foundation and the central structure. The padding is made from animal hair , wool or fine root system together. Soft feathers can also be used. Nest building usually takes about three to four days, but can easily extend to a week if the weather changes.
Eggs are usually laid in the early morning hours. A clutch usually consists of five eggs . The oval eggs have a bluish green or white base color and are usually provided with brick-red or red-brown blobs or purple-brown spots, especially on the blunt pole. Their size is between 14.7 × 11.2 mm and 22.2 × 14.9 mm. After the last or penultimate egg has been laid, the female begins incubating. During the incubation period of 12 to 13 days, it is supplied with food by the male. It only leaves the nest to drop poop or to look after the plumage. If it is warned of disturbances by warning calls from the male, it secretly leaves the nest.
If an inexperienced cuckoo lays its egg in the nest of a colin, the young bird usually starves to death, because the brood of the colin is mainly fed with seeds from wild herbs .
Development of the young birds
The young birds are born blind and naked. After hatching, the adult birds remove the eggshells from the nest. In the first five days , the female hounds and feeds the young birds from the crop with what it regularly receives from the male. In the period from the fourth to the fifth day, the young birds open their eyes and specifically beg the adults. From this point on, the female only hops at night and takes part in the procurement of food. The excrement is no longer swallowed by the female, but carried away by the adult birds. The feeding intervals are between one and a half and two hours. From the seventh day onwards, the boys quietly utter "Ssst calls", which get louder from day to day. From the ninth day onwards, the nestlings duck into the nest when there is supposed danger. In the event of a malfunction, they can now flee the nest. In the meantime, the female begins to look for new nesting material so that the next brood can begin in good time.
The young birds usually fly out after 12 to 14 days. Then they sit in the branches and are introduced into the flock by the adult birds so that they can become familiar with the group. They will be fed by the male for a few more days. Meanwhile, the female begins to build a new nest so that the second brood can begin. From the 18th to the 22nd day the young birds eat independently, at 28 days they are independent. They are in danger from cats , birds of prey and martens .
Wild birds live a maximum of eight to nine years. In captivity, they can live to be 12 to 15 years old.
behavior
Bloodlines are diurnal. They leave their sleep almost at the start of the day, and look for it again at sunset. The foraging for food is most intense in the early morning hours. The activity phase is often interrupted by rest and cleaning phases. In the swarm, the red linnet searches for food and fodder, as seeds are unevenly distributed in time and space. He often goes to watering places to drink and bathe.
Throughout the year, the male linnet behaves little territorially. So he defends the nest area, but not a territory . Small, loose breeding colonies are common, provided that there is enough food for all families. Several couples look for nesting material together and come back together. Outside the breeding season the Linnet lives in tightly cohesive, large flocks in winter with flocks of finches like Serin , Greenfinch and Goldfinch or other seed-eating species such as the yellow-hammer can be mixed and make you sleep Communities.
Even within larger colonies, bloodlines are very peaceful and tolerable. They often go looking for food in pairs or in groups. When bloodlines want to show great affection, they beak each other. If they also clean each other, they show their sympathy for one another. Hemispheres often offer their partner parts of the body for care that they cannot reach with their beak when cleaning. As a request to clean, one of them sticks neck, head or throat towards the other. The partner now pulls one feather after the other through the beak at the point presented. But if he touches other parts of the body, the cleaned person will immediately become restless, peck at him or fly away. If a stallion holds its head crooked, it asks its partner to scratch it. Disputes are usually limited to mutual threats, after which the loser gives up. Sharpening the beak on a branch serves as a gesture of appeasement to resolve the conflict.
Systematics
External system
By DNA -Untersuchungen of the mitochondrial cytochrome b, it was found that the closest relatives of the Bluthänflings ( Linaria cannabina ) of the Berghänfling ( Linaria flavirostris ), the Warsanglihänfling ( Linaria locust ) and the Yemenhänfling ( Linaria yemenensis ) are.
Internal system
According to ITIS there are seven subspecies:
- Linaria cannabina cannabina is the nominate form . It mainly inhabits Europe .
- Linaria c. autochthona is the darkest subspecies. It lives in Scotland .
- Linaria c. bella is lighter on the head than the nominate form. The subspecies has an almost white rump. She colonized Asia Minor .
- Linaria c. guentheri is drawn smaller than the nominate form and more luminous. She lives in Madeira .
- Linaria c. harterti is lighter on the head than Carduelis c. bella . The subspecies has an almost white rump. It inhabits the eastern Canary Islands .
- Linaria c. meadewaldoi is smaller than the nominate shape and more luminous. She lives in the western Canary Islands.
- Linaria c. mediterranea inhabits the Iberian Peninsula , the Balearic Islands , Corsica , Sardinia , Sicily , the Balkans , the coastal areas of the Adriatic Sea and Greece .
Seven subspecies are also recognized by another source. However, Linaria cannabina nana is listed as a subspecies of Linaria cannabina guentheri . Another source assumes only six subspecies. Here Linaria cannabina nana represents its own subspecies, the name of which is used here as a synonym for Linaria cannabina guentheri . Linaria c. mediterranea is not recognized.
Stock, stock development and endangerment
The worldwide distribution area of the bloodlines is estimated at 12,200,000 km². Global trends could not be measured; however, it is assumed that the species is not endangered in its population. The IUCN According to the inventory includes approximately 40 to 150 million individuals. Therefore the species is classified as not endangered (LC).
The European breeding population accounts for more than half of the global distribution. It is very large with more than 10,000,000 pairs. While it was stable between 1970 and 1990, there were declines between 1990 and 2000 in various northwestern countries, particularly France . Nevertheless, the trends in most of Europe were stable or increasing. Given that the population as a whole has experienced a moderate decline (more than 10%) previously considered safe is (Secure) led Linnet consequently a decline (Declining) classified.
The German breeding population is estimated at 125,000 to 235,000 breeding pairs for the years 2005 to 2009. In the Red List of Germany's breeding birds from 2015, the species is listed in Category 3 as endangered.
Of the finches , the colt is most dependent on the seeds of the field herbs. According to Einhard Bezzel , the high-pressure herbicide application can cause permanent damage to the colt, as this eliminates the basic food of arable and field herbs. The removal of dense hedges also has a negative effect as these serve as breeding grounds.
Bloodline and human
Etymology and culture
In 1758, Carl von Linné referred to the colin as Fringilla cannabina . Metaphorically , a very thin person is sometimes referred to as a "linnet". The name "blood fly" derives from the color of its head and from the seeds of thistles (lat. Carduus ), hemp (lat. Cannabis ) and flax (lat. Linum ). This applies to various languages, including German , Latin and English (“Linnet”).
In the history of music, the song of the blood-horse was documented once. The English composer John Blow set John Dryden's elegy on the death of Henry Purcell “Mark how the Lark and Linnet sing” to music .
Breeding and keeping
Up until the 20th century, the linflin was a popular aviary bird because of its song. In Britain, more than 70,000 bloodlines were caught annually in the mid-19th century and sold for three to four pence . Up to half a crown was paid for adult birds that sang particularly well . It was only later that the bloodline was replaced by exotic birds. In addition, matings with canaries and other goldfinches (Carduelinae) were made. It was assumed that crossbreeds with the goldfinch made particularly good singers. In 1797 Johann Matthäus Bechstein's natural history of the house birds said:
“It is particularly pleasant when you have a young linnet taught by a nightingale. I have one who has the perfect stroke of the nightingale, and I am delighted with this song all year round, when my nightingales are silent. "
To this day the bloodline was kept as a cage bird. However, wild-caught fish are illegal according to § 20d BNatSchG . If you are interested, breeders will sell animals. Further education through appropriate literature before purchasing these animals is necessary. If fed appropriately, bloodlines can be kept both in the cage (at least one meter in length) and in the planted aviary . The feed should be varied and consist mainly of semi-ripe and ripe seeds of wild herbs.
literature
- J. Berz: Rearing experience with linnets. In: Feathered World. Volume 102, 1978, pp. 207-209.
- Einhard Bezzel : FSVO manual birds . BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0022-3 .
- Hans-Günther Bauer, Einhard Bezzel, Wolfgang Fiedler: The compendium of birds in Central Europe . Volume 2: Passeriformes – passerine birds. Everything about biology, endangerment and protection . Aula Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-89104-648-0 .
- Horst Bielfeld : siskins, giraffe, bullfinches and grosbeak. Origin, care, species. Ulmer Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3675-9 .
- J. u. A. Bosselmann: The bird world in Rhineland-Palatinate. Songbirds. NABU, Mainz 1998.
- H. Dost: Handbook of bird care and breeding. Leipzig 1954.
- H. Gassmann: Biology and ecology of the linnet. In: The aviary. Volume 12, 1989, p. 324 and Volume 13, 1990, p. 17.
- Manfred Giebing: The linnet. Special issue VDW-NW, Oberhausen 1995.
- Urs N. Glutz von Blotzheim : Handbook of the birds of Central Europe 14/2, Passeriformes . Aula Verlag, Wiesbaden 1997, ISBN 3-89104-610-3 .
- F. Schaaf: On the breeding biology of the linnet. In: Gefiederte Welt Volume 97, 1973, pp. 34–35.
- Hans E. Wolters: The bird species of the earth. Berlin 1975–1987.
Web links
- Videos, photos and sound recordings on Linaria cannabina in the Internet Bird Collection
- Entry at the Swiss Ornithological Institute
- Information page about the bloodline
- Linaria cannabina in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2017. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2016. Accessed January 25, 2018th
- Javier Blasco-Zumeta, Gerd-Michael Heinze: Age and gender characteristics. (English)
- Feathers of the bloodlines
Individual evidence
- Jump up ↑ Carduelis cannabina. Bavarian State Office for the Environment , accessed on June 18, 2018 .
- ^ Inventory of Exotic (non-native) Bird Species known to be in Australia. Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2007 (PDF; 231 kB).
- ^ Einhard Bezzel : FSVO Handbook Birds . BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0022-3 .
- ↑ Urs N. Glutz von Blotzheim: Handbook of the birds of Central Europe 14/2, Passeriformes . Aula Verlag, Wiesbaden 1997, ISBN 3-89104-610-3 .
- ^ A. Arnaiz-Villena, M. Álvarez-Tejado, V. Ruiz-del-Valle, C. García-de-la-Torre, P. Varela, MJ Recio, S. Ferre. J. Martínez-Laso: Phylogeny and rapid Northern and Southern Hemisphere speciation of goldfinches during the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs. In: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. Volume 54, 1998, pp. 1031-1041, doi: 10.1007 / s000180050230 (free full text).
- ↑ Linaria cannabina in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Retrieved June 18, 2018.
- ↑ Linnet ( Linaria cannabina ) at Avibase; accessed on June 18, 2018.
- ↑ Hans E. Wolters: The bird species of the earth. Berlin 1975–1987.
- ↑ BirdLife International: Species Factsheet - Linaria cannabina . Retrieved June 18, 2018.
- ↑ BirdLife International: Birds in Europe (2004) - Population development and status - Carduelis cannabina (PDF). Retrieved June 18, 2018.
- ↑ Christoph Grüneberg, Hans-Günther Bauer, Heiko Haupt, Ommo Hüppop, Torsten Ryslavy, Peter Südbeck: Red List of Germany's Breeding Birds , 5 version . In: German Council for Bird Protection (Hrsg.): Reports on bird protection . tape 52 , November 30, 2015.
- ↑ a b Einhard Bezzel : FSVO Handbook Birds . BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0022-3 .
- ↑ Stephen Moss: Birds Britannia. HarperCollins Publisher, London 2011, ISBN 978-0-00-741344-7 , p. 22.
- ^ Johann Matthäus Bechstein: Natural history of the court and house birds . Edmund Berge. 5th edition. Keil Verlag, Leipzig 1870, p. 131 ( digitized in the Google book search - first edition: Natural history of the housebirds. 1797).
