Heat wave and forest fires in southern Europe and Turkey in 2021

Heat wave and forest fires in southern Europe and Turkey in 2021
	Forest fires in Milas
Data
Beginning	July 22, 2021
consequences
affected areas	Albania , Greece , Italy , Kosovo , North Macedonia , Spain , Turkey

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

The heat wave and forest fires in southern Europe and Turkey in 2021 started in southern Europe at the beginning of the first week of July 2021 . The cause of the particularly high heat is the sirocco (a hot wind from south to south-east, which blows from the Sahara across the Mediterranean ). The heat wave is discussed as a consequence of the climate crisis .

weather condition

At the end of July, the jet stream changed its usual orbit over Western Europe and continued south, which led to the development of a high pressure area over the southern Balkans and a gradual rise in temperature. At the same time, this atmospheric circulation favored the transport of moist and warm air masses into the Alpine region, which in northern Italy , Switzerland and Austria led to high levels of precipitation and, in some cases, local flooding. Rainy weather and lower temperatures for the season characterized the weather situation for the rest of Central and Northern Europe . In the last week of July, the high pressure area intensified over the southern Balkans and Greece , which resulted in a further rise in temperature until the first days of August. The maximum temperature of 45 ° C forecast by the Athens National Observatory for August 2nd was exceeded at several weather stations.

Global warming

The global warming has in the Mediterranean significantly greater impact than the global average. The temperatures in the region are now around 1.5 degrees higher than in the pre-industrial era. The global temperature rise in the same period averaged 1.1 degrees. According to research on forest fires and the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, there are more and more phases of so-called “fire weather” with dry, hot and windy conditions. The scientists are also warning of a mass extinction of marine fauna, of more and more frequent heat waves , more periods of drought and more frequent storms .

Affected States

Overview of the fatalities
Country	number
Albania Albania	1
Bulgaria Bulgaria	2
Turkey Turkey	8th
Total (as of August 5, 2021)	11

France

In southern France , thousands of residents and tourists had to be evacuated after several forest fires got out of control as a result of severe drought and a previous heat wave . Among other things, 12 campsites had to be evacuated for security reasons. As of August 17, more than 5000 hectares of forest had been burned and around 900 firefighters were fighting the fires. Ten fire-fighting aircraft and three fire-fighting helicopters were also deployed. At least 22 people were injured, 19 of whom were smoke inhaled.

Greece

In Greece, a heat wave is defined as a period of at least three consecutive days with maximum temperatures of 37 ° C and minimum temperatures of 26 ° C. The influx of very hot air masses from North Africa into Greece during the summer months is a widespread phenomenon. However, the number of heat waves in Greece has increased over the past four decades. In the period from 1981 to 2021 there were ten prolonged hot spells lasting at least 8 days, two of which were for the first time in 2007.

According to updated data from the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) as of August 12, the fires in Greece destroyed an area of more than 1000 km² of forest and cultivated land within two weeks from July 29. Since the forest fires of 2007 with more than 2500 km² and 77 deaths, they are the second largest forest fire damage. In the same period from 2008 to 2020, the average annual damage area was around 27.5 km². As of August 12th, almost 1,143 km² had been burned since the beginning of 2021, of which more than 90% within the past two weeks, compared with an average of 96 km² for the period from 2008 to 2020. The region most severely affected was the north of Evia with 465,820 km², almost half of the burned areas.

Heat wave

Land surface temperature up to approx. 50 ° C, July 2, 2021

Land surface temperature up to approx. 50 ° C in Cyprus, August 2, 2021

Between June 22nd and July 2nd, Greece recorded an 11-day nationwide heat wave, one of the ten longest heat waves since 1981. Very high temperatures characterized the weather in Greece in the last two weeks of June 2021. Extremely high air temperatures, weak winds in connection with strong solar radiation favored the increase in the surface temperature of the sea by up to 4 ° C compared to normal temperature and reached 29 ° C in the northern Aegean. The heat conditions prevailing almost across the country over eleven days favored the development of forest fires, during the same period the fire brigade registered 428 forest fires. Since it was commissioned, maximum temperatures have been measured at nine weather stations. On July 1st, 78 automatic measuring stations reached or exceeded 40 ° C, the highest temperature measured near Chania on Crete at 44.3 ° C.

Over the course of the month, July 2021 was on average the warmest on the Aegean Islands and the second warmest on the Greek mainland compared to the same month in the 2010 decade . The national weather service issued a weather warning at the end of July with forecasts of an impending heat wave with the highest warning level. Likewise warned MeteoAlarm , the storm portal of the European weather agency EUMETNET , to excessively high temperatures. On July 27, the Athens National Observatory released data that predicted an extremely long heat wave with temperatures above 43 ° Celsius on the mainland and high night temperatures. In the first phase, very hot air masses would be transported from North Africa to an altitude of around 1500 meters northeast by August 4th. Due to large pressure differences, in the second phase, in addition to the hot air transfer, there is a downward movement of the air masses and thus further heating. According to another forecast by the National Observatory on July 30th, the high temperatures in Greece should continue and peak on August 2nd with locally over 45 ° C. The authors spoke of a "historic heat wave".

Between July 27 and August 6, the influx of very hot air through the Livas ( Λίβας ) from the southwest caused the second heat wave in 2021. In addition, a strong jet stream over the central Mediterranean and Central Europe blocked low pressure systems and the influx of cooler air masses. The heat wave was intensified by a slowly moving high pressure area over the eastern Mediterranean, accompanied by a downward movement of the air masses, which was associated with a further rise in temperature. It started on July 27 in the northwest and west of the state and had prevailed nationwide by July 29 with temperatures above 40 ° C. On July 30, 40 ° Celsius was exceeded at 107 measuring stations and the highest daily temperature of 44.3 ° C was reached at Larisa . The heat wave was predicted to continue into the first week of August. On August 2, 143 measuring stations exceeded the 40 ° C mark, 22 stations exceeded the 43 ° C mark, and Makrakomi recorded the highest temperature in central Greece at 46.3 ° C. The heat wave peaked on August 3, with absolute temperature highs in numerous places. Temperatures exceeded 40 ° C at 205 measuring stations and 43 ° C at 59 stations; the absolute maximum temperature for Langadas north-east of Thessaloniki was 47.1 ° C. It was considered remarkable that on the second day in a row the temperature of 46 ° C in the network of the automatic weather stations of the National Observatory was exceeded. In the days that followed, the temperatures throughout Greece were very high. On August 4, 108 stations reached 40 ° C or more, at 14 stations over 43 ° C, the absolute maximum temperature in Arfara north of Kalamata was 45.4 ° C. On the tenth day of the heat wave, August 5, 129 stations reached or exceeded 40 ° C, the highest daytime temperature was measured again in Makrakomi at 45.2 ° C.

Fires

NASA satellite image of forest fires in Greece, August 8, 2021

Forest fires on Evia, August 10, 2021

On July 30th, the Greek civil protection authority declared an increasing risk of forest fires due to the heat wave. Previously, on July 27, there was a major fire service in the Attic community of Dionysus on the northern slope of the Pendeli . In Ziria in the municipality of Egialia in the north of the Peloponnese peninsula, on July 31, 2021, a fire in a forest area spread to agricultural and residential areas of Ziria and the hamlet of Lambiri and destroyed an area of around 395 hectares. Both places had to be evacuated, as well as Kamares and Longos and a children's holiday camp with 110 children. For security reasons, Autobahn 8 and National Road 8 between Patras and Corinth have been closed.

The National Observatory of Athens expected the highest danger for the development and spread of forest fires with the height of the heat wave. Calculations based on the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) showed a very high to very high risk for large parts of the country on August 2nd and 3rd. Due to the persistent heat and the easy flammability of dry dead wood, calls were made to avoid any use of fire in the following days in order to prevent fires from starting. Likewise, the civil protection authority predicted a very high fire risk of the second highest category 4 almost nationwide for August 2nd. Civil protection and fire brigades were put on alert and the population asked to refrain from actions that could lead to fires. For August 4th, the alarm status of the Rhodes regional district was raised to the highest category 5.

On August 1st, a fire in the north of the island of Rhodes destroyed forest areas and agricultural areas with olive cultures of just over 11 km². As a precautionary measure, the village of Psinthos was evacuated. Because of the highest alert level 5 issued by the civil protection authority, the governor ordered a temporary ban on entering forest areas for the islands of the regional district of Rhodes as a precaution.

A fire broke out in a dense wooded area near Varybobi in the Athens suburb of Acharnes on the foothills of the Parnitha . Due to the extremely dry vegetation as a result of the persistent drought and heat of the past few days, the fire developed extremely fire behavior. The own local wind circulation led to the further spread of the fire fronts.

On August 5, there were 86 new forest fires across the country. Three of them - in Athens, the Peloponnese and Euboea - are "of enormous proportions" (Prime Minister Mitsotakis on the evening of August 5th in a speech on state television). Mitsotakis warned of strong westerly winds on Friday and of an "unprecedented condition because the past days of heat and drought have turned the country into a powder keg". It is forbidden to enter forests for a few days.

Forest fires in Attica and Evia until August 9, 2021

On August 7, 2021, Greek authorities reported 55 active fires. According to data from the EFFIS (European Forest Fire Information System), 56,000 hectares of land were burned in the past ten days. In the years 2008 to 2020 there was an average of 1,700 hectares in the same period.

On August 9, the fires on the island of Evia were still out of control. The north of the island is largely burned. Several thousand people had to leave the island by ferry. On August 10, almost 880 firefighters were deployed on Evia, including forces from Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Poland and Slovakia. In mid-August, more than 1,000 square kilometers of forest and 300 houses were burned and around 1,000 houses were damaged.

consequences

On August 2nd, a meeting was held at the National Energy Control Center in Kryoneri to check and secure the power supply due to the high temperatures. Following the meeting , Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis spoke of "the worst heat since 1987" with the participation of executives from ministries as well as network operators and power generators . He asked the population to reduce their electricity consumption as much as possible, especially at peak times, and to set the constant temperature of air conditioning systems to at least 26 degrees.

Italy

By August 5, 2021, more than 100,000 hectares had burned down in Italy since the beginning of the year. According to Environment Minister Roberto Cingolani , 57.4 percent of the fires in Italy can be traced back to arson. 13.7 percent were caused by negligence and only about 2 percent for natural reasons such as a lightning strike.

The Italian fire brigade announced that it has had around 37,400 missions due to forest and bush fires since June 15, 2021 - 16,000 more missions than in the same period in 2020.

In Italy , the fire brigades fought fires in western Sardinia and Sicily . Strong wind also fanned the flames; several fire-fighting planes were in use. In Sicily, where many nature reserves have caught fire, much of the cause can be traced back to arson. In addition to arson animal breeders and farmer ranchers who have already been caught in the act and hope that the slash and burn will provide fresh grass and more space for their animals, it is suspected that in addition to farmers, companies, including those of the Sicilian mafia , are trying to prevent the creation of national parks in Italy . In this regard, it was assumed that areas - which have not yet been designated as nature reserves - lose their value as a result of the fire, which makes them attractive for companies that want to build or expand on them.

80 square kilometers have been burned down in Sicily since the beginning of 2021. Many of the 19,000 forest workers in the region are employed on a temporary basis. Apparently some of them have the motive after a fire to receive longer periods of employment and, if possible, pension contributions for the entire year. The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, which has been rampant since March 2020, has hit many people (especially in tourist regions) hard. In the east of Sicily there was a fire near Catania on July 30th . The Catania airport presented briefly operating.

On August 11, 2021, Syracuse (Sicily) measured 48.8 ° C, the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe. The new record has yet to be officially confirmed.

Spain

In the northeast, around 100 kilometers west of Barcelona , several forest fires have gotten out of control. The forest fires have so far destroyed 1,100 hectares of forest and farmland. More than 80 people had to leave their homes. In addition to the fire brigade, soldiers from the Spanish military were also on duty. Southern Spain is also affected by the forest fires. Around 600 hectares of forest in a nature reserve near Huelva were destroyed.

On August 13, 2021, during the summer's strongest heat wave to date, temperatures well above 40 degrees were measured in many places, including in the Madrid metropolitan area , where 6.4 million people live. As the state weather service AEMET announced , 46.1 degrees were measured in the province of Córdoba . In July 2017, a national record of 46.9 degrees was measured there.

Turkey

Fire in Turkey, August 3, 2021, NASA satellite image

In Turkey (which geographically belongs partly to Europe and mainly to Asia) forest fires have been raging since July 28, 2021 and there is a heat wave with temperatures of 40 degrees and the worst forest fires in years. The provinces along the Mediterranean ( Mugla , Antalya , Mersin , Adana , Hatay ) are particularly affected or at risk. Regions have been declared disaster areas in five provinces.

Strong winds fueled the forest fires and made extinguishing work more difficult; Arson has not been ruled out.

The state broadcaster TRT accused the PKK of setting fire. Engin Özköc, the deputy group leader of the opposition CHP in the Turkish parliament , said there was no evidence of sabotage. Erdogan claimed on August 4, 2021 that the state had successfully taken action against the fires. He accused the opposition of spreading "terrorism".

The city of Manavgat is particularly hard hit. There the strong north wind Poyraz blows through the valley of the river.

Forest Minister Bekir Pakdemirli tweeted at the end of July that of a total of 98 fires that had broken out since July 27, 88 were under control. Eight major forest fires were registered in 2020; they had erupted at six different times. Since July 28, 2021, there have been ten major forest fires that burned for at least three days. Pakdemirili attributed this to the unusually high temperatures combined with the violent winds.

The fires (as of August 1) injured more than 800 people and killed eight people. On August 2, the number of fires was put at 129; they blaze in over 30 (out of 81) provinces. Turkey does not have its own fire-fighting planes .

According to the Turkish government, 125 of 132 large fires were enclosed on August 3rd. Six provinces were affected: Antalya, Adana, Mugla, Izmir, Isparta and Denizli. The holiday stronghold of Antalya was particularly hard hit . On August 4th, 137 of 150 forest fires were under control and most of them extinguished, according to official figures.

The tourism business in Turkey is (as of August 9th) hardly affected by the heat wave and the forest fires.

RTÜK , Turkey's Broadcasting Council, imposed fines on five TV channels on August 11, 2021: Fox TV, KRT, Tele 1, Halk TV and Haber Türk TV . Posts spread fear and panic and were offensive to the government. The ruling party AKP and its ultra-nationalist partner MHP have a majority in the RTÜK . Erdogan had previously defamed opposition criticism as “terror of lies”.

On August 14, a Russian Be-200 fire-fighting aircraft crashed after fighting a forest fire in the province of Kahramanmaraş near the border with Syria .

Turkey used to have several fire-fighting planes; with this she often helped with fires in neighboring countries. After the forest fires began in 2021, President Erdoğan had to admit that Turkey currently has no more airworthy fire-fighting aircraft, only helicopters. The government has outsourced fire protection and has not shown any interest in the fire fighting planes and their crews for years.

In 2003, the first AKP government ( Erdoğan I cabinet ) stopped domestic production of fire-fighting aircraft.

Pan-European reactions

The European Commission has on August 1, the EU Civil Protection Program enabled for some regions of the Mediterranean and the Western Balkans, to combat the continuing forest fires. On August 4, two were Canadair - fighting aircraft from France to Italy sent for deletion. Greece receives two fire-fighting planes from Cyprus and an emergency team that helps on the ground. Two helicopters came from the Czech Republic and the Netherlands to support the operations in Albania. Slovenia sent a team of 45 firefighters to North Macedonia . Turkey, which is not a member of the EU, also activated the EU civil protection program on August 1st; the EU Commission sent a Canadair fire-fighting aircraft from Croatia and two Canadair aircraft from Spain. The fire-fighting aircraft are part of rescEU, the European reserve of operational resources for civil protection . All aid has been mobilized through the EU Civil Protection Mechanism, in which the EU bears at least 75% of the transport costs. Germany sent fire engines to Greece. In North Macedonia, fire brigades from Lower Austria and Styria have also been in operation with their vehicles since August 6, as requested by the EU. The removal takes place via an airlift. Fire brigades support the fighters in Greece from Salzburg.

Following the request of the Greek authorities for support in fighting the forest fires, Switzerland sent a fire-fighting unit and 3 Super-Puma helicopters to Greece on August 7, 2021. They are supported by the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Corps and help from a base at the airport fire brigade of Athens International Airport from the Greek fire brigade to extinguish fires on Evia.

Others

There will be a strong heat wave in North America in 2021 and heat waves in Eastern Europe and Siberia in 2021 , among others .

There were also heat waves in Europe in 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 (→ heat waves in Europe in 2015 , heat and storms in Europe in 2017 , drought and heat in Europe in 2018 , heat waves in Europe in 2019 ).

The sea surface temperature is measured , among other things, by satellites from the Copernicus program (see also Sentinel-3 ). The water in the Mediterranean was 2 to 3 degrees warmer than usual in July 2021. This makes Medicanes (hurricane-like cyclones on the Mediterranean) more likely in autumn .

Web links

www.wetterzentrale.de
European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts : forecasts (predictions)
www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov: Fires Rage in Turkey (with satellite photos)
Interactive map: Forest fires are raging in these countries on nzz.ch, August 12, 2021

Individual evidence

↑ Numerous forest fires: Southern Europe glows in "historic" heat . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN 0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed August 2, 2021]).

↑ Possible up to 50 degrees! Catastrophic Sahara heat hits Europe | The Weather Channel - Articles by The Weather Channel | weather.com. Retrieved on August 2, 2021 (German).

↑ Michael Martens: How Greece's Government Reacts to the Climate Crisis. In: FAZ.net . August 8, 2021, accessed August 9, 2021 .

↑ Στρατής Βουγιούκας, Γιώργος Παπαβασιλείου, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: Ο έντονος κυματισμός του αεροχειμάρου οδηγεί σε ένα ιστορικό κύμα καύσωνα . , Athens National Observatory July 30, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Wolfgang Cramer , Guiot J, Fader M, Garrabou J, Gattuso JP, Iglesias A, Lange MA, Lionello P, Llasat MC, Paz S, Peñuelas J, Snoussi M, Toreti A, Tsimplis MN, Xoplaki E (2018) Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean . Nature Climate Change 8, 972-980, doi: 10.1038 / s41558-018-0299-2 (quoted from medecc.org ); see also RISKS ASSOCIATED TO CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION - A preliminary assessment by the MedECC Network Science-policy interface - 2019 (pdf, 36 p.)

↑ ^a ^b Summary of the study results: spiegel.de October 11, 2019: Researchers warn of a dramatic rise in temperature in the Mediterranean

↑ Joachim Laukenmann: Southern Europe is a good example of the fire paradox. (Interview with the specialist for forest fires Marco Conedera at the Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape ). In: Tages-Anzeiger , August 12, 2021.

↑ ^a ^b ^c tagesschau.de: Forest fires on the Mediterranean continue to rage. Retrieved August 5, 2021 .

↑ Thousands of people are fleeing devastating forest fires . In: Spiegel Online , August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.

↑ Σταύρος Ντάφης, Ιωάννης Κωλέτσης, Χρήστος Πετρόπουλος, Γιώργος Κύρος, Γιώργος Παπαβασιλείου, Στρατής Βουγιούκας, Αθανάσιος Καραγιαννίδης, Θοδωρής Γιάνναρος, Βασιλική Κοτρώνη, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: 6 ερωτήσεις για τον καύσωνα των 11 ημερών. meteo.gr, August 8, 2021 (Greek)

↑ ^a ^b Στρατής Βουγιούκας, Χρήστος Πετρόπουλος, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: Καγουβάρδος : Καύσωνες με μεγάλη δι20ρκεε 1981–οττη δι20ρρκε πδτοτη2120τκε 1981–οτττε ποττ21. meteo.gr, July 29, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Περισσότερα από ένα εκατ. στρέμματα κάηκαν μέσα σε δύο εβδομάδες. AMNA, August 12, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Σταύρος Ντάφης, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος, Χρήστος Πετρόπουλος: Ο καύσωνας της περιόδου 22 Ιουνίου - 2 Ιουλίου 2021 αριθμούς σε , meteo.gr 4 July 2021 (Greek)

↑ Ιωάννης Κωλέτσης, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: Σάρωσε ο Λίβας στα ανατολικά και νότιαα και νότια. Σπτηα νότια. meteo.gr, July 1, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Σταύρος Ντάφης, Γιώργος Κύρος, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: Ιούλιος 2021: Ο πιο θερμός Ιούλιος της δεκαετίας για τα νησιά του Αιγαίου , ο δεύτερος πιο θερμός για τα ηπειρωτικά. meteo.gr, August 2, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Έκτακτο Δελτίο Επικίνδυνων Καιρικών Φαινομένων (ΕΔΕΚΦ) , Greek weather service (Greek)

↑ Weather warnings: Greece , Meteoalarm

↑ Στρατής Βουγιούκας, Σταύρος Ντάφης, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος, Ιωάννης Κωλέτσης: Οι ατμοσφαιρικές διεργασίες που θα προκαλέσουν το ακραίο κύμα καύσωνα , meteo.gr, July 27 (Greek)

↑ Γιώργος Παπαβασιλείου, Στρατής Βουγιούκας, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: Ο έντονος κυματισμός του αεροχειμάρου οδηγεί σε ένα ιστορικό κύμα καύσωνα . meteo.gr, July 30th (Greek)

↑ Στρατής Βουγιούκας, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: 107 μετεωρολογικοί σταθμοί με θερμοκρασαίες νέηνω κτωΠν 40βατητητηνω κτωΠν 40 βατητηνω 30ετω κτΣν 40 βατητυητητω κτΣν 40 βατητητητητω κτων 40 βατητυητητω κτΣν 40ήατητητητητω κετΣν. meteo.gr, July 30, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Γιώργος Παπαβασιλείου, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: Ξεπέρασε τους 46 βαθμούς η θερερμοκραχέσία τηευτρασία τηευτερλεστε γατω θε 143/08 πλ/08 ρλας 02ματε 143. meteo.gr, August 2, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Γιώργος Παπαβασιλείου, Σταύρος Ντάφης, Γιώργος Κύρος, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: Ξεπέρασε τους 47 βαθμούς η θερμοκρασία τη Τρίτη 03.08 - Σε 205 περιοχές ήταν μεγαλύτερη των 40 βαθμών. meteo.gr, August 3, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Γιώργος Παπαβασιλείου, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: Ξεπέρασε τους 45 βαθμούς η θερμοκρασία την Τετάρτη 04/08 - Σε 108 περιοχές ήταν μεγαλύτερη των 40 βαθμών. meteo.gr, August 4, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Σταύρος Ντάφης, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: 10η ημέρα καύσωνα - Στους 45 βαθμούς η μέγιστη θερμοκρασία την Πέμπτη 05.08 - Σε 129 σταθμούς υψηλότερη των 40 βαθμών Κελσίου. meteo.gr, August 5, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Fire Consumes Large Swaths of Greece. NASA Earth Observatory, accessed August 12, 2021 .

↑ Ολοκληρώθηκε η ευρεία σύσκεψη στην Πολιτική Προστασία για το κύμα καύσωνα, Σ civilian πλαρη ετgr .

↑ Έκτακτη ενημέρωση από τον Υπουργό Προστασίας του Πολίτη, Μιχάλη Χρυσοχοΐδη και τον Υφυπουργό Πολιτικής Προστασίας και Διαχείρισης Κρίσεων Νίκο Χαρδαλιά για τη σημερινή πυρκαγιά στις περιοχές Σταμάτας , και Διονύσου Αττικής Ροδόπολης civilprotection.gr, July, 27, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Μαίνεται η φωτιά στην Αχαΐα - Εκκενώνονται οικισμοί , AMNA, July 31, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Γιώργος Παπαβασιλείου, Θοδωρής Γιάνναρος, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: Στους 44-46 βαθμούς οι μέγιστες θερμοκρασίες τη Δευτέρα 02/08 - Πολύ υψηλός ο κίνδυνος εκδήλωσης και εξάπλωσης δασικών πυρκαγιών . meteo.gr, August 2, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Πολύ υψηλός κίνδυνος πυρκαγιάς (κατηγορία κινδύνου 4) για αύριο Δευτέρα 02 Αυγούστου 2021 , civilprotection.gr, August 1, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Ακραίος κίνδυνος πυρκαγιάς (κατηγορία κινδύνου 5) στην ΠΕ Ρόδου & πολύ υψηλός κίνδυνος (κατηγορία κινδύνου 4) σε πολλές περιοχές της χώρας για αύριο, Τετάρτη 04 Αυγούστου 2021 , civilprotection.gr, August 3, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Υπό έλεγχο η φωτιά στη Ρόδο , AMNA, August 4, 2021 (Greek)

↑ EMSR526: Fire in Rhodes island, North Aegean District, Greece , August 4, 2021, Copernicus Emergency Management Service - Mapping

↑ Θοδωρής Γιάνναρος, Γιώργος Παπαβασιλείου, Κωνσταντίνος Λαγουβάρδος: Νεότερα στκοιαχεία γιυστητκγόαπαητητητητητκγραπητητητητητατητατητητητατητητατητατητηταρατηα. meteo.gr, August 4, 2021 (Greek)

↑ Forest fires in Southeast Europe: Fire roller stands in front of Athens. In: tagesschau.de. August 6, 2021, accessed August 6, 2021 .

↑ FAZ.net August 6, 2021: Strong winds fuel fires in Greece

↑ see also faz.net August 6, 2021 / Michael Martens : Nobody can stop the fire

↑ effis.jrc.ec.europa.eu

↑ zeit.de: A fire front of 30 kilometers in length

↑ A country like a powder keg

↑ faz.net August 10, 2021: Extinguishing work in an "unequal battle against nature" is picking up speed

↑ FAZ.net August 16, 2021: Great damage, but few deaths

↑ Ενημερωτικό σημείωμα για τη σύσκεψη υπό τον Πρωθυπουργό Κυριάκο Μητσοτάκη στο Κέντρο Εθνικό Ελέγχου Ενέργειας του στο ΑΔΜΗΕ Κρυονέρι ( "Αντιμετωπίζουμε τον χειρότερο καύσωνα από το 1987." ) primeminister.gr, August 2 2021 (Greek)

↑ ^a ^b Francesco Collini: Fire disaster in Italy: arson is the main cause. In: Der Spiegel. Retrieved August 10, 2021 .

↑ www.vigilfuoco.it

↑ ^a ^b Andreas Mihm, Johannes Pennekamp, Tobias Piller: Large fires in southern Europe: When hope goes up in smoke . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN 0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed August 4, 2021]).

^ ^A ^b ^c Rainer Hermann, Matthias Rüb: Fires in Turkey and Italy: Violent fires in the Mediterranean area . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN 0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed August 2, 2021]).

^ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com): Why Italy is struggling to contain wildfires | DW | 08/04/2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021 (UK English).

↑ Dietro l'emergenza incendi in Sicilia spunta l'ombra del fotovoltaico business. July 31, 2021, accessed August 10, 2021 (Italian).

↑ Six dead: Southern Europe suffers from scorching heat and forest fires . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN 0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed August 2, 2021]).

↑ 48.8 degrees in Sicily. Italy sets new European heat record . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.

↑ tagesschau.de: Province of Barcelona threatened: Forest fires are raging in Spain. Retrieved August 3, 2021 .

↑ faz.net: Fires near Rome, heat wave in Spain, flooding in Turkey

↑ see also www.aemet.es (forecast and warning messages)

↑ ^a ^b ^c faz.net August 5, 2021: Erdogan knows the culprits

↑ ^a ^b zeit.de July 31, 2021: Most of the forest fires in Turkey are apparently under control

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Rainer Hermann, Istanbul, Matthias Rüb, Rome: Heat wave in southern Europe: Great heat and strong wind cause new fires to break out . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN 0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed August 2, 2021]).